The DOI matches its Crossref record; 18 of the 18 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Body mass and encephalization in Pleistocene Homo.
Abstract
Many dramatic changes in morphology within the genus Homo have occurred over the past 2 million years or more, including large increases in absolute brain size and decreases in postcanine dental size and skeletal robusticity. Body mass, as the 'size' variable against which other morphological features are usually judged, has been important for assessing these changes. Yet past body mass estimates for Pleistocene Homo have varied greatly, sometimes by as much as 50% for the same individuals. Here we show that two independent methods of body-mass estimation yield concordant results when applied to Pleistocene Homo specimens. On the basis of an analysis of 163 individuals, body mass in Pleistocene Homo averaged significantly (about 10%) larger than a representative sample of living humans. Relative to body mass, brain mass in late archaic H. sapiens (Neanderthals) was slightly smaller than in early 'anatomically modern' humans, but the major increase in encephalization within Homo occurred earlier during the Middle Pleistocene (600-150 thousand years before present (kyr BP)), preceded by a long period of stasis extending through the Early Pleistocene (1,800 kyr BP).
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“A steady increase in brain size-independent of body size-followed and lasted through the Pleistocene (Ruff et al., 1997;Lee and Wolpoff, 2003;Rightmire, 2004;Hawks, 2011).”
From When and Why Did Human Brains Decrease in Size? A New Change-Point Analysis and Insights From Brain Evolution in Ants (2021) · cites this paper as Ruff et al., 1997
In the citing paper
“Human body size, as measured from skeletal dimensions, did reduce during the past 30,000 years, at least in some populations [1,6,7,12].”
From Selection for smaller brains in Holocene human evolution (2011) · cites this paper as [1]
In the citing paper
“Human populations during the last 10,000 years have undergone rapid decreases in average brain size as measured by endocranial volume or as estimated from linear measurements of the cranium.”
From Selection for smaller brains in Holocene human evolution (2011) · cites this paper as [1]
In the citing paper
“The decline in body mass in human populations during the last 10,000 years has been estimated as less than 5 kg, or less than a 10 percent reduction in mass from a Late Upper Paleolithic mean of some 63 kg [1].”
From Selection for smaller brains in Holocene human evolution (2011) · cites this paper as [1]
In the citing paper
“This reduction influenced both mass and stature [1,7,12].”
From Selection for smaller brains in Holocene human evolution (2011) · cites this paper as [1]
In the citing paper
“The 'living worldwide' value cited in that study was 58.2 kg, a reduction of less than 5 kg from the Late Upper Paleolithic value, although the samples are geographically inconsistent.”
From Selection for smaller brains in Holocene human evolution (2011) · cites this paper as [1]
In the citing paper
“Ruff and colleagues [1] estimated a mean body mass for Late Upper Paleolithic humans as 62.9 kg; this estimate was derived from 71 skeletal specimens, mostly from Europe.”
From Selection for smaller brains in Holocene human evolution (2011) · cites this paper as [1]
In the citing paper
“Leach showed that all four traits are found in H. sapiens, although cranial capacity was not reduced until the end of the Pleistocene and the significance of its reduction has been challenged (Ruff et al., 1997).”
From Hypotheses for the Evolution of Reduced Reactive Aggression in the Context of Human Self-Domestication (2019) · cites this paper as Ruff et al., 1997
Citations
Cites
Relative brain size and basal metabolic rate in terrestrial vertebrates
Martin, R. D. (1981) · Nature · doi:10.1038/293057a0 · Cited by 711
Morphological adaptation to climate in modern and fossil hominids
Ruff, C. B. (1994) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330370605 · Cited by 684
Self-citationBody size and proportions in early hominids
McHenry, H. M. (1992) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330870404 · Cited by 583
Postcranial robusticity in Homo . II: Humeral bilateral asymmetry and bone plasticity
Trinkaus, E., Churchill, S. E., & Ruff, C. B. (1994) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330930102 · Cited by 479
Self-citationOrigin and evolution of the genus Homo
Wood, B. (1992) · Nature · doi:10.1038/355783a0 · Cited by 462
Pilbeam, D., & Gould, S. J. (1974) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.186.4167.892 · Cited by 416
Articular and diaphyseal remodeling of the proximal femur with changes in body mass in adults
Ruff, C. B., Scott, W. W., & Liu, A. Y. ‐. (1991) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330860306 · Cited by 393
Self-citationEarly Homo erectus skeleton from west Lake Turkana, Kenya
Brown, F. H., Harris, J., Leakey, R. E. F., & Walker, A. (1985) · Nature · doi:10.1038/316788a0 · Cited by 391
Brain Size, Cranial Morphology, Climate, and Time Machines [and Comments and Reply]
Beals, K. L., Smith, C. L., Dodd, S. M., Angel, J. L., Armstrong, E., Blumenberg, B., Girgis, F. G., Turkel, S., Gibson, K. R., Henneberg, M., et al. (1984) · Current Anthropology · doi:10.1086/203138 · Cited by 332
Self-citationFossil Homo femur from Berg Aukas, northern Namibia
Grine, F. E., Jungers, W. L., Tobias, P. V., & Pearson, O. M. (1995) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330970207 · Cited by 279
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 501–600 of 883
Orbital dynamics, environmental heterogeneity, and the evolution of the human brain
Grove, M. L. (2012) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2012.06.003 · Cited by 13
Stature, body mass, and brain size: A two-million-year odyssey
Gallagher, A. (2013) · Economics & Human Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ehb.2012.12.003 · Cited by 13
Maher, L., Macdonald, D. A., Pomeroy, E., & Stock, J. T. (2020) · Journal of Anthropological Archaeology · doi:10.1016/j.jaa.2020.101262 · Cited by 13
Keisu, A., Oura, P., Niskanen, M., Ruff, C. B., Niinimäki, J. L., Arvola, T., AUVINEN, J. P., Tuukkanen, J., Lehenkari, P. P., & Junno, J. (2019) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.23905 · Cited by 12
Self-citationPattern and rate in the Plio-Pleistocene evolution of modern human brain size
Gingerich, P. D. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-15481-3 · Cited by 12
Longman, D. P., Dolan, E., Wells, J. C. K., & Stock, J. T. (2023) · Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A Molecular & Integrative Physiology · doi:10.1016/j.cbpa.2023.111422 · Cited by 14
Hill, E. C., Pearson, O. M., Durband, A. C., Walshe, K., Carlson, K. J., & Grine, F. E. (2020) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.24021 · Cited by 12
The mass of the human brain: is it a spandrel?
Manger, P. R., Hemingway, J., Spocter, M. A., & Gallagher, A. (2012) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139096164.013 · Cited by 12
Bajo, J. M., & Mangeaud, A. P. (2010) · American Journal of Human Biology · doi:10.1002/ajhb.21090 · Cited by 12
Shape and size of the body vs. musculoskeletal stress markers
Myszka, A., & Piontek, J. (2011) · Anthropologischer Anzeiger · doi:10.1127/0003-5548/2011/0047 · Cited by 12
Boyle, E. K., & Wood, B. A. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-804042-3.00102-0 · Cited by 12
Juvenile body mass estimation: A methodological evaluation
Cowgill, L. W. (2017) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2017.07.007 · Cited by 12
Estimation of Basic Life History Data of Fossil Hominoids
Hemmer, H. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-27800-6_19-5 · Cited by 12
17 Population Biology and Population Genetics of Pleistocene Hominins
Templeton, A. R. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-33761-4_60 · Cited by 12
Body Size and Shape Reconstruction
Niskanen, M., & Ruff, C. B. (2017) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118628430.ch2 · Cited by 12
Self-citationFriedl, L., Eisová, S., & Holliday, T. W. (2016) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2016.05.013 · Cited by 11
Self-citationHow different are the Kebara 2 ribs to modern humans?
Chapman, T. J., Beyer, B., Sholukha, V. A., Semal, P., Feipel, V., Louryan, S., & Jan, S. V. S. (2017) · PubMed · doi:10.4436/jass.95004 · Cited by 11
Carretero, J. M., Rodríguez, L., García‐González, R., & Arsuaga, J. L. (2023) · The Anatomical Record · doi:10.1002/ar.25331 · Cited by 11
Stutz, A. J. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00834 · Cited by 11
Doyle, L. E., Lazenby, R. A., & Pfeiffer, S. (2011) · American Journal of Human Biology · doi:10.1002/ajhb.21185 · Cited by 11
Walker, C. S., Yapuncich, G., Sridhar, S., Cameron, N., & Churchill, S. E. (2017) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2017.03.009 · Cited by 11
Gilmour, R. J., Brickley, M. B., Jurriaans, E., & Prowse, T. (2018) · International Journal of Paleopathology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpp.2018.09.002 · Cited by 12
Neanderthals and Their Contemporaries
Harvati, K. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-39979-4_56 · Cited by 11
22 The Network of Brain, Body, Language, and Culture
Mithen, S. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-33761-4_65 · Cited by 11
Interpreting the fossil evidence for the evolutionary origins of music
Wurz, S. (2009) · Southern African humanities · Cited by 11
Évolution anthropologique du bassin osseux des femmes
Raynal, P., Meaux, J. P. L., & Chereau, E. (2005) · Gynécologie Obstétrique & Fertilité · doi:10.1016/j.gyobfe.2005.05.017 · Cited by 11
Quantifying lateral femoral condyle ellipticalness in chimpanzees, gorillas, and humans
Sylvester, A. D., & Pfisterer, T. (2012) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.22144 · Cited by 11
Cochlear labyrinth volume in Krapina Neandertals
Beals, M. E., Frayer, D. W., Radovčić, J., & Hill, C. A. (2015) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2015.09.005 · Cited by 11
Evolution of Hearing and Language in Fossil Hominins
Quam, R., Martı́nez, I., Rosa-Zurera, M., & Arsuaga, J. L. (2017) · Springer handbook of auditory research · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-59478-1_8 · Cited by 11
A novel transgenic mouse model of fetal encephalization and craniofacial development
López, E. K. N., Stock, S. R., Taketo, M. M., Chenn, A., & Ravosa, M. J. (2008) · Integrative and Comparative Biology · doi:10.1093/icb/icn047 · Cited by 11
Species, Populations, and Assimilation in Later Human Evolution
Smith, F. H. (2010) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781444320039.ch20 · Cited by 11
Population, Technological Progress and the Evolution of Innovative PotentialPreprint
Collins, J., Baer, B., & Weber, E. J. (2013) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2284456 · Cited by 11
Wilkins, J. (2013) · TSpace (University of Toronto) · Cited by 11
How Did Humans Become So Creative? A Computational ApproachPreprint
Gabora, L. M., & DiPaola, S. (2013) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1308.5032 · Cited by 11
Abadías, N. M. (2007) · LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) · Cited by 11
Early Holocene Human Burials from Fa Hien-lena and Kuragala, Sri Lanka
Stock, J. T., Pomeroy, E., Wedage, O., Eregama, S. K., Deraniyagala, S. U., Perera, N., Roberts, P., Boivin, N. L., & Petraglia, M. D. (2022) · Ancient Lanka · doi:10.29173/anlk637 · Cited by 10
Estimation of African apes’ body size from postcranial dimensions
Niskanen, M., & Junno, J. (2009) · Primates · doi:10.1007/s10329-009-0131-8 · Cited by 10
Chevalier, T., Lefèvre, P., Clarys, J. P., & Beauthier, J. (2016) · Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.jflm.2016.07.015 · Cited by 10
Novák, J. M., Brůžek, J., Zamrazilová, H., Vaňková, M., Hill, M., & Sedlák, P. (2020) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.8951 · Cited by 10
García‐Martínez, D., Martelli, S. A., Torres‐Tamayo, N., Arenas, J. M. J., Martín, A. G., del Campo, M. D. D., Cambra‐Moo, Ó., Zlolniski, S. L., Nalla, S., Sanchis‐Gimeno, J. A., et al. (2020) · Quaternary International · doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2020.05.054 · Cited by 10
Rightmire, G. P. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-39979-4_55 · Cited by 10
Gabora, L. M., & Saberi, M. (2011) · Creativity and Cognition · doi:10.1145/2069618.2069667 · Cited by 10
Schneider, E., Jensen, L. R., Farcas, R., Kondova, I. I., Bontrop, R. E., Navarro, B., Fuchs, E., Kuss, A. W., & Haaf, T. (2012) · Cytogenetic and Genome Research · doi:10.1159/000335465 · Cited by 10
Evolution: Origin(s) of Modern Humans
Wood, B. A. (2017) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.06.052 · Cited by 11
Chevalier, T., Clarys, J. P., Lefèvre, P., Beauthier, J., Louryan, S., & Cattrysse, E. (2018) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.23396 · Cited by 10
Bastir, M. (2019) · Bulletins et Mémoires de la Société d anthropologie de Paris · doi:10.3166/bmsap-2019-0055 · Cited by 10
Evolution of the Primate Brain
Falk, D. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-39979-4_37 · Cited by 10
L’évolution du cerveau humain : de la matière grasse à la matière grise
Cunnane, S. C. (2006) · médecine/sciences · doi:10.1051/medsci/20062267659 · Cited by 10
Selection against archaic hominin genetic variation in regulatory regionsPreprint
Telis, N., Aguilar, R., & Harris, K. (2019) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/708230 · Cited by 10
Why did the human brain size evolve? A way forward
González-Forero, M., & Gómez‐Robles, A. (2025) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2024.0114 · Cited by 9
Examining the influence of hide processing on Native American upper limb morphology
Cameron, M. E., Lapham, H. A., & Shaw, C. N. (2018) · International Journal of Osteoarchaeology · doi:10.1002/oa.2657 · Cited by 9
Can bony labyrinth dimensions predict biological sex in archaeological samples?
Ward, D. L., Pomeroy, E., Schroeder, L., Viola, T. B., Silcox, M. T., & Stock, J. T. (2020) · Journal of Archaeological Science Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jasrep.2020.102354 · Cited by 9
The evolution of cranial form in mid-Pleistocene Homo
Rightmire, G. P. (2012) · South African Journal of Science · doi:10.4102/sajs.v108i3/4.719 · Cited by 9
Li, M., Huang, L., Li, K., Huo, Y., Chen, C., Wang, J., Liu, J., Luo, Z., Chen, C., Dong, Q., et al. (2016) · Human Genetics · doi:10.1007/s00439-016-1644-z · Cited by 9
Variation in human 3D trunk shape and its functional implications in hominin evolution
Bastir, M., González‐Ruiz, J. M., Rueda, J., Garrido-López, G., Gómez-Recio, M., Beyer, B., Juan, A. F. S., & Navarro, E. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-15344-x · Cited by 9
Framing the Question: Diet and Evolution in Early Homo
Antón, S. C. (2008) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-76585-3_20 · Cited by 9
An Integrative Model of Human Brain, Cognitive, and Behavioral Evolution
Geary, D. C. (2007) · Cited by 9
Harvati, K. (2010) · Evolution Education and Outreach · doi:10.1007/s12052-010-0250-0 · Cited by 10
Villmoare, B. A., & Grabowski, M. W. (2022) · Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.3389/fevo.2022.963568 · Cited by 9
19 Estimation of Basic Life History Data of Fossil Hominoids
Hemmer, H. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-33761-4_19 · Cited by 9
Comparative and Evolutionary Perspectives on Human Brain Growth
Leonard, W. R., Snodgrass, J. J., & Robertson, M. L. (2012) · Human Growth and Development · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-383882-7.00015-5 · Cited by 6
The cerebellum and cognitive evolution in Pliocene and Pleistocene hominids
Weaver, A. H. (2001) · Cited by 9
Did increasing brain size place early humans at risk of extinction?
Stibel, J. M. (2025) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2025.106336 · Cited by 9
Predicting body mass of bonobos (Pan paniscus) with human‐based morphometric equations
Yapuncich, G., Bowie, A., Belais, R., Churchill, S. E., & Walker, C. S. (2020) · American Journal of Primatology · doi:10.1002/ajp.23088 · Cited by 8
Plinio, S. D., & Ebisch, S. J. H. (2020) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.14883 · Cited by 9
Layered habitats: An evolutionary model for present-day recreational needs
Stoltz, J. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.914294 · Cited by 8
Roberts, P., Stock, J. T., Kulatilake, S., Boivin, N. L., Petraglia, M. D., Deraniyagala, S. U., & Perera, N. (2022) · Ancient Lanka · doi:10.29173/anlk650 · Cited by 8
Curvature Scaling in the Medial Tibial Condyle of Large Bodied Hominoids
Sylvester, A. D., & Organ, J. M. (2010) · The Anatomical Record · doi:10.1002/ar.21126 · Cited by 8
A case of decapitation in Canosa, South Italy (5th–6th century a.d.)
Saponetti, S. S., Scattarella, V., Nunno, C. D., Emanuel, P., & Nunno, N. R. D. (2007) · Forensic Science International · doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2007.07.015 · Cited by 8
Borer, K. T. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11020227 · Cited by 8
Population Biology and Population Genetics of Pleistocene Hominins
Templeton, A. R. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-39979-4_60 · Cited by 8
Harvati, K. (2013) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118332344.ch28 · Cited by 8
Objective and Subjective Aspects of the Drive to Eat in Obesogenic Environments
Lieberman, L. S. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-44103-0_10 · Cited by 7
Väre, T., Junno, J., Niinimäki, J. L., Niskanen, M., Niinimäki, S., Núñez, M., Tuukkanen, J., Tranberg, A., Heino, M. T., Lipkin, S., et al. (2016) · Post-Medieval Archaeology · doi:10.1080/00794236.2016.1151280 · Cited by 7
The effect of ontogeny on estimates of KNM-WT 15000's adult body size
Cunningham, D. L., Graves, R. R., Wescott, D. J., & McCarthy, R. C. (2018) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2018.04.002 · Cited by 7
Barsky, D., Carbonell, E., Sala, R., de Castro, J. M. B., & García-Vadillo, F.-J. (2021) · Quaternary International · doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2021.04.017 · Cited by 7
Mobility of paleolithic populations: biomechanical considerations and spatiotemporal modelling
Vaissié, E. (2021) · Paleoanthropology · doi:10.48738/2021.iss1.73 · Cited by 7
Comparative genetic approaches to the evolution of human brain and behavior
Vallender, E. J. (2010) · American Journal of Human Biology · doi:10.1002/ajhb.21132 · Cited by 7
Alfonso‐Durruty, M. P., Giles, B. T., Román, M. S., & R, F. M. (2017) · Chungara · doi:10.4067/s0717-73562017005000112 · Cited by 7
Faunal Change in Eastern Africa at the Oldowan – Acheulean Transition
Geraads, D. (2018) · Vertebrate paleobiology and paleoanthroplogy series/Vertebrate paleobiology and paleoanthropology series · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-75985-2_9 · Cited by 7
From Past to Present: The Deep History of Kinship
Read, D. (2019) · Computational social sciences · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-12723-7_6 · Cited by 7
Territory Size in Canis lupus: Implications for Neandertal Mobility
Walker, C. S., & Churchill, S. E. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-7460-0_12 · Cited by 7
Scattarella, V., Saponetti, S. S., Laraspata, L., Bartoli, F., & Bertoldi, F. (2002) · Human Evolution · doi:10.1007/bf02436367 · Cited by 7
Nunno, N. R. D., Saponetti, S. S., Scattarella, V., Emanuel, P., Baldassarra, S. L., Volpe, G., & Nunno, C. D. (2007) · American Journal of Forensic Medicine & Pathology · doi:10.1097/paf.0b013e3181405f35 · Cited by 7
A SALTATIONIST APPROACH FOR THE EVOLUTION OF HUMAN COGNITION AND LANGUAGE
Lanyon, S. J. (2006) · The Evolution of Language · doi:10.1142/9789812774262_0023 · Cited by 7
Young, M., Jóhannesdóttir, F., Poole, K. E. S., Shaw, C. N., & Stock, J. T. (2017) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2017.10.011 · Cited by 7
Human metabolic adaptations and prolonged expensive neurodevelopment: A reviewPreprint
Skoyles, J. R. (2008) · Nature Precedings · doi:10.1038/npre.2008.1856.2 · Cited by 7
Effects of the energy balance transition on bone mass and strength
Wallace, I. J., Toya, C., Muñoz, M. A. P., Meyer, J. V., Busby, T., Reynolds, A. Z., Martinez, J., Thompson, T. T., Miller‐Moore, M., Harris, A. R., et al. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-42467-6 · Cited by 6
Self-citationMorphometric panel regression equations for predicting body mass in immature humans
Yapuncich, G., Churchill, S. E., Cameron, N., & Walker, C. S. (2018) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.23422 · Cited by 7
A Late Pleistocene human humerus from Rusinga Island, Lake Victoria, Kenya
Pearson, O. M., Hill, E. C., Peppe, D. J., Plantinga, A. V., Blegen, N., Faith, J. T., & Tryon, C. A. (2020) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2020.102855 · Cited by 6
Bernal, V., Béguelin, M., Gordón, F., Cobos, V. A., González, P., & Lotto, F. (2013) · HOMO · doi:10.1016/j.jchb.2013.11.004 · Cited by 6
The Influence of Body Size and Bone Mass on Cortical Bone Histomorphometry in Human Ribs
Beresheim, A. C., Pfeiffer, S., & Alblas, A. (2018) · The Anatomical Record · doi:10.1002/ar.23933 · Cited by 7
The Masticatory Apparatus of Humans (Homo sapiens): Evolution and Comparative Functional Morphology
Vinyard, C. J., Teaford, M. F., Wall, C. E., & Taylor, A. B. (2019) · Fascinating life sciences · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-13739-7_21 · Cited by 6
Sládek, V., Macháček, J., Makajevová, E., Přichystalová, R., & Hora, M. (2016) · Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s12520-016-0400-6 · Cited by 6
Egyptian Body Size: A Regional and Worldwide Comparison
Raxter, M. H. (2011) · Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida) · Cited by 6
Gabora, L. M. (2013) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1309.2609 · Cited by 6
Young, P. H. (2006) · Cited by 5
Guo, L., Qi, G., Feng, X., Peng, Y., Mao, X., Yang, Z., Zeng, W., & Zhao, Y. (2023) · International Journal of Osteoarchaeology · doi:10.1002/oa.3205 · Cited by 5
Evolutionary history of hominin brain size and phylogenetic comparative methods
Pestana, C., de Sousa, A. A., Todorov, O. S., Beaudet, A., & Benoît, J. (2023) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/bs.pbr.2022.12.014 · Cited by 5
The significance of changes in body mass in human evolution
Holliday, T. W. (2015) · Bulletins et Mémoires de la Société d anthropologie de Paris · doi:10.1007/s13219-015-0133-6 · Cited by 5
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Ruff, C. B., Trinkaus, E., & Holliday, T. W.
- Affiliations
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- William & Mary (US)
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 1997-05
- Volume
- 387
- Issue
- 6629
- Pages
- 173-176
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W2072482003
- Cited by
- 896
- References
- 18
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 38 · 2020: 33 · 2019: 64 · 2018: 35 · 2017: 38 · 2016: 41 · 2015: 40 · 2014: 46 · 2013: 39 · 2012: 45
- FWCI
- 111.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Pleistocene-Era Hominins and Archaeology
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Archeology (arts and humanities) › Forensic Anthropology and Bioarchaeology Studies
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Evolution and Paleontology Studies
- Keywords
- body mass estimation, encephalization, Neanderthals, brain mass, anatomically modern humans, hominin evolution, Middle Pleistocene, brain size increase, skeletal robusticity
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Body Constitution, Body Weight, Brain, Biological Evolution, Female, Femur Head, Fossils, Humans, Male, Hominidae
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
