The DOI matches its Crossref record; 6 of the 6 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Reform predictive policing
Open accessAbstract
Police agencies, software firms and the public must ensure that crime-forecasting software improves public safety and officer accountability, writes Aaron Shapiro.
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“The technology's reliance on such lists to identify suspects or to target patrols 8 , combined with the lower accuracy of algorithms when analysing the faces of people of colour, is likely to reinforce over-policing of black and minority ethnic groups.”
From Rethink government with AI (2019) · cites this paper as [8]
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Muhammad, K. G. (2010) · Harvard University Press eBooks · doi:10.2307/j.ctvjsf4fx · Cited by 809
Lum, K., & Isaac, W. (2016) · Significance · doi:10.1111/j.1740-9713.2016.00960.x · Cited by 611
Police Education, Experience, and the Use of Force
Paoline, E. A., & Terrill, W. (2007) · Criminal Justice and Behavior · doi:10.1177/0093854806290239 · Cited by 328
(2014) · Cited by 63
Information Technology and Police Work
Manning, P. K. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-5690-2_254 · Cited by 9
Benbouzid, B. (2016) · Books & ideas · Cited by 2
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Robinson, D. & Koepke, L. Stuck in a Pattern: Early Evidence on “Predictive Policing” and Civil Rights (Upturn, 2016); available at http://go.nature.com/2it4tnr
- Brayne, S., Rosenblat, A. & Boyd, D. in Data & Civil Rights: A New Era of Policing and Justice (2015); available at http://go.nature.com/2j6cot5
- Gutierrez, C. M. & Kirk, D. S. Crime Delinquency http://doi.org/bw9k (2015).
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Items 101–117 of 117
Sandhu, A., & Fussey, P. (2023) · doi:10.32920/23656788 · Cited by 1
Duker, A., Bak, H., Daumeyer, N. M., & Richeson, J. A. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4791709 · Cited by 2
The Strategic Value of Public Sector Analytics: A Framework and a Showcase Study
Brandt, T., Wagner, S., & Neumann, D. (2018) · RePub (Erasmus University Rotterdam) · doi:10.13140/rg.2.2.26154.31680
“Similarly, predictive policing systems (Gerber 2014, Shapiro 2017) seek to improve police operations by allocating resources to areas of anticipated crimes in advance and waste management systems (Perera et al. 2014, Castro Lundin et al. 2017) help cities to perform waste collection and disposal…”
BackgroundGeographic Clustering for Neighborhood Boundaries: A Spatial Analysis of Chicago Using Public Data
Kuppersmith, J. B. (2019) · Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University)
Big Data und Algorithmen im Rahmen der Kriminalitätsbegegnung
Ruppert, F. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-35450-3_12-1
Impact of Machine Learning in Legal Education and the Legal Profession
Sia, C. C. (2023) · Advances in educational technologies and instructional design book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-6684-9103-4.ch012
Big Data und Algorithmen im Rahmen der Kriminalitätsbegegnung
Ruppert, F. (2023) · Cyberkriminologie - Theorien, Methoden, Erscheinungsformen · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-35439-8_12
Prevention of Discrimination in the Practices of Predictive Policing
Dülger, M. V. (2023) · Accounting, finance, sustainability, governance & fraud · doi:10.1007/978-981-99-6327-0_7 · Cited by 2
Kennedy, R., Austin, A., Adams, M. O., Robinson, C., & Salib, P. (2024) · AI & Society · doi:10.1007/s00146-024-01975-3 · Cited by 1
Öngörücü Kolluk Uygulamalarına İlişkin Etik Bir Değerlendirme
Sancar, İ. V. (2025) · Erzurum Teknik Universitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitusu Dergisi · doi:10.29157/etusbed.1495798
COPtimization and the operational banality of policing's technocratic drive
Krupar, S. R. (2025) · Environment and Planning D Society and Space · doi:10.1177/02637758251366029
“They incorporate algorithmic crime analyses into their organizational structures and occupational cultures as part of this effort (Egbert and Leese, 2021: 26 – 27; Shapiro 2017).”
Zhang, A., & Lee, M. K. (2026) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3772318.3791306
“Alarmingly, tools to improve public services have repeatedly been critiqued as oversurveilling vulnerable populations [39, 95], producing discriminatory outcomes [11], and reify-ing historical inequities [43, 134].”
The invisible gap: urban AI security
Xu, Y., Seto, K. C., & Weng, Q. (2026) · npj Urban Sustainability · doi:10.1038/s42949-026-00446-6
Metadata
- Authors
- Shapiro, A.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Corresponding author
- Shapiro, Aaron
- ORCID
- Shapiro, Aaron
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2017-01-26
- Volume
- 541
- Issue
- 7638
- Pages
- 458-460
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W2578180596
- Cited by
- 118
- References
- 6
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 3
- FWCI
- 25.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Ethics and Social Impacts of AI
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Policing Practices and Perceptions
- Social Sciences › Law › Artificial Intelligence in Law
- Keywords
- predictive policing, algorithmic bias, police accountability, public safety, algorithmic transparency, police technology
- MeSH terms
- Machine Learning, Algorithms, Crime, Criminology, Evaluation Studies as Topic, Forecasting, Humans, Safety, Software, United States, Police, Law Enforcement, Criminals, Spatio-Temporal Analysis, Geographic Mapping, Racism
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