Cited by 1,383Atherosclerosis and Cardiovascular DiseasesImmunotherapy and Immune ResponsesLipoproteins and Cardiovascular Health

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 18 of the 18 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Statins as a newly recognized type of immunomodulator.

Kwak, Brenda, Mulhaupt, Flore, Myit, Samir, Mach, François·2000·Nature Medicine

DOI 10.1038/82219

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, or statins, are effective lipid-lowering agents, extensively used in medical practice. Statins have never been shown to be involved in the immune response, although a report has indicated a better outcome of cardiac transplantation in patients under Pravastatin therapy. Major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) molecules are directly involved in the activation of T lymphocytes and in the control of the immune response. Whereas only a limited number of specialized cell types express MHC-II constitutively, numerous other cells become MHC-II positive upon induction by interferon gamma (IFN-gamma). This complex regulation is under the control of the transactivator CIITA (refs 6,7). Here we show that statins act as direct inhibitors of induction of MHC-II expression by IFN-gamma and thus as repressors of MHC-II-mediated T-cell activation. This effect of statins is due to inhibition of the inducible promoter IV of the transactivator CIITA and is observed in several cell types, including primary human endothelial cells (ECs) and monocyte-macrophages (Mstraight phi). It is of note that this inhibition is specific for inducible MHC-II expression and does not concern constitutive expression of CIITA and MHC-II. In repressing induction of MHC-II, and subsequent T-lymphocyte activation, statins therefore provide a new type of immunomodulation. This unexpected effect provides a scientific rationale for using statins as immunosuppressors, not only in organ transplantation but in numerous other pathologies as well.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1038/82219

Cites

18 of 18 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Effect of pravastatin on outcomes after cardiac transplantation
Kobashigawa, J. A., Katznelson, S., Laks, H., Johnson, J. A., Yeatman, L., Wang, X. M., Chia, D., Terasaki, P. I., Sabad, A., Cogert, G. A., et al. (1995) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199509073331003 · Cited by 1,301
Current Perspectives on Statins
Maron, D. J., Fazio, S., & Linton, M. F. (2000) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.101.2.207 · Cited by 1,216
Regulation of MHC Class II Expression by Interferon-γ Mediated by the Transactivator Gene CIITA
Steimle, V., Siegrist, C.-A., Mottet, A., Lisowska-Grospierre, B., & Mach, B. (1994) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.8016643 · Cited by 898
Complementation cloning of an MHC class II transactivator mutated in hereditary MHC class II deficiency (or bare lymphocyte syndrome)
Steimle, V., Otten, L., Zufferey, M., & Mach, B. (1993) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(05)80090-x · Cited by 849
Cholesterol Lowering With Statin Drugs, Risk of Stroke, and Total Mortality: An Overview of Randomized Trials
Hebert, P. R. (1997) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1997.03550040069040 · Cited by 740
Functional CD40 ligand is expressed on human vascular endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and macrophages: Implications for CD40–CD40 ligand signaling in atherosclerosis
Mach, F., Schönbeck, U., Sukhova, G. K., Bourcier, T., Bonnefoy, J., Pober, J. S., & Libby, P. (1997) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.94.5.1931 · Cited by 730
Self-citation
Statins do more than just lower cholesterol
Vaughan, C. J., Murphy, M. B., & Buckley, B. M. (1996) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(96)05190-2 · Cited by 700
The evolving role of statins in the management of atherosclerosis
Vaughan, C. J., Gotto, A. M., & Basson, C. T. (2000) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/s0735-1097(99)00525-2 · Cited by 573
Expression of MHC class II molecules in different cellular and functional compartments is controlled by differential usage of multiple promoters of the transactivator CIITA
Mühlethaler‐Mottet, A., Otten, L., Steimle, V., & Mach, B. (1997) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1093/emboj/16.10.2851 · Cited by 507
Cholesterol Lowering With Statin Drugs, Risk of Stroke, and Total Mortality
Hebert, P. R., Gaziano, J. M., Chan, K. S., & Hennekens, C. H. (1998) · Survey of Anesthesiology · doi:10.1097/00132586-199806000-00060 · Cited by 506

Flagged first, then by citations

Show all 18 references

Sorted by citations

Items 201–300 of 1,001

Statins and bone metabolism
Horiuchi, N., & Maeda, T. (2006) · Oral Diseases · doi:10.1111/j.1601-0825.2005.01172.x · Cited by 109
Immunomodulatory Effects of Statins
Palinski, W., & Tsimikas, S. (2002) · Journal of the American Society of Nephrology · doi:10.1097/01.asn.0000018400.39687.8c · Cited by 110
The role of statins in the prevention of preeclampsia
Smith, D. D., & Costantine, M. M. (2020) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2020.08.040 · Cited by 121
Systemic lupus erythematosus and cardiovascular disease: prediction and potential for therapeutic intervention
McMahon, M. A., Hahn, B. H., & Skaggs, B. J. (2011) · Expert Review of Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1586/eci.10.98 · Cited by 115
3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl Coenzyme A Reductase-Independent Inhibition of CD40 Expression by Atorvastatin in Human Endothelial Cells
Wagner, A. H., Gebauer, M., Güldenzoph, B., & Hecker, M. (2002) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.0000037098.20829.31 · Cited by 109
New Evidence for Beneficial Effects of Statins Unrelated to Lipid Lowering
Palinski, W. (2001) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.21.1.3 · Cited by 108
The anti-inflammatory effects of statins on patients with rheumatoid arthritis: A systemic review and meta-analysis of 15 randomized controlled trials
Li, G.-M., Zhao, J., Li, B., Zhang, X., Ma, J., Ma, X., & Liu, J. L. (2018) · Autoimmunity Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2017.10.013 · Cited by 113
Immunomodulation in multiple sclerosis: from immunosuppression to neuroprotection
Neuhaus, O., Archelos, J. J., & Hartung, H. (2003) · Trends in Pharmacological Sciences · doi:10.1016/s0165-6147(03)00028-2 · Cited by 110
Cardiac allograft vasculopathy: current knowledge and future direction
Colvin, M. M., & Agnihotri, A. (2011) · Clinical Transplantation · doi:10.1111/j.1399-0012.2010.01307.x · Cited by 107
How can we cure a heart “in flame”? A translational view on inflammation in heart failure
Hofmann, U., & Frantz, S. (2013) · Basic Research in Cardiology · doi:10.1007/s00395-013-0356-y · Cited by 110
Targeting the host or the virus: Current and novel concepts for antiviral approaches against influenza virus infection
Lee, S. M.-Y., & Yen, H. (2012) · Antiviral Research · doi:10.1016/j.antiviral.2012.09.013 · Cited by 108
Clinical Management of Pandemic 2009 Influenza A(H1N1) Infection
Hui, D. S. C., Lee, N. L. S., & Chan, P. K. S. (2009) · CHEST Journal · doi:10.1378/chest.09-2344 · Cited by 108
Statin-induced immunomodulatory effects on human T cells in vivo
Fehr, T. H., Kahlert, C. R., Fierz, W., Joller‐Jemelka, H. I., Riesen, W. F., Rickli, H., Wuthrich, R. P., & Ammann, P. (2004) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2004.02.016 · Cited by 107
Immunomodulatory synergy by combination of atorvastatin and glatiramer acetate in treatment of CNS autoimmunity
Stüve, O. (2006) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci25805 · Cited by 107
Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
Newman, J. H., Fanburg, B. L., Archer, S. L., Badesch, D. B., Barst, R. J., Garcia, J. G. N., Kao, P. N., Knowles, J. A., Loyd, J. E., McGoon, M. D., et al. (2004) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000132476.87231.6f · Cited by 107
Management of cardiovascular risk in patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease
Mellemkjær, A., Kjær, M. B., Haldrup, D., Grønbæk, H., & Thomsen, K. L. (2023) · European Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ejim.2023.11.012 · Cited by 110
Simvastatin Augments Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Proinflammatory Responses in Macrophages by Differential Regulation of the c-Fos and c-Jun Transcription Factors
Matsumoto, M., Einhaus, D., Gold, E. S., & Aderem, A. A. (2004) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.172.12.7377 · Cited by 104
Statins: the new aspirin?
Veillard, N. R., & Mach, F. (2002) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/pl00012505 · Cited by 107
Self-citation
Statin-induced Kruppel-like factor 2 expression in human and mouse T cells reduces inflammatory and pathogenic responses
Bu, D.-X., Tarrio, M. L., Grabie, N., Zhang, Y., Yamazaki, H., Stavrakis, G., Maganto-García, E., Pepper-Cunningham, Z. A., Jarolı́m, P., Aikawa, M., et al. (2010) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci41384 · Cited by 105
Atherosclerosis: anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities of statins
Kwak, B. R., Mulhaupt, F., & Mach, F. (2003) · Autoimmunity Reviews · doi:10.1016/s1568-9972(03)00049-1 · Cited by 105
Self-citation
Statins, autophagy and cancer metastasis
Zhang, J., Yang, Z., Xie, L., Xu, L., Xu, D., & Liu, X. (2012) · The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology · doi:10.1016/j.biocel.2012.11.001 · Cited by 105
Simvastatin Potentiates TNF-α-Induced Apoptosis through the Down-Regulation of NF-κB-Dependent Antiapoptotic Gene Products: Role of IκBα Kinase and TGF-β-Activated Kinase-1
Ahn, K. S., Sethi, G., & Aggarwal, B. B. (2007) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.178.4.2507 · Cited by 107
Delineation of Myotoxicity Induced by 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA Reductase Inhibitors in Human Skeletal Muscle Cells
Sacher, J., Weigl, L. G., Werner, M., Szegedi, C., & HOHENEGGER, M. (2005) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1124/jpet.105.086462 · Cited by 103
HMG–CoA reductase inhibitors upregulate heme oxygenase-1 expression in murine RAW264.7 macrophages via ERK, p38 MAPK and protein kinase G pathways
Chen, J.-C., Huang, K., & Lin, W. (2005) · Cellular Signalling · doi:10.1016/j.cellsig.2005.03.016 · Cited by 103
Simvastatin improves endothelial function in patients with rheumatoid arthritis
Hermann, F., Forster, A., Chenevard, R., Enseleit, F., Hürlimann, D., Corti, R., Spieker, L. E., Frey, D., Hermann, M., Riesen, W., et al. (2005) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2004.11.006 · Cited by 105
Persistence with Statins and Onset of Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Population-Based Cohort Study
Chodick, G., Amital, H., Shalem, Y., Kokia, E. S., Heymann, A. D., Porath, A., & Shalev, V. (2010) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000336 · Cited by 99
Potential Benefits and Risks Associated with the Use of Statins
Khatiwada, N., & Hong, Z. (2024) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics16020214 · Cited by 119
Lovastatin decreases acute mucosal inflammation via 15-epi-lipoxin A4
Planagumà, A., Pfeffer, M. A., Rubin, G., Croze, R. H., Uddin, M., Serhan, C. N., & Levy, B. D. (2010) · Mucosal Immunology · doi:10.1038/mi.2009.141 · Cited by 104
cGAS‒STING signaling and function in metabolism and kidney diseases
Bai, J., & Liu, F. (2021) · Journal of Molecular Cell Biology · doi:10.1093/jmcb/mjab066 · Cited by 100
The inextricable link between atherosclerosis and prototypical inflammatory diseases rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus
Full, L. E., Villar, C. R., & Monaco, C. G. (2009) · Arthritis Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/ar2631 · Cited by 101
Statins, stem cells, and cancer
Gauthaman, K., Fong, C., & Bongso, A. (2009) · Journal of Cellular Biochemistry · doi:10.1002/jcb.22092 · Cited by 100
Fluvastatin Reduces Tissue Factor Expression and Macrophage Accumulation in Carotid Lesions of Cholesterol-Fed Rabbits in the Absence of Lipid Lowering
Baetta, R., Camera, M., Comparato, C., Altana, C., Ezekowitz, M. D., & Tremoli, E. (2002) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.0000012802.69414.a8 · Cited by 100
Potential role of statins on wound healing: review of the literature
Farsaei, S., Khalili, H., & Farboud, E. S. (2011) · International Wound Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1742-481x.2011.00888.x · Cited by 100
Direct Anti-Inflammatory Mechanisms Contribute to Attenuation of Experimental Allograft Arteriosclerosis by Statins
Shimizu, K., Aikawa, M., Takayama, K., Libby, P., & Mitchell, R. N. (2003) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000092949.67153.74 · Cited by 99
Novel applications of statins for bone regeneration
Shah, S. R., Werlang, C. A., Kasper, F. K., & Mikos, A. G. (2014) · National Science Review · doi:10.1093/nsr/nwu028 · Cited by 105
Immunomodulation: a new role for statins?
Palinski, W. (2000) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/82107 · Cited by 98
Statins — a cure-all for the brain?
Menge, T., Hartung, H.-P., & Stüve, O. (2005) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn1652 · Cited by 100
Effect of Administration of Lovastatin on the Development of Late Pulmonary Effects after Whole-Lung Irradiation in a Murine Model
Williams, J. P., Hernady, E., Johnston, C. J., Reed, C., Fenton, B. M., Okunieff, P., & Finkelstein, J. N. (2004) · Radiation Research · doi:10.1667/rr3168 · Cited by 98
Atorvastatin upregulates regulatory T cells and reduces clinical disease activity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis
Tang, T., Song, Y. S., Ding, Y., Liao, Y., Yu, X., Du, R. H., Xiao, H., Yuan, J., Zhou, Z.-H., Liao, M., et al. (2011) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1194/jlr.m010876 · Cited by 97
Statin Therapy and Mortality from Sepsis: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Trials
Deshpande, A., Pasupuleti, V., & Rothberg, M. B. (2014) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2014.10.057 · Cited by 96
Therapeutic potential of lovastatin in multiple sclerosis
Sena, A., Pedrosa, R., & Morais, M. G. (2003) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-003-1070-8 · Cited by 96
Autophagy in the Fight Against Tuberculosis
Bento, C. F., Empadinhas, N., & Mendes, V. (2015) · DNA and Cell Biology · doi:10.1089/dna.2014.2745 · Cited by 93
Inflammation in the pathophysiology of essential hypertension
Montecucco, F., Pende, A., Quercioli, A., & Mach, F. (2010) · Journal of Nephrology · doi:10.5301/jn.2010.4729 · Cited by 94
Self-citation
Atorvastatin as a stable treatment in bronchiectasis: a randomised controlled trial
Mandal, P., Chalmers, J. D., Graham, C., Harley, C., Sidhu, M., Doherty, C. J., Govan, J. R. W., Sethi, T., Davidson, D. J., Rossi, A. G., et al. (2014) · The Lancet Respiratory Medicine · doi:10.1016/s2213-2600(14)70050-5 · Cited by 93
Apoptosis of rheumatoid synovial cells by statins through the blocking of protein geranylgeranylation: A potential therapeutic approach to rheumatoid arthritis
Nagashima, T., Okazaki, H., Yudoh, K., Matsuno, H., & Minota, S. (2006) · Arthritis & Rheumatism · doi:10.1002/art.21564 · Cited by 92
Intracellular signaling triggered by antiphospholipid antibodies in platelets and endothelial cells: a pathway to targeted therapies
Pierangeli, S. S., Vega-Ostertag, M. E., & Harris, E. N. (2004) · Thrombosis Research · doi:10.1016/j.thromres.2004.06.031 · Cited by 94
Rapid immunomodulation by rosuvastatin in patients with acute coronary syndrome
Link, A., Ayadhi, T., Böhm, M., & Nickenig, G. (2006) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehl277 · Cited by 93
Adaptive T cell immune responses and atherogenesis
Taleb, S., Tedgui, A., & Mallat, Z. (2010) · Current Opinion in Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.coph.2010.02.003 · Cited by 92
Effect of statin treatment on short term mortality after pneumonia episode: cohort study
Douglas, I., Evans, S. J. W., & Smeeth, L. L. (2011) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.d1642 · Cited by 92
Statin Use and the Risk of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies
Islam, M. M., Poly, T. N., Walther, B. A., Yang, H., & Li, Y. (2020) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers12030671 · Cited by 92
Protective Effect of HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitor on Experimental Renal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury
Yokota, N., O’Donnell, M. A., Daniels, F. X., Burne-Taney, M. J., Keane, W. F., Kasiske, B. L., & Rabb, H. (2002) · American Journal of Nephrology · doi:10.1159/000066301 · Cited by 91
Statins, inflammation and kidney disease
Krane, V., & Wanner, C. (2011) · Nature Reviews Nephrology · doi:10.1038/nrneph.2011.62 · Cited by 89
Atorvastatin reduces CD68, FABP4, and HBP expression in oxLDL-treated human macrophages
Llaverı́as, G., Noé, V., Peñuelas, S., Vázquez‐Carrera, M., Sánchez, R. M., Laguna, J. C., Ciudad, C. J., & Alegret, M. (2004) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.04.021 · Cited by 90
Statins induce regulatory T cell recruitment via a CCL1 dependent pathway.
Mira, E., León, B., Barber, D. F., Jiménez-Baranda, S., Goya, I., Almonacid, L., Márquez, G., Zaballos, A., Martínez-A., C., Stein, J. V., et al. (2008) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.181.5.3524 · Cited by 88
Statins reduce vascular inflammation in atherogenesis: A review of underlying molecular mechanisms
Liberale, L., Carbone, F., Montecucco, F., & Sahebkar, A. (2020) · The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology · doi:10.1016/j.biocel.2020.105735 · Cited by 91
Effective atherosclerotic plaque inflammation inhibition with targeted drug delivery by hyaluronan conjugated atorvastatin nanoparticles
Nasr, S. H., Rashidijahanabad, Z., Ramadan, S., Kauffman, N., Parameswaran, N., Zinn, K. R., Qian, C., Arora, R., Agnew, D., & Huang, X. (2020) · Nanoscale · doi:10.1039/d0nr00308e · Cited by 93
Cardiovascular disease: C-reactive protein and the inflammatory disease paradigm: HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, alpha-tocopherol, red yeast rice, and olive oil polyphenols. A review of the literature.
Patrick, L., & Uzick, M. (2001) · PubMed · Cited by 90
The clinical impact of systemic low-level inflammation in elderly populations. With special reference to cardiovascular disease, dementia and mortality.
Brüünsgaard, H. (2006) · PubMed · Cited by 90
Immunomodulatory interventions in myocardial infarction and heart failure: a systematic review of clinical trials and meta-analysis of IL-1 inhibition
Panahi, M., Papanikolaou, A., Torabi, A., Zhang, J., Khan, H. R., Vazir, A., Hasham, M. G., Cleland, J. G. F., Rosenthal, N. A., Harding, S. E., et al. (2018) · Cardiovascular Research · doi:10.1093/cvr/cvy145 · Cited by 89
Update on statin-mediated anti-inflammatory activities in atherosclerosis
Montecucco, F., & Mach, F. (2009) · Seminars in Immunopathology · doi:10.1007/s00281-009-0150-y · Cited by 91
Self-citation
Statins as Modulators of Regulatory T-Cell Biology
Forero-Peña, D. A., & Gutierrez, F. R. S. (2013) · Mediators of Inflammation · doi:10.1155/2013/167086 · Cited by 92
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors activate the unfolded protein response and induce cytoprotective GRP78 expression
Chen, J.-C., Wu, M.-L., Huang, K., & Lin, W. (2008) · Cardiovascular Research · doi:10.1093/cvr/cvn160 · Cited by 88
Medicinal chemistry approaches for the treatment and prevention of Alzheimer's disease
Бачурин, С. О. (2002) · Medicinal Research Reviews · doi:10.1002/med.10026 · Cited by 91
Statins Affect Cell-Surface Expression of Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II Molecules by Disrupting Cholesterol-Containing Microdomains
Kuipers, H. F., Biesta, P. J., Groothuis, T. A., Neefjes, J., Mommaas, A. M., & van den Elsen, P. J. (2005) · Human Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.humimm.2005.04.004 · Cited by 87
Cardiac allograft vasculopathy: advances in understanding its pathophysiology, prevention, and treatment
Pinney, S., & MANCINI, D. M. (2004) · Current Opinion in Cardiology · doi:10.1097/00001573-200403000-00019 · Cited by 86
Pleiotropic effects of pitavastatin
Davignon, J. (2011) · British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.2011.04139.x · Cited by 88
CD40 Ligand: A Novel Target in the Fight against Cardiovascular Disease
Vishnevetsky, D., Kiyanista, V. A., & Gandhi, P. J. (2004) · Annals of Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1345/aph.1d611 · Cited by 86
The role of statins in the differentiation and function of bone cells
Chamani, S., Liberale, L., Mobasheri, L., Montecucco, F., Al‐Rasadi, K., Jamialahmadi, T., & Sahebkar, A. (2021) · European Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1111/eci.13534 · Cited by 90
Atorvastatin suppresses interferon-γ-induced neopterin formation and tryptophan degradation in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and in monocytic cell lines
Neurauter, G., Wirleitner, B., Laich, A., Schennach, H., WEISS, G., & Fuchs, D. (2003) · Clinical & Experimental Immunology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2249.2003.02021.x · Cited by 85
Simvastatin inhibits the MHC class II pathway of antigen presentation by impairing Ras superfamily GTPases
Ghittoni, R., Napolitani, G., Benati, D., Uliveri, C., Patrussi, L., Pasini, F. L., Lanzavecchia, A., & Baldari, C. T. (2006) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/eji.200636567 · Cited by 85
Transplant-associated thrombotic microangiopathy is an endothelial complication associated with refractoriness of acute GvHD
Zeisbrich, M., Becker, N., Benner, A., Radujkovic, A., Schmitt, K., Beimler, J., Ho, A. D., Zeier, M., Dreger, P., & Luft, T. (2017) · Bone Marrow Transplantation · doi:10.1038/bmt.2017.119 · Cited by 85
Statin synergizes with LPS to induce IL-1β release by THP-1 cells through activation of caspase-1
Kuijk, L. M., Mandey, S. H. L., Schellens, I. M. M., Waterham, H. R., Rijkers, G. T., Coffer, P. J., & Frenkel, J. (2008) · Molecular Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.molimm.2007.12.008 · Cited by 86
Impact of Statin Use After Heart Transplantation
Vallakati, A., Reddy, S., Dunlap, M. E., & Taylor, D. O. (2016) · Circulation Heart Failure · doi:10.1161/circheartfailure.116.003265 · Cited by 85
Antiinflammatory and Immunomodulatory Properties of Statins
Shovman, O., Levy, Y. M., Gilburd, B., & Shoenfeld, Y. (2002) · Immunologic Research · doi:10.1385/ir:25:3:271 · Cited by 85
Bronchiolitis Obliterans Syndrome
Scott, A. I. R., Sharples, L. D., & Stewart, S. (2005) · Drugs · doi:10.2165/00003495-200565060-00004 · Cited by 83
Inhibition of Macrophage Phagocytotic Activity by a Receptor-targeted Polymer Vesicle-based Drug Delivery Formulation of Pravastatin
Brož, P., Ben-Haim, N., Grzelakowski, M., Marsch, S. C. U., Meier, W. P., & Hunziker, P. (2008) · Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology · doi:10.1097/fjc.0b013e3181624aed · Cited by 84
Assessment of the efficacy of different statins in murine collagen‐induced arthritis
Palmer, G., Chobaz, V., Talabot‐Ayer, D., Taylor, S., So, A. K.-L., Gabay, C., & Busso, N. (2004) · Arthritis & Rheumatism · doi:10.1002/art.20673 · Cited by 83
Multicenter Retrospective Analysis of Cardiovascular Risk Factors Affecting Long-term Outcome of De Novo Cardiac Transplant Recipients
KOBASHIGAWA, J. A., Starling, R. C., Mehra, M. R., KORMOS, R., Bhat, G., Barr, M. L., Sigouin, C. S., Kolesar, J., & Fitzsimmons, W. E. (2006) · The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation · doi:10.1016/j.healun.2006.05.001 · Cited by 82
Unraveling Pleiotropic Effects of Statins on Plaque Rupture
Palinski, W., & Claudio Napoli, A. (2002) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.0000038754.39483.cd · Cited by 84
Does low-density lipoprotein cholesterol induce inflammation? If so, does it matter? Current insights and future perspectives for novel therapies
Jukema, R., Ahmed, T. A.-H. N., & Tardif, J. (2019) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-019-1433-3 · Cited by 82
Reduction of oxidative stress and modulation of autoantibodies against modified low‐density lipoprotein after rosuvastatin therapy
Resch, U., Tatzber, F., Budinsky, A. C., & Sinzinger, H. F. (2005) · British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.2005.02568.x · Cited by 80
Chromatography–mass spectrometry methods for the quantitation of statins in biological samples
Nirogi, R. V. S., Mudigonda, K., & Kandikere, V. N. (2007) · Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.jpba.2007.02.008 · Cited by 80
Regulation of osteoclast differentiation by statins.
Wa, G., Ap, B., Petras, S. F., Hj, H., Devalaraja, R., Renkiewicz, R. R., Baragi, Dd, T., & Vm, P. (2003) · PubMed · Cited by 80
Systemic Administration of Simvastatin after the Onset of Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Attenuates Cerebral Vasospasm
McGirt, M. J., Pradilla, G., Legnani, F. G., Thai, Q.-A., Recinos, P. F., Tamargo, R. J., & Clatterbuck, R. E. (2006) · Neurosurgery · doi:10.1227/01.neu.0000210262.67628.7e · Cited by 80
Use of Statins and Outcome of BCG Treatment for Bladder Cancer
Hoffmann, P., Roumeguère, T., Schulman, C., & van Velthoven, R. (2006) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmc062714 · Cited by 79
Association between Use of HMG CoA Reductase Inhibitors and Mortality in HIV-Infected Patients
Moore, R. D., Bartlett, J. G., & Gallant, J. E. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0021843 · Cited by 78
Use of atorvastatin as an anti‐inflammatory treatment in Crohn's disease
Grip, O., Janciauskiene, S. M., & Bredberg, A. C. A. (2008) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1038/bjp.2008.369 · Cited by 78
Inflammation and Atherosclerosis
Steffens, S., & Mach, F. (2004) · Herz · doi:10.1007/s00059-004-2634-9 · Cited by 77
Self-citation
Atorvastatin stimulates the production of osteoprotegerin by human osteoblasts
Viereck, V., Gründker, C., Blaschke, S., Frosch, K., Schoppet, M., Emons, G., & Hofbauer, L. C. (2005) · Journal of Cellular Biochemistry · doi:10.1002/jcb.20598 · Cited by 77
Statins in community acquired pneumonia: Evidence from experimental and clinical studies
Chalmers, J. D., Short, P. M., Mandal, P., Akram, A. R., & Hill, A. T. (2010) · Respiratory Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2010.04.005 · Cited by 78
Prevention of Post-transplant Cardiovascular Disease – Report and Recommendations of an Ad Hoc Group
Bostom, A. G., Brown, R. S., Chavers, B. M., Coffman, T. M., Cosio, F. G., Culver, K. W., Curtis, J. J., Danovitch, G. M., Everson, G. T., First, M. R., et al. (2002) · American Journal of Transplantation · doi:10.1034/j.1600-6143.2002.20602.x · Cited by 77
Aortic pulse wave velocity in renal transplant patients
Bahous, S. A., Stephan, A. G., Barakat, W., Blacher, J., Asmar, R. G., & Safar, M. E. (2004) · Kidney International · doi:10.1111/j.1523-1755.2004.00912.x · Cited by 76
Statins and the Risk of Cancer After Heart Transplantation
Fröhlich, G., Rufibach, K., Enseleit, F., Wolfrum, M., von Babo, M., Frank, M., Berli, R., Hermann, M., Holzmeister, J., Wilhelm, M. J., et al. (2012) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.111.081059 · Cited by 77
Prevention of Atrial Fibrillation With 3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl Coenzyme A Reductase Inhibitors
Adam, O., Neuberger, H., Böhm, M., & Laufs, U. (2008) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.107.760892 · Cited by 73
The beneficial effects of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors in the processes of neurodegeneration
Saravi, S. S. S., Saravi, S. S. S., Arefidoust, A., & Dehpour, A. R. (2017) · Metabolic Brain Disease · doi:10.1007/s11011-017-0021-5 · Cited by 77
Statins induce differentiation and cell death in neurons and astroglia
März, P., Otten, U., & Miserez, A. R. (2007) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.20422 · Cited by 75
The impact of statins therapy on disease activity and inflammatory factor in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a meta-analysis.
Lv, S., Liu, Y., Zou, Z., Li, F., Zhao, S., Shi, R., Bian, R., & Tian, H. (2015) · PubMed · Cited by 74
How valid are animal models to evaluate treatments for pulmonary hypertension?
Campian, M. E., Hardziyenka, M., Michel, M. C., & Tan, H. L. (2006) · Naunyn-Schmiedeberg s Archives of Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00210-006-0087-9 · Cited by 74
The impact of anti-inflammatory agents on the outcome of patients with colorectal cancer
Park, J. H., McMillan, D. C., Horgan, P. G., & Roxburgh, C. S. D. (2013) · Cancer Treatment Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.ctrv.2013.05.006 · Cited by 74
Atorvastatin inhibits inflammatory hypernociception
Santodomingo-Garzón, T., Cunha, T. M., Verri, W. A., Jr., Valério, D. A. R., Parada, C. A., Poole, S., Ferreira, S. H., & Cunha, F. Q. (2006) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706836 · Cited by 74

Authors: Kwak, B., Mulhaupt, F., Myit, S., & Mach, F.
Affiliations: University Hospital of Geneva (CH)
Corresponding author: Mach, François
ORCID: Kwak, Brenda
Mach, François
Venue: Nature Medicine
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2000-12
Volume: 6
Issue: 12
Pages: 1399-1402
ISSN: 1078-8956 (ISSN-L)
1546-170X
DOI: 10.1038/82219
OpenAlex: W1525331105
Cited by: 1,383
References: 18
Citations by year: 2026: 14 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 33 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 39 · 2016: 37 · 2015: 53 · 2014: 55 · 2013: 44 · 2012: 56
FWCI: 23.50
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (unspecified)
Locations: Nature Medicine (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Atherosclerosis and Cardiovascular Diseases
Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immunotherapy and Immune Responses
Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular Health
Keywords: statins, immunomodulation, MHC class II induction, interferon-gamma, CIITA, T cell activation, endothelial cells, monocytes/macrophages, immunosuppression, organ transplantation, pravastatin
MeSH terms: Atorvastatin, Adjuvants, Immunologic, Anticholesteremic Agents, Endothelium, Vascular, Genes, MHC Class II, Heptanoic Acids, Humans, Interferon-gamma, Lovastatin, Lymphocyte Activation, Macrophages, Monocytes, Nuclear Proteins, Pyrroles, Saphenous Vein, T-Lymphocytes, Trans-Activators, Pravastatin, Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Statins as a newly recognized type of immunomodulator.

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks