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Statins induce differentiation and cell death in neurons and astroglia
Abstract
Statins are potent inhibitors of the hydroxy‐methyl‐glutaryl‐coenzyme A reductase, the rate limiting enzyme for cholesterol biosynthesis. Experimental and clinical studies with statins suggest that they have beneficial effects on neurodegenerative disorders. Thus, it was of interest to characterize the direct effects of statins on CNS neurons and glial cells. We have treated defined cultures of neurons and astrocytes of newborn rats with two lipophilic statins, atorvastatin and simvastatin, and analyzed their effects on morphology and survival. Treatment of astrocytes with statins induced a time‐ and dose‐dependent stellation, followed by apoptosis. Similarly, statins elicited programmed cell death of cerebellar granule neurons but with a higher sensitivity. Analysis of different signaling cascades revealed that statins fail to influence classical pathways such as Akt or MAP kinases, known to be activated in CNS cells. In addition, astrocyte stellation triggered by statins resembled dibutryl‐cyclic AMP (db‐cAMP) induced morphological differentiation. However, in contrast to db‐cAMP, statins induced upregulation of low‐density lipoprotein receptors, without affecting GFAP expression, indicating separate underlying mechanisms. Analysis of the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway revealed that lack of mevalonate and of its downstream metabolites, mainly geranylgeranyl‐pyrophosphate (GGPP), is responsible for the statin‐induced apoptosis of neurons and astrocytes. Moreover, astrocytic stellation triggered by statins was inhibited by mevalonate and GGPP. Interestingly, neuronal cell death was significantly reduced in astrocyte/neuron co‐cultures treated with statins. We postulate that under these conditions signals provided by astrocytes, e.g., isoprenoids play a key role in neuronal survival. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
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Metadata
- Authors
- März, P., Otten, U., & Miserez, A. R.
- Affiliations
- University of Basel (CH)
- Kantonsspital Baselland Standort Bruderholz (CH)
- Corresponding author
- Miserez, André R.
- ORCID
- Miserez, André R.
- Venue
- Glia
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2006-09-22
- Volume
- 55
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-12
- ISSN
- 0894-1491 (ISSN-L)
- 1098-1136
- OpenAlex
- W2148373221
- Semantic Scholar
- 5af8d337b0d86e730aa2116cac10797b8dc90855
- Cited by
- 75
- References
- 57
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 2.92
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Glia (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Cancer, Lipids, and Metabolism
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biochemistry › Cholesterol and Lipid Metabolism
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular Health
- Keywords
- statins, atorvastatin, simvastatin, astrocytes, cerebellar granule cells, apoptosis, cholesterol biosynthesis, mevalonate, geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate, terpenoids, LDL receptor, neuronal survival, astrocyte-neuron co-culture, neurodegenerative diseases
- MeSH terms
- Atorvastatin, Animals, Animals, Newborn, Astrocytes, Cell Communication, Cell Differentiation, Cell Survival, Cells, Cultured, Central Nervous System, Cholesterol, Diterpenes, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Heptanoic Acids, Mevalonic Acid, Neurons, Polyisoprenyl Phosphates, Pyrroles, Receptors, LDL, Up-Regulation, Rats, Wistar, Apoptosis, Coculture Techniques, Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors, Simvastatin, Cell Shape, Rats
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