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Cigarette Smoking, Nicotine, and Body Weight
Open accessAbstract
Smokers generally gain weight when they quit smoking; this weight gain can lessen some of the health benefits of quitting smoking. We review the effectiveness of behavioral and pharmacological approaches to mitigating weight gain in the context of quitting smoking and consider mechanisms that could potentially account for the effects of smoking and nicotine on body weight. Understanding how nicotine affects body weight may lead to novel pharmacological and behavioral interventions for obesity as well as concurrent obesity and nicotine dependence. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2011) 90 1, 164–168. doi:10.1038/clpt.2011.105
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“Nicotine, the primary psychoactive component of tobacco, is known to cause appetite-suppressing effects leading many smokers to report reduced food intake on one hand”
From Smoking and its impact on eating behavior: A review (2026) · cites this paper as [5]
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“Nicotine, the primary addictive component in tobacco, has been identified as a potent appetite suppressant. Literature indicates that nicotine activates specific pathways in the brain that reduce hunger sensations.”
From Smoking and its impact on eating behavior: A review (2026) · cites this paper as [5]
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“However, smoking is also associated with an unhealthy distribution of body fat, particularly an increase in visceral fat, which elevates the risk of heart disease, stroke and metabolic disorders such as insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes [5].”
From Smoking and its impact on eating behavior: A review (2026) · cites this paper as [5]
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“Studies have shown that nicotine interacts with the brain's reward system and alters neurotransmitter activity, particularly dopamine and serotonin, which play key roles in hunger and satiety regulation [2, 3, 4, 5-6].”
From Smoking and its impact on eating behavior: A review (2026) · cites this paper as [5]
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“Research indicates that smokers weigh, on average, 4-5 kilograms less than non- smokers.”
From Smoking and its impact on eating behavior: A review (2026) · cites this paper as [5]
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“Moreover, nicotine has been reported to induce bodyweight loss in both human and rodent studies through mechanisms including affecting hormones that control caloric intake and fat metabolisms 20–24 .”
Self-citationPrasedya, E. S., Ambana, Y., Martyasari, N. W. R., Aprizal, Y., Nurrijawati, N., & Sunarpi (2020) · Toxicological Research · doi:10.1007/s43188-019-00031-3 · Cited by 42
“Numerous studies have examined the relationship between smoking and body weight [31, 32].”
BackgroundContinuous outcome logistic regression for analyzing body mass index distributions
Lohse, T., Rohrmann, S., Faeh, D., & Hothorn, T. (2017) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.12934.1 · Cited by 32
Calarco, C. A., & Picciotto, M. R. (2020) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntz010 · Cited by 40
Phytochemicals derived from Nicotiana tabacum L. plant contribute to pharmaceutical development
Zhang, W., Pan, X., Fu, J., Cheng, W., Lin, H., Zhang, W., & Huang, Z. (2024) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2024.1372456 · Cited by 40
An association of smoking with serum urate and gout: A health paradox
Fanning, N., Merriman, T. R., Dalbeth, N., & Stamp, L. K. (2017) · Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism · doi:10.1016/j.semarthrit.2017.11.004 · Cited by 43
Nicotine’ actions on energy balance: Friend or foe?
Seoane‐Collazo, P., Diéguez, C., Nogueiras, R., Rahmouni, K., Fernández‐Real, J. M., & López, M. (2020) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107693 · Cited by 42
Effect of patient-reported smoking status on short-term bariatric surgery outcomes
Inadomi, M. J., Iyengar, R., Fischer, I. P., Chen, X., Flagler, E. N., & Ghaferi, A. A. (2017) · Surgical Endoscopy · doi:10.1007/s00464-017-5728-1 · Cited by 37
“postoperative resumption of smoking [26].”
Driva, S., Korkontzelou, A., Tonstad, S., Tentolouris, N., & Katsaounou, P. A. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192013222 · Cited by 50
“A 10% increase in 24 h energy expenditure corresponds to approximately 200 kcal per 24 h, and under the condition of a stable caloric intake, this change may result in the loss of 10 kg of body weight over 1 year [9].”
BackgroundInfluentialAssociation of Cardiometabolic Disease With Cancer in the Community
Liu, E. E., Suthahar, N., Paniagua, S. M., Wang, D., Lau, E. S., Li, S. X., Jovani, M., Takvorian, K. S., Kreger, B. E., Benjamin, E. J., et al. (2022) · JACC CardioOncology · doi:10.1016/j.jaccao.2022.01.095 · Cited by 39
“VAT but not subcutaneous adipose tissue was associated with risk for overall cancer (HR: 1.22; 95% CI: 1.05-1.43), lung cancer (HR: 1.92; 95% CI: 1.01-3.66), and melanoma (HR: 1.56; 95% CI: 1.02-2.38) independent of BMI.”
ResultInfluentialObesity, visceral adiposity and carotid atherosclerosis.
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“As in our study, an assessment of dietary intake and serum levels of vitamin C in respondents of the 1976–1980 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) demonstrated that approximately 60% of smokers reported intakes below the DRI and that these intakes correlated with low concentrations of vitamin C i…”
BackgroundHow Dangerous Is Obesity? Issues in Measurement and Interpretation
Stokes, A., & Preston, S. H. (2016) · Population and Development Review · doi:10.1111/padr.12015 · Cited by 37
“A review of epidemiologic and biomedical studies of the effect of smoking on weight suggests that US smokers weigh, on average, 4–5 kg less than nonsmokers (Audrain-McGovern and Benowitz 2011).”
BackgroundLiao, C., Gao, W., Cao, W., Lv, J., Yu, C., Wang, S., Zhou, B., Pang, Z., Cong, L., Dong, Z., et al. (2016) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-016-2967-3 · Cited by 34
“Nicotine during cigarette smoking acutely increases energy expenditure and reduces appetite [29] which could explain the lower body weight found in current smokers.”
BackgroundAdverse Health Effects of Tobacco and Role of Ayurveda in their Reduction
Semwal, D., Mishra, S., Chauhan, A., & Semwal, R. (2015) · Journal of Medical Sciences(Faisalabad) · doi:10.3923/jms.2015.139.146 · Cited by 36
Khaled, S. S., Makled, M., & Nader, M. A. (2020) · Life Science · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118426 · Cited by 35
Rapid-onset anorectic effects of intranasal oxytocin in young men
Burmester, V., Higgs, S., & Terry, P. (2018) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2018.08.003 · Cited by 34
López-Sobaler, A. M., Rodríguez‐Rodríguez, E., Bartrina, J. A., Gil, Á., González‐Gross, M., Serra‐Majem, L., Varela‐Moreiras, G., & Anta, R. M. O. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0169027 · Cited by 34
The associations between smoking and obesity in northeast China: a quantile regression analysis
Sun, M., Jiang, Y. L., Sun, C., Li, J., Guo, X., Lv, Y., Yu, Y., Yao, Y., & Jin, L. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-39425-6 · Cited by 36
Willis, D. N., Popovech, M., Gany, F., Hoffman, C., Blum, J., & Zelikoff, J. (2014) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph110100919 · Cited by 32
“It is widely accepted that cigarette smoking leads to loss of appetite with subsequent weight loss [45–47], and cessation of cigarette smoking usually results in the opposite effect [48–50].”
BackgroundElectronic cigarette use among individuals with a self‐reported eating disorder diagnosis
Morean, M., & L'Insalata, A. M. (2018) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.22793 · Cited by 32
“…an appetite–suppressant that curbs cravings (Chiolero, Faeh, Paccaud, & Cornuz, 2008) while increasing daily calorie expenditure by approximately 10% (Audrain-McGovern & Benowitz, 2011), and (2) the behavior of smoking can distract from or substitute for eating (Kovacs, Correa, & Brandon, 2014).”
BackgroundWeight Concerns and Use of Cigarettes and E-Cigarettes among Young Adults
Bennett, B. L., & Pokhrel, P. (2018) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph15061084 · Cited by 35
“Since as early as the 1930s, tobacco marketing has directly or indirectly associated cigarette smoking with weight control [1].”
BackgroundLifestyle correlates of overweight in adults: a hierarchical approach (the SPOTLIGHT project)
Roda, C., Charreire, H., Feuillet, T., Mackenbach, J. D., Compernolle, S., Glonti, K., Bárdos, H., Rutter, H., McKee, M., Brug, J., et al. (2016) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-016-0439-x · Cited by 28
“The influences of smoking and alcohol intake on body weight are also well documented [8 – 10].”
Bojanowska, E., & Ciosek, J. (2015) · Current Neuropharmacology · doi:10.2174/1570159x14666151109103147 · Cited by 35
“Active smokers maintain lower body weight than nonsmokers, and smoking cessation results in a fast weight gain in both men and women [224].”
BackgroundModeling drug exposure in rodents using e-cigarettes and other electronic nicotine delivery systems
Miliano, C., Scott, E. R., Murdaugh, L. B., Gnatowski, E. R., Faunce, C. L., Anderson, M. S., Reyes, M. M., Gregus, A. M., & Buczynski, M. W. (2019) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2019.108458 · Cited by 26
Do E‐cigarettes induce weight changes and increase cardiometabolic risk? A signal for the future
Verhaegen, A., & van Gaal, L. V. (2017) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.12568 · Cited by 30
“It is a major contributor to rewarding effects of the brain and interacts with opioid and dopamine circuits, by which it might also play a role in eating behaviour of smokers (33).”
BackgroundKimmey, B. A., Rupprecht, L. E., Hayes, M. R., & Schmidt, H. D. (2012) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/adb.12014 · Cited by 29
Stuart, C. E., Ko, J., Modesto, A., Ramos, G. C. A., Bharmal, S. H., Cho, J., Singh, R. G., & Petrov, M. (2020) · Pancreas · doi:10.1097/mpa.0000000000001600 · Cited by 29
“However, it should be recognized that postcessation weight gain is a well-documented phenomenon.(38,40,45) Smokers gain, on average, 4.”
BackgroundHirabayashi, M., Inoue, M., Sawada, N., Saito, E., Abe, S. K., Hidaka, A., Iwasaki, M., Yamaji, T., Shimazu, T., Shibuya, K., et al. (2019) · Cancer Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.canep.2019.101622 · Cited by 32
Hsieh, M., Tseng, P., Wu, Y., Tu, Y., Wu, H., Hsu, C., Lei, W., Stubbs, B., Carvalho, A. F., Liang, C., et al. (2019) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.12835 · Cited by 30
“Nicotine enhances sympathetic tone and increases metabolism, and stopping smoking and the lack of nicotine can decrease metabolism and promote weight gain.(4) Subjects who quit smoking have been reported to have an up to 80% increased likelihood of weight gain,(5) and a 1% to 25% increased likelihood of obesity.”
BackgroundPengpid, S., & Peltzer, K. (2019) · Diabetes Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity · doi:10.2147/dmso.s206855 · Cited by 35
“Possible mechanisms through which tobacco use can reduce body weight have been described.(30) Overweight or obesitywas in this study significantly and positively associated hypertension, heart disease and high blood glucose levels, which is consistent with previous studies.”
Bloom, E. L., Farris, S. G., DiBello, A. M., & Abrantes, A. M. (2018) · Psychology Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2018.1537495 · Cited by 31
“Nicotine suppresses appetite and increases metabolism, and also serves as a behavioral alternative to eating or a distraction from hunger or food craving (Audrain-McGovern and Benowitz, 2011).”
BackgroundE-cigarettes and Weight Loss—Product Design Innovation Insights From Industry Patents
Singh, H., Kennedy, R. D., Lagasse, L. P., Czaplicki, L., & Cohen, J. E. (2017) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntx112 · Cited by 28
Metadata
- Authors
- Audrain-McGovern, J., & Benowitz, N. L.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Corresponding author
- Audrain-McGovern, J
- ORCID
- Audrain-McGovern, J
- Venue
- Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2011-06-01
- Volume
- 90
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 164-168
- ISSN
- 0009-9236 (ISSN-L)
- 1532-6535
- PMC
- PMC3195407
- OpenAlex
- W2144936440
- Cited by
- 571
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 35 · 2025: 48 · 2024: 54 · 2023: 37 · 2022: 70 · 2021: 46 · 2020: 57 · 2019: 42 · 2018: 39 · 2017: 37 · 2016: 40 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 1.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA02277, R01DA002277, U01DA020830, R37DA002277)
- National Cancer Institute (P50CA143187)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Pharmacology and Obesity Treatment
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors Study
- Keywords
- cigarette smoking, nicotine, body weight, weight gain after quitting smoking, nicotine dependence, obesity, pharmacological interventions, behavioral interventions, smoking cessation
- MeSH terms
- Body Weight, Health Status, Humans, Nicotine, Obesity, Smoking, Weight Gain, Smoking Cessation, Nicotinic Agonists
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