The DOI matches its Crossref record; 42 of the 46 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Cigarette Smoking, Nicotine, and Body Weight
Open accessAbstract
Smokers generally gain weight when they quit smoking; this weight gain can lessen some of the health benefits of quitting smoking. We review the effectiveness of behavioral and pharmacological approaches to mitigating weight gain in the context of quitting smoking and consider mechanisms that could potentially account for the effects of smoking and nicotine on body weight. Understanding how nicotine affects body weight may lead to novel pharmacological and behavioral interventions for obesity as well as concurrent obesity and nicotine dependence. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2011) 90 1, 164–168. doi:10.1038/clpt.2011.105
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“Nicotine, the primary psychoactive component of tobacco, is known to cause appetite-suppressing effects leading many smokers to report reduced food intake on one hand”
From Smoking and its impact on eating behavior: A review (2026) · cites this paper as [5]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Nicotine, the primary addictive component in tobacco, has been identified as a potent appetite suppressant. Literature indicates that nicotine activates specific pathways in the brain that reduce hunger sensations.”
From Smoking and its impact on eating behavior: A review (2026) · cites this paper as [5]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“However, smoking is also associated with an unhealthy distribution of body fat, particularly an increase in visceral fat, which elevates the risk of heart disease, stroke and metabolic disorders such as insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes [5].”
From Smoking and its impact on eating behavior: A review (2026) · cites this paper as [5]
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“Studies have shown that nicotine interacts with the brain's reward system and alters neurotransmitter activity, particularly dopamine and serotonin, which play key roles in hunger and satiety regulation [2, 3, 4, 5-6].”
From Smoking and its impact on eating behavior: A review (2026) · cites this paper as [5]
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“Research indicates that smokers weigh, on average, 4-5 kilograms less than non- smokers.”
From Smoking and its impact on eating behavior: A review (2026) · cites this paper as [5]
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Healthy Weight and Obesity Prevention
Lavie, C. J., Laddu, D., Arena, R. A., Ortega, F. B., Alpert, M., & Kushner, R. F. (2018) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2018.08.1037 · Cited by 480
“Review of epidemiological and clinical studies suggest that current smokers, on average, weigh 4 to 5 kg less than nonsmokers do (78,82,83) and have a lower likelihood of becoming obese (79).”
BackgroundPérez‐Martínez, P., Mikhailidis, D. P., Athyros, V. G., Bulló, M., Couture, P., Covas, M. I., de Koning, L., Delgado‐Lista, J., Díaz‐López, A., Drevon, C. A., et al. (2017) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1093/nutrit/nux014 · Cited by 429
“Nicotine released during smoking stimulates the release of several neurotransmitters and hormones (catecholamines, vasopressin, corticotropin-releasing hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, growth hormone, and others).(35) High levels of inflammatory biomarkers such as C-reactive protein have been shown to be elevated…”
Background2018 ACC Expert Consensus Decision Pathway on Tobacco Cessation Treatment
Barua, R. S., Rigotti, N. A., Benowitz, N. L., Cummings, K. M., Jazayeri, M., Morris, P. B., Ratchford, E. V., Sarna, L., Stecker, E. C., & Wiggins, B. S. (2018) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2018.10.027 · Cited by 391
“Mechanisms for post–smokingcessation weight gain include a reversal of the appetitesuppressive effect of nicotine, decreased metabolic rate due to less nicotine exposure, and increased caloric intake (141).”
BackgroundSelf-citationThe endocrine effects of nicotine and cigarette smoke
Tweed, J. O., Hsia, S. H., Lutfy, K., & Friedman, T. C. (2012) · Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.tem.2012.03.006 · Cited by 237
“It has long been recognized that smokers generally have reduced body-weight compared to nonsmokers [50], that smoking cessation leads to weight gain [50], and that weight loss recurs when cigarette smoking is resumed [51].”
BackgroundThe effect of tobacco cessation on weight gain, obesity, and diabetes risk
Bush, T. M., Lovejoy, J. C., Deprey, M., & Carpenter, K. (2016) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.21582 · Cited by 233
“Smokers gain weight after they quit smoking primarily because of the removal of nicotine’s effects on the central nervous system (35,36,41,42).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Audrain-McGovern, J., & Benowitz, N. L.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Corresponding author
- Audrain-McGovern, J
- ORCID
- Audrain-McGovern, J
- Venue
- Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2011-06-01
- Volume
- 90
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 164-168
- ISSN
- 0009-9236 (ISSN-L)
- 1532-6535
- PMC
- PMC3195407
- OpenAlex
- W2144936440
- Cited by
- 571
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 35 · 2025: 48 · 2024: 54 · 2023: 37 · 2022: 70 · 2021: 46 · 2020: 57 · 2019: 42 · 2018: 39 · 2017: 37 · 2016: 40 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 1.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA02277, R01DA002277, U01DA020830, R37DA002277)
- National Cancer Institute (P50CA143187)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Pharmacology and Obesity Treatment
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors Study
- Keywords
- cigarette smoking, nicotine, body weight, weight gain after quitting smoking, nicotine dependence, obesity, pharmacological interventions, behavioral interventions, smoking cessation
- MeSH terms
- Body Weight, Health Status, Humans, Nicotine, Obesity, Smoking, Weight Gain, Smoking Cessation, Nicotinic Agonists
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