The DOI matches its Crossref record; 31 of the 31 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
A vegan or vegetarian diet substantially alters the human colonic faecal microbiota
Open accessAbstract
Background/objectives Consisting of ≈10(14) microbial cells, the intestinal microbiota represents the largest and the most complex microbial community inhabiting the human body. However, the influence of regular diets on the microbiota is widely unknown.Subjects/methods We examined faecal samples of vegetarians (n=144), vegans (n=105) and an equal number of control subjects consuming ordinary omnivorous diet who were matched for age and gender. We used classical bacteriological isolation, identification and enumeration of the main anaerobic and aerobic bacterial genera and computed absolute and relative numbers that were compared between groups.Results Total counts of Bacteroides spp., Bifidobacterium spp., Escherichia coli and Enterobacteriaceae spp. were significantly lower (P=0.001, P=0.002, P=0.006 and P=0.008, respectively) in vegan samples than in controls, whereas others (E. coli biovars, Klebsiella spp., Enterobacter spp., other Enterobacteriaceae, Enterococcus spp., Lactobacillus spp., Citrobacter spp. and Clostridium spp.) were not. Subjects on a vegetarian diet ranked between vegans and controls. The total microbial count did not differ between the groups. In addition, subjects on a vegan or vegetarian diet showed significantly (P=0.0001) lower stool pH than did controls, and stool pH and counts of E. coli and Enterobacteriaceae were significantly correlated across all subgroups.Conclusions Maintaining a strict vegan or vegetarian diet results in a significant shift in the microbiota while total cell numbers remain unaltered.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“While the amounts of Bacteroides and Firmicutes associated with vegan, vegetarian and omnivore diets from these studies and others [137, 138] are conflicting, it can be concluded that eating vegetables, fiber and/or resistant starch along with animal protein seems to diminish the negative effects of the potentially harmful byproducts from amino acids fermented by the gut microbiota.”
From Exercise-induced stress behavior, gut-microbiota-brain axis and diet: a systematic review for athletes (2016) · cites this paper as [137]
Citations
Cites
An obesity-associated gut microbiome with increased capacity for energy harvest
Turnbaugh, P. J., Ley, R. E., Mahowald, M. A., Magrini, V., Mardis, E. R., & Gordon, J. I. (2006) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature05414 · Cited by 12,444
A human gut microbial gene catalogue established by metagenomic sequencing
MetaHIT Consortium, Qin, J., Li, R., Raes, J., Arumugam, M., Burgdorf, K. S., Manichanh, C., Nielsen, T., Pons, N., Levenez, F., et al. (2010) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature08821 · Cited by 11,624
Human gut microbes associated with obesity
Ley, R. E., Turnbaugh, P. J., Klein, S., & Gordon, J. I. (2006) · Nature · doi:10.1038/4441022a · Cited by 8,785
Diversity of the Human Intestinal Microbial Flora
Eckburg, P. B., Bik, E. M., Bernstein, C. N., Purdom, E., Dethlefsen, L., Sargent, M., Gill, S. R., Nelson, K. E., & Relman, D. A. (2005) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1110591 · Cited by 7,913
MICROBIAL ECOLOGY OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT
Savage, D. C. (1977) · Annual Review of Microbiology · doi:10.1146/annurev.mi.31.100177.000543 · Cited by 2,436
Kassinen, A., Krogius-Kurikka, L., Mäkivuokko, H., Rinttilä, T., Paulin, L., Corander, J., Malinen, E., Apajalahti, J., & Palva, A. (2007) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2007.04.005 · Cited by 1,002
Armougom, F., Henry, M., Vialettes, B., Raccah, D., & Raoult, D. (2009) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0007125 · Cited by 905
Adler, J. (1973) · Journal of General Microbiology · doi:10.1099/00221287-74-1-77 · Cited by 802
Effect of diet on human fecal flora: comparison of Japanese and American diets
Finegold, S. M., Attebery, H. R., & Sutter, V. L. (1974) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/27.12.1456 · Cited by 517
Controlled trial of fasting and one-year vegetarian diet in rheumatoid arthritis
Kjeldsen‐Kragh, J., Borchgrevink, C. F., LÆRUM, E., Haugen, M. A., Eek, M., Førre, Ø. T., Mowinkel, P., & Hovi, K. (1991) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/0140-6736(91)91770-u · Cited by 480
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Gorbach SL (2000). Function of the normal human microflora. Scand J Infect Dis 49 (Suppl), 17–30.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Intestinal microbiota metabolism of l-carnitine, a nutrient in red meat, promotes atherosclerosis
Koeth, R. A., Wang, Z., Levison, B. S., Buffa, J. A., Org, E., Sheehy, B. T., Britt, E. B., Fu, X., Wu, Y., Li, L., et al. (2013) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm.3145 · Cited by 4,386
Influence of diet on the gut microbiome and implications for human health
Singh, R. K., Chang, H.-W., Yan, D., Lee, K. M., Ucmak, D., Wong, K., Abrouk, M., Farahnik, B., Nakamura, M., Zhu, T. H., et al. (2017) · Journal of Translational Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12967-017-1175-y · Cited by 2,599
Sayin, S. I., Wahlström, A., Felin, J., Jäntti, S., Marschall, H.-U., Bamberg, K., Angelin, B., Hyötyläinen, T., Orešič, M., & Bäckhed, F. (2013) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2013.01.003 · Cited by 2,331
“The precise mechanism remains to be elucidated, but it has been proposed that FGF15 is transported to the liver where it binds FGFR4 and acts to suppress Cyp7a1 (Inagaki et al., 2005; Zimmer et al., 2012).”
The Microbiome in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Current Status and the Future Ahead
Kostic, A. D., Xavier, R. J., & Gevers, D. (2014) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2014.02.009 · Cited by 1,789
Colorectal Carcinoma: A General Overview and Future Perspectives in Colorectal Cancer
Mármol, I., Sánchez‐de‐Diego, C., Pradilla-Dieste, A., Cerrada, E., & Yoldi, M. R. (2017) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms18010197 · Cited by 1,639
“Many factors, such as antibiotic treatment or some types of diet, are known to be involved in the development of dysbiosis [139,148,149].”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Zimmer, J., Lange, B., Frick, J.-S., Sauer, H., Zimmermann, K., Schwiertz, A., Rusch, K., Klosterhalfen, S., & Enck, P.
- Affiliations
- Universitätsklinikum Tübingen (DE)
- Herford Hospital (DE)
- Institut für Mikroökologie (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Enck, P
- Venue
- European Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- Published
- 2011-08-03
- Volume
- 66
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 53-60
- ISSN
- 0954-3007 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-5640
- OpenAlex
- W2152289100
- Cited by
- 465
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 35 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 48 · 2020: 52 · 2019: 49 · 2018: 45 · 2017: 48 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 27 · 2014: 27 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 5.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hal.science
- Licence
- Locations
- European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Trinity's Access to Research Output (TARA) (Trinity College Dublin) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Probiotics and Fermented Foods
- Keywords
- vegan diet, vegetarian diet, gut microbiota, fecal microbiota, diet and microbiome, Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, Escherichia coli, Enterobacteriaceae, fecal pH, anaerobic bacteria, omnivorous diet
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Bacteria, Colon, Feces, Female, Humans, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Male, Middle Aged, Diet, Vegetarian, Colony Count, Microbial, Case-Control Studies, Metagenome
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
