Replicates and repeats—what is the difference and is it significant?: A brief discussion of statistics and experimental design

Vaux, David L; Fidler, Fiona; Cumming, Geoff

doi:10.1038/embor.2012.36

Cited by 155Philosophy and History of ScienceScientific Computing and Data ManagementAnimal testing and alternatives

Replicates and repeats—what is the difference and is it significant?: A brief discussion of statistics and experimental design

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Vaux, David L, Fidler, Fiona, Cumming, Geoff·2012·The EMBO Reports

DOI 10.1038/embor.2012.36PMC PMC3321166

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Merely understanding what experimental unit was used by a particular lab could be challenging, due to the lack of standardized terminology to define this among researchers.
“Moreover, merely understanding what experimental unit was used by a particular lab could be challenging, due to the lack of standardized terminology to define this among researchers (Lazic et al., 2018;Vaux et al., 2012).”
From Estimating the replicability of Brazilian biomedical science (2025) · cites this paper as Vaux et al., 2012
In “What should we look for when reading papers?” (page not specified in our copy), Vaux et al. warn that readers may need to scrutinize figure legends to determine whether results come from replicates or independent experiments, and that legends may omit this information. This supports the difficulty of identifying the experimental unit, but the paper attributes that difficulty to unclear reporting, not to a lack of standardized terminology among researchers. (LLM, conf=0.82)
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Authors: Vaux, D. L., Fidler, F., & Cumming, G.
Affiliations: The University of Melbourne (AU)
La Trobe University (AU)
ORCID: Vaux, David L
Fidler, Fiona
Cumming, Geoff
Venue: The EMBO Reports
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2012-03-16
Volume: 13
Issue: 4
Pages: 291-296
ISSN: 1469-221X (ISSN-L)
1469-3178
DOI: 10.1038/embor.2012.36
PMC: PMC3321166
OpenAlex: W2022023730
Cited by: 155
References: 1
Citations by year: 2026: 17 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 2
FWCI: 41.35
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
www.springer.com/tdm (vor)
Locations: EMBO Reports (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
RMIT Research Repository (RMIT University Library) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History and Philosophy of Science › Philosophy and History of Science
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Information Systems and Management › Scientific Computing and Data Management
Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Animal testing and alternatives
Keywords: replicates, repetitive elements, scientific hypothesis testing, experimental design, reproducibility, statistical significance
MeSH terms: Animals, Bone Marrow Cells, Data Interpretation, Statistical, Research Design, Statistics as Topic, Reproducibility of Results, Mice

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