The DOI matches its Crossref record; 64 of the 64 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Tyrosine capsid-mutant AAV vectors for gene delivery to the canine retina from a subretinal or intravitreal approach
Open accessAbstract
Recombinant adeno-associated viruses are important vectors for retinal gene delivery. Currently utilized vectors have relatively slow onset, and for efficient transduction it is necessary to deliver treatment subretinally, with the potential for damage to the retina. Amino-acid substitutions in the viral capsid improve efficiency in rodent eyes by evading host responses. As dogs are important large animal models for human retinitis pigmentosa, we evaluated the speed and efficiency of retinal transduction using capsid-mutant vectors injected both subretinally and intravitreally. We evaluated AAV serotypes 2 and 8 with amino-acid substitutions of surface-exposed capsid tyrosine residues. The chicken beta-actin promoter was used to drive green fluorescent protein expression. Twelve normal adult beagles were injected; four dogs received intravitreal injections and eight dogs received subretinal injections. Capsid-mutant viruses tested included AAV2(quad Y-F) (intravitreal and subretinal) and self-complementary scAAV8(Y733F) (subretinal only). Contralateral control eyes received injections of scAAV5 (subretinal) or scAAV2 (intravitreal). Subretinally delivered vectors had a faster expression onset than intravitreally delivered vectors. Subretinally delivered scAAV8(Y733F) had a faster onset of expression than scAAV5. All subretinally injected vector types transduced the outer retina with high efficiency and the inner retina with moderate efficiency. Intravitreally delivered AAV2(quad Y-F) had a marginally higher efficiency of transduction of both outer retinal and inner retinal cells than scAAV2. Because of their rapid expression onset and efficient transduction, subretinally delivered capsid-mutant AAV8 vectors may increase the efficacy of gene therapy treatment for rapid photoreceptor degenerative diseases. With further refinement, capsid-mutant AAV2 vectors show promise for retinal gene delivery from an intravitreal approach.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Since surface-exposed residues on AAV capsids can be ubiquitinated through phosphorylation, mutations of these residues (e.g. tyrosine, lysine, serine) to reduce the likelihood of ubiquitination can generate novel capsids with reduced ubiquitination, antigen presentation, and activated cellular immunity (92 -99).”
From A versatile toolkit for overcoming AAV immunity (2022) · cites this paper as [96]
In the citing paper
“Subretinal gene delivery has been shown to be more effective and have a faster onset than intravitreal delivery in animal models [260,285,286].”
From Bruch’s Membrane: A Key Consideration with Complement-Based Therapies for Age-Related Macular Degeneration (2023) · cites this paper as [285]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Ranibizumab for Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Rosenfeld, P. J., Brown, D. M., Heier, J. S., Boyer, D. S., Kaiser, P. K., Chung, C. Y., & Kim, R. Y. (2006) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa054481 · Cited by 5,886
Safety and Efficacy of Gene Transfer for Leber's Congenital Amaurosis
Maguire, A. M., Simonelli, F., Pierce, E. A., Pugh, E. N., Mingozzi, F., Bennicelli, J., Banfi, S., Marshall, K. A., Testa, F., Surace, E. M., et al. (2008) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa0802315 · Cited by 2,145
Effect of gene therapy on visual function in Leber’s congenital amaurosis
Bainbridge, J. W. B., Smith, A. J., Barker, S. S., Robbie, S., Henderson, R., Balaggan, K., Viswanathan, A., Holder, G. E., Stockman, A., Tyler, N., et al. (2008) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa0802268 · Cited by 1,924
Self-citationGene therapy restores vision in a canine model of childhood blindness
Acland, G. M., Aguirre, G. D., Ray, J., Zhang, Q., Aleman, T. S., Cideciyan, A. V., Pearce-Kelling, S. E., Anand, V., Zeng, Y., Maguire, A. M., et al. (2001) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng0501-92 · Cited by 1,202
Self-citation(1984) · PubMed · Cited by 1,200
Hauswirth, W. W., Aleman, T. S., Kaushal, S., Cideciyan, A. V., Schwartz, S. B., Wang, L., Conlon, T. J., Boye, S. L., Flotte, T. R., Byrne, B. J., et al. (2008) · Human Gene Therapy · doi:10.1089/hum.2008.107 · Cited by 954
Self-citationBi, A., Cui, J., Ma, Y.-P., Olshevskaya, E. V., Pu, M., Dizhoor, A. M., & Pan, Z. (2006) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2006.02.026 · Cited by 790
Dalkara, D., Byrne, L. C., Klimczak, R. R., Visel, M., Yin, L., Merigan, W. H., Flannery, J. G., & Schaffer, D. V. (2013) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3005708 · Cited by 734
Jacobson, S. G. (2012) · Archives of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1001/archophthalmol.2011.298 · Cited by 639
Zhong, L., Li, B., Mah, C. S., Govindasamy, L., Agbandje-McKenna, M., Cooper, M., Herzog, R. W., Zolotukhin, I., Warrington, K. H., Weigel-Van Aken, K. A., et al. (2008) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0802866105 · Cited by 558
Simonelli, F., Maguire, A. M., Testa, F., Pierce, E. A., Mingozzi, F., Bennicelli, J. L., Rossi, S., Marshall, K. A., Banfi, S., Surace, E. M., et al. (2009) · Molecular Therapy · doi:10.1038/mt.2009.277 · Cited by 553
Acland, G. M., Aguirre, G. K., Bennett, J., Alemán, T. S., Cideciyan, A. V., Bennicelli, J. L., Dejneka, N. S., Pearce-Kelling, S. E., Maguire, A. M., Palczewski, K., et al. (2005) · Molecular Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.ymthe.2005.08.008 · Cited by 478
Self-citationCideciyan, A. V., Jacobson, S. G., Beltran, W. A., Sumaroka, A., Świder, M., Iwabe, S., Román, A. J., Olivares, M. B., Schwartz, S., Komáromy, A. M., et al. (2013) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1218933110 · Cited by 441
Self-citationHigh-efficiency transduction of the mouse retina by tyrosine-mutant AAV serotype vectors
Petrs-Silva, H., Dinculescu, A., Li, Q., Min, S.-H., Chiodo, V., Pang, J.-J., Zhong, L., Zolotukhin, S., Srivastava, A., Lewin, A. S., et al. (2009) · Molecular Therapy · doi:10.1038/mt.2008.269 · Cited by 398
Self-citationApoptotic photoreceptor degeneration in experimental retinal detachment.
Cook, B. E., Lewis, G. P., Fisher, S. K., & Adler, R. (1995) · PubMed · Cited by 367
Inner limiting membrane barriers to aav-mediated retinal transduction from the vitreous
Dalkara, D., Kolstad, K. D., Caporale, N., Visel, M., Klimczak, R. R., Schaffer, D. V., & Flannery, J. G. (2009) · Molecular Therapy · doi:10.1038/mt.2009.181 · Cited by 357
Cideciyan, A. V., Hauswirth, W. W., Aleman, T. S., Kaushal, S., Schwartz, S. B., Boye, S. L., Windsor, E. A. M., Conlon, T. J., Sumaroka, A., Pang, J.-J., et al. (2009) · Human Gene Therapy · doi:10.1089/hum.2009.086 · Cited by 312
Self-citationRestoration of visual function in retinal degeneration mice by ectopic expression of melanopsin
Lin, B., Koizumi, A., Tanaka, N., Panda, S., & Masland, R. H. (2008) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0806114105 · Cited by 302
Doroudchi, M. M., Greenberg, K. P., Liu, J., Silka, K. A., Boyden, E. S., Lockridge, J. A., Arman, A. C., Ramesh, J., Boye, S. L., Boye, S. L., et al. (2011) · Molecular Therapy · doi:10.1038/mt.2011.69 · Cited by 282
Self-citationNovel properties of tyrosine-mutant AAV2 vectors in the mouse retina
Petrs-Silva, H., Dinculescu, A., Li, Q., Deng, W.-T., Pang, J.-J., Min, S.-H., Chiodo, V., Neeley, A. W., Govindasamy, L., Bennett, A., et al. (2011) · Molecular Therapy · doi:10.1038/mt.2010.234 · Cited by 267
Self-citationA comprehensive review of retinal gene therapy
Boye, S. E., Boye, S. L., Lewin, A. S., & Hauswirth, W. W. (2013) · Molecular Therapy · doi:10.1038/mt.2012.280 · Cited by 262
Self-citationBeltran, W. A., Cideciyan, A. V., Lewin, A. S., Iwabe, S., Khanna, H., Sumaroka, A., Chiodo, V. A., Fajardo, D. S., Román, A. J., Deng, W.-T., et al. (2012) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1118847109 · Cited by 260
Self-citationGene therapy rescues cone function in congenital achromatopsia
Komáromy, A. M., Alexander, J. J., Rowlan, J. S., Garcia, M. M., Chiodo, V. A., Kaya, A., Tanaka, J. C., Acland, G. M., Hauswirth, W. W., & Aguirre, G. D. (2010) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddq136 · Cited by 217
Self-citationFisher, S. K., & Lewis, G. P. (2003) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/s0042-6989(02)00680-6 · Cited by 215
Meur, G. L., Stieger, K., Smith, A. J., Weber, M., Deschamps, J., Nivard, D., Mendes-Madeira, A., Provost, N., Péréon, Y., Chérel, Y., et al. (2006) · Gene Therapy · doi:10.1038/sj.gt.3302861 · Cited by 215
Novel AAV serotypes for improved ocular gene transfer
Lebherz, C., Maguire, A. M., Tang, W., Bennett, J., & Wilson, J. M. (2008) · The Journal of Gene Medicine · doi:10.1002/jgm.1126 · Cited by 207
Targeting photoreceptors via intravitreal delivery using novel, capsid-mutated AAV vectors
Kay, C. N., Ryals, R. C., Aslanidi, G. V., Min, S. H., Ruan, Q., Sun, J., Dyka, F. M., Kasuga, D., Ayala, A. E., Van Vliet, K., et al. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0062097 · Cited by 168
Self-citationMartino, A. T., Basner-Tschakarjan, E., Markusic, D. M., Finn, J. D., Hinderer, C., Zhou, S., Ostrov, D. A., Srivastava, A., Ertl, H. C. J., Terhorst, C., et al. (2013) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2012-10-460733 · Cited by 162
Tomita, H., Sugano, E., Yawo, H., Ishizuka, T., Isago, H., Narikawa, S., Kügler, S., & Tamai, M. (2007) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.06-1501 · Cited by 156
Pang, J., Dai, X., Boye, S. L., Barone, I., Boye, S. L., Mao, S., Everhart, D., Dinculescu, A., Liu, L., Umino, Y., et al. (2010) · Molecular Therapy · doi:10.1038/mt.2010.273 · Cited by 153
Self-citationLi, Z., Zhao, W., Wu, J., Li, B., Zolotukhin, S., Govindasamy, L., Agbandje‐McKenna, M., & Srivastava, A. (2007) · Molecular Therapy · doi:10.1038/sj.mt.6300170 · Cited by 147
Natkunarajah, M., Trittibach, P., McIntosh, J., Duran, Y., Barker, S. E., Smith, A. J., Nathwani, A. C., & Ali, R. R. (2008) · Gene Therapy · doi:10.1038/sj.gt.3303074 · Cited by 138
Zhang, Y., Ivanova, E., Bi, A., & Pan, Z. (2009) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0184-09.2009 · Cited by 132
Petersen‐Jones, S. M., Entz, D. D., & Sargan, D. R. (1999) · PubMed · Cited by 122
Self-citationSchmitz-Valckenberg, S., Fleckenstein, M., Göbel, A. P., Hohman, T. C., & Holz, F. G. (2010) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.10-5619 · Cited by 108
Aslanidi, G., Rivers, A. E., Ortiz, L., Song, L., Ling, C., Govindasamy, L., Vliet, K. V., Tan, M., Agbandje‐McKenna, M., & Srivastava, A. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0059142 · Cited by 97
Stieger, K., Schroeder, J., Provost, N., Mendes-Madeira, A., Belbellaa, B., Meur, G. L., Weber, M., Deschamps, J.-Y., Lorenz, B., Moullier, P., et al. (2009) · Molecular Therapy · doi:10.1038/mt.2008.283 · Cited by 88
Retinal Thickness Normative Data in Wild-Type Mice Using Customized Miniature SD-OCT
Ferguson, L. R., Dominguez, J. M., Balaiya, S., Grover, S., & Chalam, K. V. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0067265 · Cited by 84
Current mutation discovery approaches in Retinitis Pigmentosa
Anasagasti, A., Irigoyen, C., Barandika, O., de Munaín, A. L., & Ruiz‐Ederra, J. (2012) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/j.visres.2012.09.012 · Cited by 71
Restoration of Vision in the pde6β-deficient Dog, a Large Animal Model of Rod-cone Dystrophy
Petit, L., Lhériteau, E., Weber, M., Meur, G. L., Deschamps, J., Provost, N., Mendes-Madeira, A., Libeau, L., Guihal, C., Colle, M.-A., et al. (2012) · Molecular Therapy · doi:10.1038/mt.2012.134 · Cited by 68
Li, A., Zhu, X., Brown, B., & Craft, C. M. (2003) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.02-0434 · Cited by 66
Direct Comparison of Administration Routes for AAV8-mediated Ocular Gene Therapy
Igarashi, T., Miyake, K., Asakawa, N., Miyake, N., Shimada, T., & Takahashi, H. (2013) · Current Eye Research · doi:10.3109/02713683.2013.779720 · Cited by 64
Boye, S. L., Conlon, T. J., Erger, K. E., Ryals, R. C., Neeley, A. W., Cossette, T. L., Pang, J., Dyka, F. M., Hauswirth, W. W., & Boye, S. L. (2011) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.11-7867 · Cited by 63
Self-citationJacobson, S. G., Cideciyan, A. V., Alemán, T. S., Sumaroka, A., Román, A. J., Świder, M., Schwartz, S., Banin, E., & Stone, E. M. (2010) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.10-6127 · Cited by 63
Changes in adeno-associated virus-mediated gene delivery in retinal degeneration
Kolstad, K. D., Dalkara, D., Guerin, K., Visel, M., Hoffmann, N., Schaffer, D. V., & Flannery, J. G. (2010) · Human Gene Therapy · doi:10.1089/hum.2009.194 · Cited by 63
Englander, M., Chen, T. C., Paschalis, E. I., Miller, J. W., & Kim, I. K. (2013) · British Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1136/bjophthalmol-2012-302435 · Cited by 61
Tuntivanich, N., Pittler, S. J., Fischer, A. J., Omar, G., Kiupel, M., Weber, A. J., Yao, S., Steibel, J. P., Khan, N. W., & Petersen‐Jones, S. M. (2009) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.08-2562 · Cited by 60
Self-citationSarra, G., Stephens, C., Schlichtenbrede, F. C., Bainbridge, J. W., Thrasher, A. J., Luthert, P. J., & Ali, R. R. (2002) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/s0042-6989(01)00230-9 · Cited by 58
Tyrosine-Mutant AAV8 Delivery of Human MERTK Provides Long-Term Retinal Preservation in RCS Rats
Deng, W., Dinculescu, A., Li, Q., Boye, S. L., Li, J., Gorbatyuk, M. S., Pang, J., Chiodo, V. A., Matthes, M. T., Yasumura, D., et al. (2012) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.11-8831 · Cited by 55
Self-citationGearhart, P. M. (2010) · Archives of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1001/archophthalmol.2010.210 · Cited by 55
Pseudotyped AAV vectors for constitutive and regulated gene expression in the eye
Auricchio, A. (2003) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/s0042-6989(02)00676-4 · Cited by 50
PORES IN THE INTERNAL LIMITING MEMBRANE OF THE HUMAN RETINA
Wolter, J. R. (1964) · Acta Ophthalmologica · doi:10.1111/j.1755-3768.1964.tb03664.x · Cited by 49
Hernandez‐Merino, E., Kecova, H., Jacobson, S. J., Hamouche, K. N., Nzokwe, R. N., & Grozdanić, S. D. (2011) · Veterinary Ophthalmology · doi:10.1111/j.1463-5224.2011.00887.x · Cited by 48
Ku, C. A., Chiodo, V. A., Boye, S. L., Goldberg, A. F. X., Li, T., Hauswirth, W. W., & Ramamurthy, V. (2011) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddr391 · Cited by 47
Self-citationTesta, F., Surace, E. M., Rossi, S., Marrocco, E., Gargiulo, A., Iorio, V. D., Ziviello, C., Nesti, A., Fecarotta, S., Bacci, M. L., et al. (2011) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.10-6543 · Cited by 44
Dinculescu, A., Estreicher, J., Zenteno, J. C., Alemán, T. S., Schwartz, S., Huang, W., Román, A. J., Sumaroka, A., Li, Q., Deng, W., et al. (2011) · Human Gene Therapy · doi:10.1089/hum.2011.169 · Cited by 43
Self-citationPetersen‐Jones, S. M., Bartoe, J. T., Fischer, A. J., Scott, M. A., Boye, S. L., Chiodo, V. A., & Hauswirth, W. W. (2009) · PubMed · Cited by 38
Self-citationResidual Electroretinograms in Young Leber Congenital Amaurosis Patients with Mutations of AIPL1
Pennesi, M. E., Stover, N. B., Stone, E. M., Chiang, P.-W., & Weleber, R. G. (2011) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.11-8298 · Cited by 35
Structure of the Human Vitreoretinal Border Region
Heegaard, S. (2010) · Ophthalmologica · doi:10.1159/000310458 · Cited by 35
Fisher, S. K., Stone, J., Rex, T. S., Linberg, K. A., & Lewis, G. P. (2001) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(01)31053-1 · Cited by 31
Bruewer, A. R., Mowat, F. M., Bartoe, J. T., Boye, S. L., Hauswirth, W. W., & Petersen‐Jones, S. M. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0060218 · Cited by 29
Self-citationMowat, F. M., Bartoe, J. T., Bruewer, A. R., Dinculescu, A., Boye, S. L., Hauswirth, W. W., & Petersen‐Jones, S. M. (2012) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · Cited by 7
Self-citationGarcía‐Sánchez, G. A., Gil‐Carrasco, F., Román, J. J., Brooks, D. E., Álvarez‐Clau, A., Hosgood, G. L., Iwabe, S., & Moreno-Méndoza, N. (2007) · Veterinary Ophthalmology · doi:10.1111/j.1463-5224.2007.00563.x · Cited by 6
RPE65 Gene Therapy Promotes Survival Of S-cones In The RPE65-deficient Dog
Mowat, F. M., Bartoe, J. T., Bruewer, A. R., Smith, A. J., Bainbridge, J. W., Ali, R. R., & Petersen‐Jones, S. M. (2011) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · Cited by 1
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Progresses towards safe and efficient gene therapy vectors
Chira, S., Jackson, C. S., Oprea, I. I., Öztürk, F., Pepper, M. S., Diaconu, I., Braicu, C., Ráduly, L., Călin, G. A., & Berindan‐Neagoe, I. (2015) · Oncotarget · doi:10.18632/oncotarget.5169 · Cited by 227
A robust activity marking system for exploring active neuronal ensembles
Sørensen, A. T., Cooper, Y. A., Baratta, M. V., Weng, F., Zhang, Y., Ramamoorthi, K., Fropf, R., LaVerriere, E., Xue, J., Young, A., et al. (2016) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.13918 · Cited by 199
Vector platforms for gene therapy of inherited retinopathies
Trapani, I., Puppo, A., & Auricchio, A. (2014) · Progress in Retinal and Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2014.08.001 · Cited by 191
Wassmer, S. J., Carvalho, L. S., György, B., Vandenberghe, L. H., & Maguire, C. A. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep45329 · Cited by 164
Evaluation of Dose and Safety of AAV7m8 and AAV8BP2 in the Non-Human Primate Retina
Ramachandran, P. S., Lee, V., Wei, Z., Song, J. Y., Casal, G., Cronin, T., Willett, K., Huckfeldt, R., Morgan, J. I. W., Aleman, T. S., et al. (2017) · Human Gene Therapy · doi:10.1089/hum.2016.111 · Cited by 147
Metadata
- Authors
- Mowat, F. M., Gornik, K. R., Dinculescu, A., Boye, S. L., Hauswirth, W. W., Petersen-Jones, S. M., & Bartoe, J. T.
- Affiliations
- Michigan State University (US)
- University of Florida Health (US)
- Venue
- Gene Therapy
- Published
- 2013-11-14
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 96-105
- ISSN
- 0969-7128 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-5462
- PMC
- PMC3880610
- OpenAlex
- W2011980241
- Cited by
- 108
- References
- 64
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 4
- FWCI
- 5.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Gene Therapy (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Eye Institute (P30EY021721, R24EY022023, EY-021721, R01EY017549)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Virus-based gene therapy research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Retinal Development and Disorders
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA Interference and Gene Delivery
- Keywords
- adeno-associated virus vectors, retinal gene delivery, subretinal injection, intravitreal injection, canine retina, retinitis pigmentosa, AAV2, AAV8, self-complementary AAV, photoreceptor degeneration, beagle dogs
- MeSH terms
- Dependovirus, Animals, Capsid, Dogs, Female, Genetic Vectors, Humans, Male, Mutation, Recombinant Proteins, Retina, Transduction, Genetic, Tyrosine, Amino Acid Substitution, Viral Tropism, Injections, Intraocular
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review