Cited by 573Oral microbiology and periodontitis researchGut microbiota and healthOral Health Pathology and Treatment

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Cigarette smoking and the oral microbiome in a large study of American adults

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Wu, Jing, Peters, Brandilyn A, Dominianni, Christine, Zhang, Yilong, Pei, Zhiheng, Yang, Liying, Ma, Yingfei, Purdue, Mark P, Jacobs, Eric J, Gapstur, Susan M, Li, Huilin, Alekseyenko, Alexander V, Hayes, Richard B, Ahn, Jiyoung·2016·The ISME Journal

DOI 10.1038/ismej.2016.37PMC PMC5030690

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Abstract

Oral microbiome dysbiosis is associated with oral disease and potentially with systemic diseases; however, the determinants of these microbial imbalances are largely unknown. In a study of 1204 US adults, we assessed the relationship of cigarette smoking with the oral microbiome. 16S rRNA gene sequencing was performed on DNA from oral wash samples, sequences were clustered into operational taxonomic units (OTUs) using QIIME and metagenomic content was inferred using PICRUSt. Overall oral microbiome composition differed between current and non-current (former and never) smokers (P<0.001). Current smokers had lower relative abundance of the phylum Proteobacteria (4.6%) compared with never smokers (11.7%) (false discovery rate q=5.2 × 10−7), with no difference between former and never smokers; the depletion of Proteobacteria in current smokers was also observed at class, genus and OTU levels. Taxa not belonging to Proteobacteria were also associated with smoking: the genera Capnocytophaga, Peptostreptococcus and Leptotrichia were depleted, while Atopobium and Streptococcus were enriched, in current compared with never smokers. Functional analysis from inferred metagenomes showed that bacterial genera depleted by smoking were related to carbohydrate and energy metabolism, and to xenobiotic metabolism. Our findings demonstrate that smoking alters the oral microbiome, potentially leading to shifts in functional pathways with implications for smoking-related diseases.

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Influential
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“In addition, an observational study looked at the oral microbiota of smokers among American adults [96].”
Background
Structural and functional variation of human oral microbiome in health and disease
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Genetic predisposition and pathophysiology of oral squamous cell carcinoma
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Association Between Oral Microbiome Composition and Depression in Smokers and Nonsmokers
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“However, changes in the microbiome associated with smoking have a temporary effect; former smokers have the same general composition of the oral micro-biome as individuals who have never smoked [70].”
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Cigarette smoke-induced disordered microbiota aggravates the severity of influenza A virus infection
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Oral microbial profiles in young adults with cannabis use disorder
Browning, B. D., Tomko, R. L., Kirkland, A. E., Visontay, R., Ferguson, P. L., Alekseyenko, A. V., Engevik, M. A., Mewton, L. R., & Squeglia, L. M. (2025) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2025.112822 · Cited by 1
“This finding aligns with previous research that shows smoking cigarettes makes the oral cavity more anaerobic (Mohammed et al., 2024; Wu et al., 2016), suggesting that higher cannabis use among young adults with CUD may contribute to a shift in the oral microbiome toward a more anaerobic…”
Self-citation
Early Insights Into the Healthy Laryngeal Microbiome: A Pilot Study Evaluating Salivary and Oropharyngeal Sampling as Proxies
Thompson, E. R., Shah, A., Zaransky, S., Dhanda, A. K., Bono, K. R., Bono, J., Lamichhane, S., Mudhar, A., Kaye, R. J., Johnson, W. E., et al. (2025) · The Laryngoscope · doi:10.1002/lary.70043 · Cited by 1
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Belaldavar, B. P., Patil, P. H., Samaga, S. L., Mahajan, H. S., Kasliwal, A., & Hanumaiah, S. (2017) · Clinical Rhinology An International Journal · doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10013-1326 · Cited by 1
Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery Outcome in Adults with Chronic Rhinosinusitis by Sino-nasal Outcome Test 20
Saxena, S., & Bharath, M. (2018) · Otorhinolaryngology Clinics - An International Journal · doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10003-1284 · Cited by 1
Comparison of Surgical Outcome in Endoscopic Dacryocystorhinostomy with and without Silicone Stent Placement: Comparative Case Analysis
Azad, R. K., Mohindroo, N. K., Gupta, R., & Sharma, D. (2018) · Otorhinolaryngology Clinics - An International Journal · doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10003-1282 · Cited by 1
Can Mode of Delivery cause Septal Deviation? A Retrospective Study
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Oral Microbiota and Liver Disease
Kern, T., & Nielsen, T. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-98890-0_7 · Cited by 1
Applying ecological theories in lung microbiome research: lessons learned from microbial ecology and evolution?
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Gut bacteria and human body; a mini review
Bhat, R. S., Soliman, D. A., Aljebrin, N. A., Alsuhaibani, L. S., & Alotebi, L. M. (2019) · GSC Advanced Research and Reviews · doi:10.30574/gscarr.2019.1.1.0001 · Cited by 1
“Many factors like dysfunction of salivary glands, poor oral hygiene, gingival inflammation, dietary habits and smoking can result in oral dysbiosis [31, 32].”
Background
Lung Microbiota and Its Impact on the Mucosal Immune Phenotype
Wu, B. G., & Segal, L. N. (2018) · ASM Press eBooks · doi:10.1128/9781555819705.ch7 · Cited by 3
Sub-species niche specialization in the oral microbiome is associated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma riskPreprint
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The Oral Microbiome Is a Population-Scale Readout of the Exposome, Age, and Systemic HealthPreprint
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Reproducible ecological restructuring of the oral microbiome defines the oral-gut axis in Crohn’s diseasePreprint
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Does Congenital Nasal Septal Deviation have an Influence on the Blood Count?
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Background
Evaluation of the Escherichia coli population in the intestinal microbiota of rattus wistar submitted to secondhand smoke and supplemented with prebioticsPreprint
Silva, B. R. D. S., Perez, P. M., Bremer‐Neto, H., & Keller, R. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.03.25.008755
The advances in human oral biology and biotechnology
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Reproductive tract microbiota of women in childbearing age shifts upon type of gynecological infections and phase in physiological cyclePreprint
Gao, Y., Cheng, L., Xia, Q., Wang, H., Xie, X., Liu, Y., Shang, H., Liu, H., & Diao, Y. (2021) · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-37456/v2
Corruption of Bacterial-Host Homeostasis as a Potential Risk Factor and Biomarker for Upper Gastrointestinal Carcinogenesis
Catala-Valentin, A., Mikhail, S. A., Bernard, J. N., Caldwell, M. C., Moore, S. D., & Andl, C. D. (2021)

Authors: Wu, J., Peters, B. A., Dominianni, C., Zhang, Y., Pei, Z., Yang, L., Ma, Y., Purdue, M. P., Jacobs, E. J., Gapstur, S. M., Li, H., Alekseyenko, A. V., Hayes, R. B., & Ahn, J.
Affiliations: NYU Langone Health (US)
VA NY Harbor Healthcare System (US)
Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (CA)
American Cancer Society (US)
Medical University of South Carolina (US)
Corresponding author: Ahn, Jiyoung
ORCID: Wu, Jing
Peters, Brandilyn A
Zhang, Yilong
Pei, Zhiheng
Yang, Liying
Ma, Yingfei
Purdue, Mark P
Jacobs, Eric J
Gapstur, Susan M
Li, Huilin
Alekseyenko, Alexander V
Hayes, Richard B
Ahn, Jiyoung
Venue: The ISME Journal
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published: 2016-03-25
Volume: 10
Issue: 10
Pages: 2435-2446
ISSN: 1751-7362 (ISSN-L)
1751-7370
DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2016.37
PMC: PMC5030690
OpenAlex: W2324897069
Cited by: 572
References: 57
Citations by year: 2026: 43 · 2025: 46 · 2024: 66 · 2023: 59 · 2022: 57 · 2021: 83 · 2020: 67 · 2019: 44 · 2018: 52 · 2017: 50 · 2016: 4
FWCI: 74.61
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: academic.oup.com/pages/standard-publication-reuse-rights (vor)
www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: The ISME Journal (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: American Cancer Society
U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs
National Institutes of Health
National Cancer Institute (U01CA170948, R01CA159036, R21CA183887, R03CA159414, U01CA182370, R01CA164964, P30CA016087)
Topics: Health Sciences › Dentistry › Periodontics › Oral microbiology and periodontitis research
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
Health Sciences › Dentistry › General Dentistry › Oral Health Pathology and Treatment
Keywords: cigarette smoking, oral microbiota, dysbiosis, Proteobacteria, Capnocytophaga, Peptostreptococcus, Leptotrichia, Streptococcus, Atopobium, xenobiotic metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, energy metabolism, smoking-related diseases
MeSH terms: Adult, Bacteria, Female, Humans, Male, Mouth, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S, Smoking, United States, Metagenome, Young Adult, Metagenomics, Microbiota, Dysbiosis

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Cigarette smoking and the oral microbiome in a large study of American adults

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