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Differentiation of the asteroid Ceres as revealed by its shape

Thomas, P. C., Parker, J. Wm., McFadden, L. A., Russell, C. T., Stern, S. A., Sykes, M. V., Young, E. F.·2005·Nature

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Abstract

The accretion of bodies in the asteroid belt was halted nearly 4.6 billion years ago by the gravitational influence of the newly formed giant planet Jupiter. The asteroid belt therefore preserves a record of both this earliest epoch of Solar System formation and variation of conditions within the solar nebula. Spectral features in reflected sunlight indicate that some asteroids have experienced sufficient thermal evolution to differentiate into layered structures. The second most massive asteroid--4 Vesta--has differentiated to a crust, mantle and core. 1 Ceres, the largest and most massive asteroid, has in contrast been presumed to be homogeneous, in part because of its low density, low albedo and relatively featureless visible reflectance spectrum, similar to carbonaceous meteorites that have suffered minimal thermal processing. Here we show that Ceres has a shape and smoothness indicative of a gravitationally relaxed object. Its shape is significantly less flattened than that expected for a homogeneous object, but is consistent with a central mass concentration indicative of differentiation. Possible interior configurations include water-ice-rich mantles over a rocky core.

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de Micas, J. B. (2022) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/15c709e5z66f5z419azb5d6z7fe1342786f4
Étude de la forme des petits corps du système solaire
Vermersch, J. (2025) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/366f0c18z7bc9z4d5azab3cz244d42eb4f5a
Probabilistic Estimation of Asteroid Sizes from Single-chord Stellar Occultations
Morgado, B. E., Fonseca, N. C., Gomes-Júnior, A. R., et al. (2026) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ae4fab
“From direct measurement and adaptive optics ( AO; P. Thomas et al. 2005; B. Carry et al. 2008; J. Drummond et al. 2014 ) , multichord stellar occultation ( A. R. Gomes-Júnior et al. 2015 ) , and also from the visit by NASA’s Dawn mission ( C. T. Russell et al. 2016 ) .”

Authors: Thomas, P. C., Parker, J. W., McFadden, L. A., Russell, C. T., Stern, S. A., Sykes, M. V., & Young, E. F.
Affiliations: Cornell University (US)
Southwest Research Institute (US)
University of Maryland, College Park (US)
University of California, Los Angeles (US)
Planetary Science Institute (US)
Corresponding author: Thomas, P. C.
ORCID: Thomas, P. C.
Parker, J. Wm.
McFadden, L. A.
Russell, C. T.
Stern, S. A.
Sykes, M. V.
Young, E. F.
Venue: Nature
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2005-09
Volume: 437
Issue: 7056
Pages: 224-226
ISSN: 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
1476-4687
DOI: 10.1038/nature03938
OpenAlex: W2055124830
Semantic Scholar: a23b0c9794d5736532a9b5148497f49fe879ad8e
Cited by: 303
References: 31
Citations by year: 2026: 4 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 37 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 5
FWCI: 6.79
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Nature (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
Funders: National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Topics: Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Space and Planetary Science › Astro and Planetary Science
Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Space and Planetary Science › Planetary Science and Exploration
Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
Keywords: Ceres, asteroid shape, asteroid differentiation, gravitational relaxation, central mass concentration, ice mantles, rocky core, asteroid belt formation, solar nebula, thermal evolution, Vesta, asteroid albedo

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Differentiation of the asteroid Ceres as revealed by its shape

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