Cited by 2,243Magnetic properties of thin filmsQuantum and electron transport phenomenaAdvanced Condensed Matter Physics

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Observation of the spin Seebeck effect

Uchida, K., Takahashi, S., Harii, K., Ieda, J., Koshibae, W., Ando, K., Maekawa, S., Saitoh, E.·2008·Nature

DOI 10.1038/nature07321

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Abstract

The generation of electric voltage by placing a conductor in a temperature gradient is called the Seebeck effect. Its efficiency is represented by the Seebeck coefficient, S, which is defined as the ratio of the generated electric voltage to the temperature difference, and is determined by the scattering rate and the density of the conduction electrons. The effect can be exploited, for example, in thermal electric-power generators and for temperature sensing, by connecting two conductors with different Seebeck coefficients, a device called a thermocouple. Here we report the observation of the thermal generation of driving power, or voltage, for electron spin: the spin Seebeck effect. Using a recently developed spin-detection technique that involves the spin Hall effect, we measure the spin voltage generated from a temperature gradient in a metallic magnet. This thermally induced spin voltage persists even at distances far from the sample ends, and spins can be extracted from every position on the magnet simply by attaching a metal. The spin Seebeck effect observed here is directly applicable to the production of spin-voltage generators, which are crucial for driving spintronic devices. The spin Seebeck effect allows us to pass a pure spin current, a flow of electron spins without electric currents, over a long distance. These innovative capabilities will invigorate spintronics research.

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Authors: Uchida, K., Takahashi, S., Harii, K., Ieda, J., Koshibae, W., Ando, K., Maekawa, S., & Saitoh, E.
Affiliations: Keio University (JP)
Tohoku University (JP)
RIKEN (JP)
Corresponding author: Saitoh, E.
ORCID: Uchida, K.
Takahashi, S.
Ieda, J.
Ando, K.
Maekawa, S.
Saitoh, E.
Venue: Nature
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2008-10
Volume: 455
Issue: 7214
Pages: 778-781
ISSN: 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
1476-4687
DOI: 10.1038/nature07321
OpenAlex: W1969565830
Cited by: 2,243
References: 27
Citations by year: 2026: 97 · 2025: 131 · 2024: 114 · 2023: 133 · 2022: 134 · 2021: 178 · 2020: 159 · 2019: 160 · 2018: 173 · 2017: 170 · 2016: 136 · 2015: 150 · 2014: 154 · 2013: 119 · 2012: 93
FWCI: 27.48
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Nature (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
Funders: Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
Topics: Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Condensed Matter Physics › Magnetic properties of thin films
Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Condensed Matter Physics › Quantum and electron transport phenomena
Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Condensed Matter Physics › Advanced Condensed Matter Physics
Keywords: spin Seebeck effect, thermoelectric effect, spin Hall effect, spin voltage, pure spin current, spintronic devices, temperature gradient, spin detection

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