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STING regulates intracellular DNA-mediated, type I interferon-dependent innate immunity
Open accessAbstract
The innate immune system is critical for the early detection of invading pathogens and for initiating cellular host defence countermeasures, which include the production of type I interferon (IFN). However, little is known about how the innate immune system is galvanized to respond to DNA-based microbes. Here we show that STING (stimulator of interferon genes) is critical for the induction of IFN by non-CpG intracellular DNA species produced by various DNA pathogens after infection. Murine embryonic fibroblasts, as well as antigen presenting cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells (exposed to intracellular B-form DNA, the DNA virus herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) or bacteria Listeria monocytogenes), were found to require STING to initiate effective IFN production. Accordingly, Sting-knockout mice were susceptible to lethal infection after exposure to HSV-1. The importance of STING in facilitating DNA-mediated innate immune responses was further evident because cytotoxic T-cell responses induced by plasmid DNA vaccination were reduced in Sting-deficient animals. In the presence of intracellular DNA, STING relocalized with TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) from the endoplasmic reticulum to perinuclear vesicles containing the exocyst component Sec5 (also known as EXOC2). Collectively, our studies indicate that STING is essential for host defence against DNA pathogens such as HSV-1 and facilitates the adjuvant activity of DNA-based vaccines.
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“TBK1 also activates NF‐κB to induce expression of IFN and inflammatory cytokines.65, 66, 67”
From Cellular senescence and senescence-associated secretory phenotype via the cGAS-STING signaling pathway in cancer (2020) · cites this paper as [66]
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“Recently, FOXO3 was reported to regulate IFN-b expression in an IKK-ε–controlled manner (25); additionally, the FOXO3–IRF7 gene regulatory circuit was also found to be crucial in antiviral response (26).”
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“Binding of these DNA sensors to their ligands activates signaling pathways, including TLR9-, STING-, and inflammasome-dependent pathways, which not only induce production of IFN-I but also promote inflammatory gene expression and inflammasome-associated cell death (i.e., pyroptosis).”
BackgroundInfluentialTANK-binding kinase 1 as a novel therapeutic target for viral diseases
Zhao, C., & Zhao, W. (2019) · Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets · doi:10.1080/14728222.2019.1601702 · Cited by 61
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“STING plays an important role in controlling the transcription of different pro-in fl ammatory genes those involved in type I interferonsignaling 49 .”
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Mechanisms of innate immune evasion in re-emerging RNA viruses
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“YFV NS4B, like DENV NS4B, displays similar homology to the catalytic domain found on the N-terminus of STING that is required for its function, and by association it was speculated that YFV NS4B also inhibits STING [29].”
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Deciphering the pathways to antiviral innate immunity and inflammation
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Endothelial STING controls T cell transmigration in an IFNI-dependent manner
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New perspectives on type I IFNs in cancer
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“STING also plays a central role in detecting cytosolic viral DNA (Ishikawa & Barber, 2008; Ishikawa et al, 2009).”
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“As a result, downstream innate immunity signaling pathways are activated and induce various antimicrobial molecules such as IFNs and ISGs to battle the invading pathogens.”
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“Importantly, prior studies of STING signaling have determined that it remains active throughout its trafficking from the endoplasmic reticulum to the endolysosome, at which point it is inactivated as the vesicle acidifies (15,35,36).”
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“STING is predominantly localized on the endoplasmic reticulum at the steady-state but undergoes trafficking to poorly defined vesicles or puncta via the Golgi apparatus upon when activated by the binding of cGAMP [43, 46] (Figure 1).”
BackgroundNatural Killer Cells: The Linchpin for Successful Cancer Immunotherapy
Shaver, K. A., Croom-Perez, T. J., & Copik, A. J. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.679117 · Cited by 68
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DHX15 is required to control RNA virus-induced intestinal inflammation
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“These DNA sensors use adaptors such as stimulator of interferon genes (STING) (Ishikawa and Barber, 2008; Ishikawa et al., 2009; Zhong et al., 2008) to induce the type I interferon (IFN-I, IFN-α / β ) response and activate the inflammasome response (Swanson et al., 2017; Wang et al., 2020).”
Post-Translational Modifications of STING: A Potential Therapeutic Target
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“Several stimuli other than cGAMP, which is catalyzed by cGAS, for example, bacterial or virus cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs) (33, 34), can also activate STING directly.”
BackgroundPrimate-specific miR-576-3p sets host defense signalling threshold
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“cGAMP then serves as a second messenger to cause dimerization and translocation of STING to the perinuclear region (Ishikawa et al., 2009; Wu et al., 2012).”
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“It is accepted that signaling through cGAS during the initial stages of infection is accompanied by the downstream activation of STING where it plays an essential role in type I interferon-dependant innate immunity in response to intracellular DNA (Ishikawa et al., 2009).”
Su, J., Rui, Y., Lou, M., Yin, L., Xiong, H., Zhou, Z., Shen, S., Chen, T., Zhang, Z., Zhao, N., et al. (2019) · Nature Microbiology · doi:10.1038/s41564-019-0585-4 · Cited by 62
Self-assembled cGAMP-STINGΔTM signaling complex as a bioinspired platform for cGAMP delivery
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“The presence of BFA, an inhibitor of ER-Golgi protein trafficking previously shown to block the full-length STING-induced IRF pathway (24, 25), appeared to have an insignificant effect on STINGTM-induced STING signaling (Fig.”
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“Activated STING recruits TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) to activate the transcription factor interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), culminating in the expression of effector antiviral cytokines and chemokines, especially type I interferons (type I IFNs), IFNa and IFNb, that signal through the ubiquitous type I IFN recep…”
BackgroundCombined Treatment with Immunotherapy-Based Strategies for MSS Metastatic Colorectal Cancer
Baraibar, I., Mirallas, O., Gonzalez, N. S., Ros, J., Salvà, F., Tabernero, J. M., & Élez, E. (2021) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers13246311 · Cited by 61
“Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) acts as an innate immune sensor for cytosolic DNA and its activation is crucial to trigger the type I interferon response and the antitumoral immune response by CD8+ T cells [94].”
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“In addition, as a key mediator of innate immunity, stimulator of interferon genes (STING), which can recognize exogenous and endogenous DNA in cells, has been shown to be present in the ER and MAM [116].”
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Relationship between the cGAS−STING and NF-κB pathways-role in neurotoxicity
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Gp78 E3 Ubiquitin Ligase: Essential Functions and Contributions in Proteostasis
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“Emerging Cellular Functions of Gp78 in Immunity Exploration of STING signaling pathway, which mounts an innate immune response against foreign DNA of viruses and other microbes led the identification of roles played by Gp78 in the regulation of this pathway (Ishikawa et al., 2009; Shu and Wang, 2014).”
BackgroundRan, Y., Xiong, M.-G., Xu, Z.-S., Luo, W., Wang, S., & Wang, Y. (2019) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1900387 · Cited by 60
“Various studies suggest that STING trafficking is the critical process of innate immune responses to cytoplasmic DNA, and recent reports show that several proteins are involved in the regulation of STING trafficking, including the translocon-associated protein b (TRAPb) and the translocon adapter Sec61b, exocyst compl…”
BackgroundInfluentialViperin binds STING and enhances the type‐I interferon response following dsDNA detection
Crosse, K. M., Monson, E. A., Dumbrepatil, A. B., Smith, M., Tseng, Y., der Hoek, K. H. V., Revill, P. A., Saker, S., Tscharke, D. C., Marsh, E. N. G., et al. (2020) · Immunology and Cell Biology · doi:10.1111/imcb.12420 · Cited by 60
“Viperin’s interaction with STING and TBK1 drives its radical SAM enzymatic activity and facilitates self-limiting degradation.”
BackgroundInfluentialMolecular and spatial mechanisms governing STING signalling
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The complex role of AIM2 in autoimmune diseases and cancers
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“Furthermore, STING deficient mice could not induce humoral and cellular immune responses by DNA vaccination [47].”
BackgroundHelicase proteins DHX29 and RIG-I cosense cytosolic nucleic acids in the human airway system
Sugimoto, N., Mitoma, H., Kim, T. I., Hanabuchi, S., & Liu, Y. (2014) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1400139111 · Cited by 63
“The following interesting observations were obtained: (i) all epithelial cells and fibroblasts showed IFN-β responses to poly I:C and poly(deoxyadenylicthymidylic):poly(deoxyadenylic-thymidylic) acid (poly dAdT: dAdT); (ii) only A549 and NCI-H292 cells made robust IFN-β responses to 5′-ppp-dsRNA (3pRNA), suggesting th…”
Type I interferon response to extracellular bacteria in the airway epithelium
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“MPYS mediates IFN-I production by sensing cytosolic DNA released from bacteria (12).”
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Ligand-induced Ordering of the C-terminal Tail Primes STING for Phosphorylation by TBK1
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STING signaling in tumorigenesis and cancer therapy: A friend or foe?
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“Several other CDSs such as DNA-dependent activator of IFN-regulatory factors (DAI) have been identified; however, deletion studies indicate they may serve redundant function (8, 83, 84).”
BackgroundThe microbiome and cytosolic innate immune receptors
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Intracellular Routing and Recognition of Lipid-Based mRNA Nanoparticles
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“STING was initially identified as a key molecule for protecting hosts from bacterial and virus infections.(9,10) More recently, a role of STING in the field of antitumor immunity has been assessed and discussed since it was demonstrated that STING contributes to antitumor immunity as a spontaneous trigger of type I IF…”
Sensors of Infection: Viral Nucleic Acid PRRs in Fish
Poynter, S. J., Lisser, G. J., Monjo, A. L.-A., & DeWitte‐Orr, S. J. (2015) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology4030460 · Cited by 58
“enhances type I IFN and ISG expression, whereas STING deficiency inhibits the innate antiviral response, causing increased susceptibility to both RNA and DNA viruses [157–161].”
BackgroundDrosophila STING protein has a role in lipid metabolism
Akhmetova, K., Balasov, M., & Chesnokov, I. N. (2021) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.67358 · Cited by 61
“…an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)- associated transmembrane protein that plays an important role in innate immune response by controlling the transcription of many host defense genes ( Ishikawa and Barber, 2008 ; Ishikawa et al., 2009 ; Sun et al., 2009 ; Tanaka and Chen, 2012 ; Zhong et al., 2008 ).”
InfluentialPost-Translational Modifications of cGAS-STING: A Critical Switch for Immune Regulation
Yu, Y., Liu, J., Liu, C., Liu, R., Liu, L., Yu, Z., Zhuang, J., & Sun, C. (2022) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells11193043 · Cited by 59
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Inhibition of hepatitis B virus replication by activation of the cGAS-STING pathway
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“When activated, STING re-localizes from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi complex and is assembled into a structure that contains TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) (Ishikawa et al., 2009; Saitoh et al., 2009), and promotes TBK1-dependent phosphorylation of IRF-3 by direct interaction with both proteins, leading to the…”
BackgroundInfluentialKim, J.-A., Park, S.-K., Seo, S.-W., Lee, C., & Shin, O. S. (2017) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1016/j.jid.2017.03.041 · Cited by 57
DNA-PK Is Targeted by Multiple Vaccinia Virus Proteins to Inhibit DNA Sensing
Scutts, S. R., Ember, S. W., Ren, H., Ye, C., Lovejoy, C. A., Mazzon, M., Veyer, D. L., Sumner, R. P., & Smith, G. L. (2018) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2018.10.034 · Cited by 57
“The detection of DNA by PRRs triggers the production of type I IFN,cytokines, andchemokines (StetsonandMedzhitov, 2006) via a pathway that requires stimulator of IFN genes (STING) (Ishikawa et al., 2009), TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1), and IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) (Ishii et al., 2008, 2006; Tanaka and Chen, 2012).”
InfluentialTargeting Innate Immunity to Enhance the Efficacy of Radiation Therapy
Dar, T. B., Henson, R. M., & Shiao, S. L. (2019) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.03077 · Cited by 61
TMEM203 is a binding partner and regulator of STING-mediated inflammatory signaling in macrophages
Li, Y., James, S. J., Wyllie, D. H., Wynne, C., Czibula, Á., Bukhari, A., Pye, K., Mustafah, S., Fajka‐Boja, R., Szabó, E. V., et al. (2019) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1901090116 · Cited by 57
“The physiological significance of STING has been demonstrated during infection with HSV, adenovirus (ADV), human papillomavirus (HPV), and negative-stranded RNA viruses, such as vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) (2, 52).”
InfluentialShen, A., Zheng, D., Luo, Y., Mou, T., Chen, Q., Huang, Z., & Wu, Z. (2019) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.10.182 · Cited by 58
An Update on Autoinflammatory Diseases: Interferonopathies
Davidson, S., Steiner, A., Harapas, C. R., & Masters, S. L. (2018) · Current Rheumatology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11926-018-0748-y · Cited by 59
Mitochondrial DNA‐Mediated Inflammation in Acute Kidney Injury and Chronic Kidney Disease
Jin, L., Yu, B., Armando, I., & Han, F. (2021) · Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity · doi:10.1155/2021/9985603 · Cited by 58
Meng, J., Peng, J., Feng, J., Maurer, J., Li, X., Li, Y., Yao, S., Chu, R., Pan, X., Li, J., et al. (2021) · Journal of Translational Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12967-021-03073-0 · Cited by 58
STING Signaling and Sterile Inflammation
Couillin, I., & Riteau, N. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.753789 · Cited by 60
“The cGAS/STING pathway is important to control viral and bacterial pathogen infection (38, 39) as well as for immune surveillance (40, 41).”
BackgroundSTING Agonists/Antagonists: Their Potential as Therapeutics and Future Developments
Guerini, D. (2022) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells11071159 · Cited by 57
“STING (Stimulator of Interferon Genes) [5] binds cGAMP, undergoing a conformational change, thereby facilitating the phosphorylation of the transcription factor IRF3, finally leading to a large increase in the expression of type I IFN genes [6]. cGAMP is a cyclic dinucleotide composed of one molecule of GMP and one of…”
BackgroundNanovaccines for Cancer Prevention and Immunotherapy: An Update Review
Fang, X., Lan, H., Jin, K., Gong, D., & Qian, J. (2022) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers14163842 · Cited by 57
“Moreover, following the administration of DNA vaccines, adaptive immunity can be induced via STING-dependent signaling [81].”
BackgroundChen, G., Zheng, D.-X., Zhou, Y., Du, S., & Zeng, Z. (2023) · Cancer Letters · doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2023.216507 · Cited by 57
Coban, C., Kobiyama, K., Jounai, N., Tozuka, M., & Ishii, K. J. (2013) · Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics · doi:10.4161/hv.25893 · Cited by 58
Chiliveru, S., Rahbek, S. H., Jensen, S. K., Jørgensen, S. E., Nissen, S. K., Christiansen, S. H., Mogensen, T. H., Jakobsen, M. R., Iversen, L., Johansen, C., et al. (2014) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1302120 · Cited by 57
“Common for these DNA sensors is the need for the molecule stimulator of IFN genes (STING) to transduce signals downstream to the transcription machinery (14).”
BackgroundAn Alternative Splicing Isoform of MITA Antagonizes MITA-Mediated Induction of Type I IFNs
Chen, H., Pei, R., Zhu, W., Zeng, R., Wang, Y., Wang, Y., Lu, M., & Chen, X. (2014) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1300798 · Cited by 60
“It has been demonstrated that MITA is a common signaling molecule in the innate immune signaling pathway induced by different factors but it functions in different mechanisms (16, 29, 41).”
The role of cGAS in innate immunity and beyond
Ablasser, A., & Gulen, M. F. (2016) · Journal of Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1007/s00109-016-1423-2 · Cited by 57
“cGAMP, in turn, engages the endoplasmic reticulum-resident receptor protein stimulator of interferongenes (STING),which is essential to trigger gene expression followingDNAexposure [3].”
BackgroundCaspases control antiviral innate immunity
Chen, H., Ning, X., & Jiang, Z. (2017) · Cellular and Molecular Immunology · doi:10.1038/cmi.2017.44 · Cited by 59
Skouboe, M. K., Knudsen, A., Reinert, L. S., Boularan, C., Lioux, T., Pérouzel, É., Thomsen, M. K., & Paludan, S. R. (2018) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1006976 · Cited by 58
Li, S., Bennett, Z. T., Sumer, B. D., & Gao, J. (2020) · Accounts of Chemical Research · doi:10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00475 · Cited by 56
Function of Protein S-Palmitoylation in Immunity and Immune-Related Diseases
Zhang, Y., Qin, Z., Sun, W., Chu, F., & Zhou, F. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.661202 · Cited by 60
Chimeric Exosomes Functionalized with STING Activation for Personalized Glioblastoma Immunotherapy
Bao, P., Gu, H.-Y., Ye, J., He, J., Zhong, Z., Yu, A., & Zhang, X. (2023) · Advanced Science · doi:10.1002/advs.202306336 · Cited by 57
dsRNA sensors and plasmacytoid dendritic cells in host defense and autoimmunity
Wang, Y., Swiecki, M. K., McCartney, S. A., & Colonna, M. (2011) · Immunological Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1600-065x.2011.01049.x · Cited by 60
“In addition, STING-deficient mice are exquisitely sensi- tive to VSV, which is normally detected by RIG-I, suggesting that STING is also involved in RIG-I signaling (105, 106).”
BackgroundInfluentialDNA recognition in immunity and disease
Holm, C. K., Paludan, S. R., & Fitzgerald, K. A. (2013) · Current Opinion in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.coi.2012.12.006 · Cited by 59
Cytosolic Innate Immune Sensing and Signaling upon Infection
Radoshevich, L., & Dussurget, O. (2016) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2016.00313 · Cited by 59
Cytokine-Mediated Induction and Regulation of Tissue Damage During Cytomegalovirus Infection
Clement, M., & Humphreys, I. R. (2019) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2019.00078 · Cited by 55
“HCMV triggers cytokine production through the stimulation of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), most notably Toll-like receptor 2 (21), the cytoplasmic DNA sensor STING (22) and IFI16 (23).”
BackgroundGuimarães, E. S., Gomes, M. T. R., Campos, P. C., Mansur, D. S., Santos, A. A., Harms, J. S., Splitter, G. A., Smith, J. A., Barber, G. N., & Oliveira, S. C. (2019) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1801233 · Cited by 53
“For evaluation of STING activation by B. abortus, MEF cells were infected with B. abortus (MOI of 1000:1) or transfected with dsDNA90 (3 mg/ml) for 4 h. Cells were processed for immunofluorescence as described above and incubated with a rabbit polyclonal Ab against STING as described previously (10).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationHuman cytomegalovirus protein UL42 antagonizes cGAS/MITA-mediated innate antiviral response
Fu, Y.-Z., Guo, Y., Zou, H.-M., Su, S., Wang, S., Yang, Q., Luo, M., & Wang, Y. (2019) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1007691 · Cited by 60
Chu, Q., Zheng, W., Su, H. C., Zhang, L., Chang, R., Gao, W., & Xu, T. (2021) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.02145-20 · Cited by 56
MARCH8 attenuates cGAS-mediated innate immune responses through ubiquitylation
Yang, X., Shi, C., Li, H., Shen, S., Su, C., & Yin, H. H. (2022) · Science Signaling · doi:10.1126/scisignal.abk3067 · Cited by 56
cGAS-STING signaling encourages immune cell overcoming of fibroblast barricades in pancreatic cancer
Kabashima, A., Matsuo, Y., Ito, S., Akiyama, Y., Ishii, T., Shimada, S., Masamune, A., Tanabe, M., & Tanaka, S. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-14297-5 · Cited by 55
Adapting health, economic and social policies to address population aging in China
Fang, E. F., Fang, Y., Chen, G., Wang, H., Zhang, J., Wu, C., Liao, J., Xie, C., Liu, X., Wang, K., et al. (2025) · Nature Aging · doi:10.1038/s43587-025-00999-8 · Cited by 64
“New research has identified pathways such as cGAS–STING, which links cytosolic DNA detection to inflammation 68 .”
Kemp, M. G., Lindsey‐Boltz, L. A., & Sancar, A. (2015) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m115.649301 · Cited by 60
“Because the protein STING has emerged as a critical regulator of innate immunity (6-8), we therefore considered the possibility that UV light may specifically modulate STING-dependent innate immune signaling.”
BackgroundIdentification of Aim2 as a Sensor for DNA Vaccines
Suschak, J. J., Wang, S., Fitzgerald, K. A., & Lu, S. (2014) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1402530 · Cited by 55
Endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondria calcium signaling in hepatic metabolic diseases
Rieusset, J. (2017) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbamcr.2017.01.001 · Cited by 58
Chang, M. X., & Zhang, J. (2017) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms18071530 · Cited by 57
Kim, J., Kim, Y.-E., Stinski, M. F., Ahn, J., & Song, Y. (2017) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2017.01854 · Cited by 57
“Keywords: HCMV, IE86, STING, IFN, cGAMP INTRODUCTION Stimulator of interferon genes (STING), also known as TMEM173, ERIS, MITA and MPYS, is a critical signaling molecule that plays a key role in the type I IFN signaling pathways in response to DNA virus infection (reviewed in Ishikawa et al., 2009).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Ishikawa, H., Ma, Z., & Barber, G. N.
- Affiliations
- University of Miami (US)
- Corresponding author
- Barber, Glen N.
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2009-09-23
- Volume
- 461
- Issue
- 7265
- Pages
- 788-792
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- PMC
- PMC4664154
- OpenAlex
- W1968178474
- Semantic Scholar
- 1098beb4c76eacfcc093a88d02d02a681585e7c4
- Cited by
- 2,759
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 184 · 2025: 229 · 2024: 240 · 2023: 240 · 2022: 237 · 2021: 249 · 2020: 212 · 2019: 182 · 2018: 147 · 2017: 170 · 2016: 110 · 2015: 118 · 2014: 114 · 2013: 115 · 2012: 78
- FWCI
- 30.14
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (AI079336, R56AI079336, R01AI079336)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › interferon and immune responses
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immunotherapy and Immune Responses
- Keywords
- STING, mita, Eris, type I interferon, innate immunity, herpes simplex virus type 1, TBK1, Sec5, endosomes, DNA vaccine, plasmid DNA immunization, Listeria monocytogenes, viral susceptibility, dendritic cells
- MeSH terms
- STING Protein, Animals, Antigen-Presenting Cells, DNA, Bacterial, DNA, Viral, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Fibroblasts, Immunity, Innate, Interferon Type I, Listeria monocytogenes, Membrane Proteins, Plasmids, T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic, Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases, Herpesvirus 1, Human, Mice, Knockout, Vaccines, DNA, Protein Transport, Cytoplasmic Vesicles, Vesicular Transport Proteins, Intracellular Space, Mice
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