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Development and validation of a clinical cancer genomic profiling test based on massively parallel DNA sequencing
Open accessAbstract
As more clinically relevant cancer genes are identified, comprehensive diagnostic approaches are needed to match patients to therapies, raising the challenge of optimization and analytical validation of assays that interrogate millions of bases of cancer genomes altered by multiple mechanisms. Here we describe a test based on massively parallel DNA sequencing to characterize base substitutions, short insertions and deletions (indels), copy number alterations and selected fusions across 287 cancer-related genes from routine formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE) clinical specimens. We implemented a practical validation strategy with reference samples of pooled cell lines that model key determinants of accuracy, including mutant allele frequency, indel length and amplitude of copy change. Test sensitivity achieved was 95-99% across alteration types, with high specificity (positive predictive value >99%). We confirmed accuracy using 249 FFPE cancer specimens characterized by established assays. Application of the test to 2,221 clinical cases revealed clinically actionable alterations in 76% of tumors, three times the number of actionable alterations detected by current diagnostic tests.
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“Targeted multiplexed hotspot panels (e.g., Agena Oncocarta [Agena Bioscience, San Diego, CA], 47 SNaPshot [Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA], 48 and next-generation sequencing [NGS] panels 49,50 ) have already been developed and are available in College of American Pathologists (CAP)-accredited academic and commercial laboratories.”
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“Further, more and more FFPE samples are small biopsies, which are now analysed by massively parallel sequencing [6].”
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“Samples were processed in the protocol defined by solid tumors and hematological cancers as previously described [33,34].”
MethodInfluentialAchieving high-sensitivity for clinical applications using augmented exome sequencing
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“As recently demonstrated [11–13], this includes the calculation of false positive (FP) and false negative (FN) rates using wellcharacterized reference materials (RM) and the reporting of depth of coverage and breadth of coverage statistics.”
BackgroundSaturation genome editing of BAP1 functionally classifies somatic and germline variants
Waters, A. J., Brendler-Spaeth, T., Smith, D., Offord, V., Tan, H. K., Zhao, Y., Obolenski, S., Nielsen, M., van Doorn, R., Murphy, J.-E., et al. (2024) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-024-01799-3 · Cited by 64
“Finally, to further explore the use of SGE data and identify novel BAP1 variants, we queried tumor sequence data for a cohort of 394,756 patient samples in the Foundation Medicine database 29 and found 12,172 (3.1”
InfluentialPeyraud, F., Guégan, J., Rey, C., Lara, O., Odin, O., Castillo, M. D., Vanhersecke, L., Coindre, J., Clot, E., Brunet, M., et al. (2025) · Cell Reports Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.xcrm.2025.101934 · Cited by 69
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“Indeed we know that targeted sequencing of clinically relevant mutation panels has become a feasible approach, that is increasingly applied in clinical practice to aid diagnosis and treatment choice [10, 25].”
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“There is also a need to perform validation checks in different ethnic populations to ensure that the information generated is reliable [103,104].”
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Comprehensive characterization of PTEN mutational profile in a series of 34,129 colorectal cancers
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“Samples were processed in one of two broad protocols generally defined by solid tumors or hematologic cancers as previously described [17, 18].”
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“DNA was extracted from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue, as previously described.(21) Patient identification was anonymized for the study.”
MethodPredictive Biomarkers of Immune Checkpoint Inhibition in Gastroesophageal Cancers
Sundar, R., Smyth, E. C., Peng, S., Yeong, J. P.-S., & Tan, P. B. O. (2020) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2020.00763 · Cited by 55
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Choosing tumor mutational burden wisely for immunotherapy: A hard road to explore
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The role of PIM1 in the ibrutinib-resistant ABC subtype of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.
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“DNA underwent targeted nextgeneration sequencing (FoundationOne Heme) interrogating 405 cancer-related genes and 3543 singlenucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) across the genome as previously described [17, 18].”
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How Should We Test for Lynch Syndrome? A Review of Current Guidelines and Future Strategies
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“The samples were assayed by adaptor ligation hybrid capture, performed for all coding exons of 236 (v1), 315 (v2), or 405 (v3) cancer-related genes plus select introns from 19 (v1), 28 (v2), or 31 (v3) genes frequently rearranged in cancer [8, 10].”
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Parsons, H. A., Beaver, J. A., Cimino‐Mathews, A., Ali, S. M., Axilbund, J. E., Chu, D. T. W., Connolly, R. M., Cochran, R. L., Croessmann, S., Clark, T. A., et al. (2016) · Clinical Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-1543 · Cited by 54
“Methods of the clinical cancer gene assay have been previously published, and assay performance has been rigorously validated (17).”
MethodGood Laboratory Standards for Clinical Next-Generation Sequencing Cancer Panel Tests
Kim, J., Park, W., Kim, N. K. D., Jang, S. J., Chun, S., Sung, C. O., Choi, J., Ko, Y. H., Choi, Y., Shim, H. S., et al. (2017) · Journal of Pathology and Translational Medicine · doi:10.4132/jptm.2017.03.14 · Cited by 55
“regions.(23) During this type of validation, an adequate depth of coverage threshold(35) necessary to accurately call all expected variants can be empirically established by plotting false-positives and false-negatives as a function of coverage.”
BackgroundLin, D. I., Chudnovsky, Y., Duggan, B., Zajchowski, D. A., Greenbowe, J. R., Ross, J. S., Gay, L. M., Ali, S. M., & Elvin, J. A. (2017) · Gynecologic Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.ygyno.2017.09.031 · Cited by 54
Intratumor heterogeneity inferred from targeted deep sequencing as a prognostic indicator
Oh, B. Y., Shin, H., Yun, J. W., Kim, K., Kim, J.-H., Bae, J. S., Cho, Y. B., Lee, W. Y., Yun, S. H., Park, Y. A., et al. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-41098-0 · Cited by 54
Han, C., Sasson, A., Srinivasan, S., Golhar, R., Greenawalt, D. M., Geese, W. J., Green, G. A., Zerba, K. E., Kirov, S. A., & Szustakowski, J. D. (2019) · Molecular Diagnosis & Therapy · doi:10.1007/s40291-019-00408-y · Cited by 56
“12 into TMB tertiles based on their WES-derived somatic missense mutations (low [0–100], medium [100–242], high [≥243]).”
BackgroundMethodDumbrava, E. E. I., Balaji, K., Raghav, K. P. S., Hess, K. R., Javle, M. M., Blum-Murphy, M. A., Ajani, J. A., Kopetz, S., Broaddus, R. R., Routbort, M. J., et al. (2019) · JCO Precision Oncology · doi:10.1200/po.18.00345 · Cited by 56
“HER2 amplification determined by NGS was defined according to each platform’s analytic pipeline, was based on the resulting reports and validation, and varied between greater than five to greater than seven estimated copy numbers for reporting high-confidence amplification.(29,30) For patients who underwent cfDNA anal…”
MethodPredictive Biomarkers for Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Metastatic Breast Cancer
Sivapiragasam, A., Kumar, P. A., Sokol, E. S., Albacker, L. A., Killian, J. K., Ramkissoon, S. H., Huang, R. S. P., Severson, E. A., Brown, C. A., Danziger, N. A., et al. (2020) · Cancer Medicine · doi:10.1002/cam4.3550 · Cited by 54
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“F1H is a validated clinical laboratory improvement amendments (CLIA)-approved, NY-state approved assay, and the methods used have been previously reported in detail [58,59].”
MethodLiu, R., Rizzo, S., Waliany, S., Garmhausen, M. R., Pal, N., Huang, Z., Chaudhary, N., Wang, L. E., Harbron, C. G., Neal, J. W., et al. (2022) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-022-01873-5 · Cited by 55
Ferrarotto, R., de Sousa, L. G., Feng, L., Mott, F. E., Blumenschein, G. R., Altan, M., Bell, D., Bonini, F., Li, K., Marques-Piubelli, M. L., et al. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.22.02221 · Cited by 57
Navarro-Yepes, J., Kettner, N. M., Rao, X., Bishop, C. S., Bui, T. N., Wingate, H. F., Raghavendra, A. S., Wang, Y., Wang, J., Şahin, A. A., et al. (2023) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-23-0705 · Cited by 55
Young, C. D., Zimmerman, L. J., Hoshino, D., Formisano, L., Hanker, A. B., Gatza, M. L., Morrison, M. M., Moore, P. D., Whitwell, C. A., Dave, B., et al. (2015) · Molecular & Cellular Proteomics · doi:10.1074/mcp.m115.049783 · Cited by 53
“DNA was extracted from the primary breast tumor and the recurrent lung metastasis and subjected to deep sequencing evaluating 3769 exons of 236 cancer-related genes and 47 introns from 19 genes that are frequently rearranged in cancer using the Illumina HiSeq 2000 to at an average depth exceeding 500 as previously des…”
MethodSoulières, D., Licitra, L. F., Mesı́a, R., Remenár, É., Li, S.-H., Karpenko, A., Chol, M., Wang, Y. A., Solovieff, N., Bourdeau, L., et al. (2018) · Clinical Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-2644 · Cited by 54
“Extraction and processing of tumor DNA from FFPE archival tissue and ctDNA from plasma samples was performed using standard procedures as described previously (39, 40).”
Davare, M. A., Henderson, J. J., Agarwal, A., Wagner, J. P., Iyer, S. R., Shah, N., Woltjer, R. L., Somwar, R., Gilheeney, S. W., DeCarvalo, A., et al. (2018) · Clinical Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-1052 · Cited by 54
“Specifically, we referred to the NGS data generated by the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) MSK–IMPACT (31, 32), and the Foundation Medicine genomic sequencing panels (33, 34) that conducted massively parallel DNA sequencing of 341 and 287 cancer-related genes, respectively.”
Glicksberg, B. S., Burns, S., Currie, R., Griffin, A., Wang, Z. J., Haussler, D. H., Goldstein, T. C., & Collisson, E. A. (2019) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/16810 · Cited by 53
“…sequencing of tumor specimens was ordered by the supervising physician (EC) as standard of care using either a commercial (Foundation Medicine; FMI [28]) or in-house panel (UCSF 500) [29]; 13 patients were sequenced and analyzed by Foundation Medicine [30] and 4 patients by the UCSF 500 [31]…”
MethodA recurrent endometrial stromal sarcoma harbors the novel fusion JAZF1-BCORL1
Allen, A. J., Ali, S. M., Gowen, K. A., Elvin, J. A., & Pejovic, T. B. (2017) · Gynecologic Oncology Reports · doi:10.1016/j.gore.2017.03.002 · Cited by 52
Zou, W., Yaung, S. J., Fuhlbrück, F., Ballinger, M. D., Peters, E. J., Palma, J. F., Shames, D. S., Gandara, D. R., Jiang, Y., & Patil, N. S. (2021) · JCO Precision Oncology · doi:10.1200/po.21.00057 · Cited by 52
Israel, M. A., Danziger, N. A., McGregor, K., Murugesan, K., Gjoerup, O. V., Sokol, E. S., Tukachinsky, H., Kurzrock, R., Kato, S., Sicklick, J. K., et al. (2021) · The Oncologist · doi:10.1002/onco.13844 · Cited by 51
Conroy, J. M., Pabla, S., Glenn, S. T., Seager, R. J., Roey, E. V., Gao, S., Burgher, B., Andreas, J., Giamo, V., Mallon, M., et al. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0260089 · Cited by 52
“CGP by NGS can be performed using DNA and/or RNA for detecting different types of molecular changes including small variants (substitutions, insertions, deletions and indels), copy number alterations (gain and loss), and rearrangements (fusion and splice variant transcripts) [1, 3, 19].”
MethodVryza, P., Fischer, T., Mistakidi, E., & Zaravinos, A. (2023) · Translational Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.tranon.2023.101788 · Cited by 55
“40 Mb which represent < 5 % of the whole coding sequence [38].”
BackgroundKasi, P. M., Lee, J., Pasquina, L. W., Decker, B. J., Borre, P. V., Pavlick, D. C., Allen, J. M., Parachoniak, C. A., Quintanilha, J. C. F., Graf, R. P., et al. (2023) · Clinical Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-23-2693 · Cited by 53
“Tissue biopsies from patients with the same cancer types as those analyzed for LBx that were ordered within the United States between January 2017 and January 2023 during routine clinical care ( N ¼ 295,592) were analyzed using FoundationOneCDx as described previously (18, 19).”
BackgroundMethodWong, S. Q., FELLOWES, A. P., Doig, K. M., Ellul, J., Bosma, T. J., Irwin, D. E., Vedururu, R., Tan, A., Weiss, J. M., Chan, K. S., et al. (2015) · British Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1038/bjc.2015.80 · Cited by 52
“Moreover, unlike the amplicon-based approach used in this study, many of the platforms utilised require much larger amounts of input DNA with turnaround times in excess of desirable practice (Wagle et al, 2012; Frampton et al, 2013; Pritchard et al, 2014).”
MethodFDA Perspective on Companion Diagnostics: An Evolving Paradigm
Mansfield, E. A. (2014) · Clinical Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-1954 · Cited by 52
“Clin Cancer Res; 20(6) March 15, 2014 Clinical Cancer Research 1454”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialGenomic Characterization of Testicular Germ Cell Tumors Relapsing After Chemotherapy
Necchi, A., Bratslavsky, G., Corona, R. J., Chung, J., Millis, S. Z., Elvin, J. A., Vergilio, J., Suh, J. H., Ramkissoon, S. H., Severson, E. A., et al. (2018) · European Urology Focus · doi:10.1016/j.euf.2018.07.013 · Cited by 52
Entrectinib in TRK and ROS1 Fusion-Positive Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer
Pishvaian, M. J., Garrido‐Laguna, I., Liu, S. V., Multani, P. S., Chow‐Maneval, E., & Rolfo, C. D. (2018) · JCO Precision Oncology · doi:10.1200/po.18.00039 · Cited by 53
Deep Learning-based Identification of Cancer or Normal Tissue using Gene Expression Data
Ahn, T., Goo, T., Lee, C., Kim, S. M., Han, K., Park, S., & Park, T. (2018) · IEEE International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedicine (BIBM) · doi:10.1109/bibm.2018.8621108 · Cited by 55
“B. Genes for training To build a prediction model using gene expression data, we prepared five gene sets to represent a different selection strategy: (1) the top 3,000 genes based on the rank of variance across all training samples (VAR_3000), (2) the top 3,000 genes with high mean expression values (Mean_3000), (3) t…”
MethodKato, S., Schwaederlé, M. C., Fanta, P. T., Okamura, R., Leichman, L., Lippman, S. M., Lanman, R. B., Raymond, V. M., Talasaz, A., & Kurzrock, R. (2019) · JCO Precision Oncology · doi:10.1200/po.18.00158 · Cited by 52
Bosse, K. R., Giudice, A. M., Lane, M. V., McIntyre, B., Schürch, P. M., Pascual-Pasto, G., Buongervino, S. N., Suresh, S., Fitzsimmons, A., Hyman, A., et al. (2022) · Cancer Discovery · doi:10.1158/2159-8290.cd-22-0287 · Cited by 51
van den Bent, M. J., Azaro, A., Vos, F. D., Sepúlveda-Sánchez, J. M., Yung, W. K. A., Wen, P. Y., Lassman, A. B., Joerger, M., Tabatabai, G., Rodon, J. A., et al. (2019) · Journal of Neuro-Oncology · doi:10.1007/s11060-019-03337-2 · Cited by 51
Özlük, Y., Taheri, D., Matoso, A., Şanlı, Ö., Berker, N. K., Yakirevich, E., Balasubramanian, S., Ross, J. S., Ali, S. M., & Netto, G. J. (2015) · Human Pathology · doi:10.1016/j.humpath.2015.07.027 · Cited by 51
Niu, J., Andres, G., Kramer, K., Kundranda, M. N., Alvarez, R., Klimant, E., Parikh, A. R., Tan, B. A., Staren, E. D., & Markman, M. M. (2015) · OncoTargets and Therapy · doi:10.2147/ott.s92443 · Cited by 52
“The targeted NGS platform FO has been previously described and validated.(16) FO testing utilizes NGS to identify alterations in genes known to be somatically altered”
PARP Inhibitors in Reproductive System Cancers: Current Use and Developments
Coyne, G. O., Chen, A. P., Meehan, R. S., & Doroshow, J. H. (2017) · Drugs · doi:10.1007/s40265-016-0688-7 · Cited by 51
“Specificity exceeded 99% for all genomic alterations tested: base substitutions ([99% when mutant allele frequency [MAF] C5%), indels ([97% when MAF C10%), CNAs ([95%), and rearrangements ([90%) [48, 73].”
BackgroundHigh-affinity peptide ligand LXY30 for targeting α3β1 integrin in non-small cell lung cancer
Xiao, W., Ma, W., Wei, S., Li, Q., Liu, R., Carney, R. P., Yang, K., Lee, J., Nyugen, A., Yoneda, K. Y., et al. (2019) · Journal of Hematology & Oncology · doi:10.1186/s13045-019-0740-7 · Cited by 52
“Currently, tumor genomic profiling assays by NGS (such as FoundationOne CDx assay) require tumor cells to be present in at least 20% of cells in the cell block derived from pleural effusion or archived tumor specimens [41].”
MethodSTK11 alterations in the pan-cancer setting: prognostic and therapeutic implications
Krishnamurthy, N., Goodman, A. M., Barkauskas, D. A., & Kurzrock, R. (2021) · European Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2021.01.050 · Cited by 51
Genomic profiling reveals high frequency of DNA repair genetic aberrations in gallbladder cancer
Abdel‐Wahab, R., Yap, T. A., Madison, R. W., Pant, S., Cooke, M. B., Wang, K., Zhao, H., Bekaii‐Saab, T., Karatas, E., Kwong, L. N., et al. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-77939-6 · Cited by 51
Cardona, A. F., Jaramillo-Velásquez, D., Ruíz-Patiño, A., Polo, C., Jiménez, E., Hakim, F., Gómez, D., Ramón, J. F., Cifuentes, H., Mejía, J. A., et al. (2021) · Journal of Neuro-Oncology · doi:10.1007/s11060-021-03834-3 · Cited by 51
KRAS Mutation Status and Treatment Outcomes in Patients With Metastatic Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma
Norton, C., Shaw, M. S., Rubnitz, Z., Smith, J. L., Soares, H. P., Nevala-Plagemann, C., Garrido‐Laguna, I., & Florou, V. (2025) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.53588 · Cited by 50
Circulating tumor DNA as a liquid biopsy target for detection of pancreatic cancer
Takai, E., & Yachida, S. (2016) · World Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.3748/wjg.v22.i38.8480 · Cited by 53
Tumor Mutational Burden Guides Therapy in a Treatment Refractory POLE-Mutant Uterine Carcinosarcoma
Bhangoo, M. S., Boasberg, P. D., Mehta, P., Elvin, J. A., Ali, S. M., Wu, W., & Klempner, S. J. (2018) · The Oncologist · doi:10.1634/theoncologist.2017-0342 · Cited by 50
“Genotyping Results and the Interpretation of the Molecular Results Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded material from the April 2016 biopsy was sent for CGP using another commercial platform, as previously described [16, 17].”
MethodSomatic genetic aberrations in gallbladder cancer: comparison between Chinese and US patients
Yang, P., Javle, M. M., Pang, F., Wei, Z., Abdel‐Wahab, R., Chen, X., Meric‐Bernstam, F., Chen, H., Borad, M. J., Liu, Y., et al. (2019) · HepatoBiliary Surgery and Nutrition · doi:10.21037/hbsn.2019.04.11 · Cited by 49
“HepatoBiliary Surg Nutr 2019;8(6):604-614 | http://dx.”
MethodClinical implications of plasma circulating tumor DNA in gynecologic cancer patients
Charo, L. M., Eskander, R. N., Okamura, R., Patel, S. P., Nikanjam, M., Lanman, R. B., Piccioni, D. E., Kato, S., McHale, M. T., & Kurzrock, R. (2020) · Molecular Oncology · doi:10.1002/1878-0261.12791 · Cited by 50
Sudhan, D. R., Guerrero-Zotano, A., Won, H., González Ericsson, P., Servetto, A., Huerta-Rosario, M., Ye, D., Lee, K.-M., Formisano, L., Guo, Y., et al. (2020) · Cancer Cell · doi:10.1016/j.ccell.2019.12.013 · Cited by 49
“Tissue based targeted capture next-generation DNA sequencing was performed by Foundation medicine using the FoundationOneTM panel as described previously (Frampton et al., 2013).”
MethodClinical and Immunological Implications of Frameshift Mutations in Lung Cancer
Chae, Y. K., de Viveiros, P. A. H., Junior, G. L. L., Sukhadia, B., Sheikh, M. M., Saravia, D., Florou, V., Sokol, E. S., Frampton, G. M., Chalmers, Z. R., et al. (2019) · Journal of Thoracic Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.jtho.2019.06.016 · Cited by 48
Frequent inactivating mutations of the PBAF complex gene PBRM1 in meningioma with papillary features
Williams, E. A., Wakimoto, H., Shankar, G. M., Barker, F. G., Brastianos, P. K., Santagata, S., Sokol, E. S., Pavlick, D. C., Shah, N., Reddy, A. K., et al. (2020) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-020-02161-7 · Cited by 49
Heuckmann, J. M., & Thomas, R. K. (2015) · Annals of Oncology · doi:10.1093/annonc/mdv184 · Cited by 48
Tissue-based next generation sequencing: application in a universal healthcare system
Hynes, S. O., Pang, B., James, J. A., Maxwell, P., & Salto‐Tellez, M. (2017) · British Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1038/bjc.2016.452 · Cited by 47
Raghav, K. P. S., Shen, J. P., Jacome, A. A. D. A., Guerra, J. L., Scally, C. P., Taggart, M. W., Foo, W. C., Matamoros, A., Shaw, K. R. M., Fournier, K. F., et al. (2020) · British Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1038/s41416-020-1015-3 · Cited by 48
A primer on precision medicine informatics
Sboner, A., & Elemento, O. (2015) · Briefings in Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bib/bbv032 · Cited by 50
Lim, S. M., Kim, H. R., Cho, E. K., Min, Y. J., Ahn, J. S., Ahn, M., Park, K., Cho, B. C., Lee, J.-H., Jeong, H. C., et al. (2016) · Oncotarget · doi:10.18632/oncotarget.8904 · Cited by 48
“These panels use PCR capture-based NGS assay that allow deep targeted sequencing of genes of interest from limited formalinfixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) specimens [13].”
MethodCorrelation of tumor mutational burden and treatment outcomes in patients with colorectal cancer
Pai, S. G., Carneiro, B. A., Chae, Y. K., Costa, R. L. B., Kalyan, A., Shah, H. A., Helenowski, I., RADEMAKER, A. W., Mahalingam, D., & Giles, F. J. (2017) · Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology · doi:10.21037/jgo.2017.06.20 · Cited by 47
“Extraction of DNA and NGS At least 50 ng DNA was extracted from archival formalinfixed, paraffin embedded tumor tissue and mutational data obtained by using hybridization capture of 3,769 exons of 315 cancer-related genes plus introns from 28 genes commonly rearranged in cancer (15,16).”
MethodBellone, S., Buza, N., Choi, J., Zammataro, L. A., Gay, L. M., Elvin, J. A., Rimm, D. L., Liu, Y., Ratner, E., Schwartz, P. E., et al. (2018) · Clinical Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-1805 · Cited by 49
Gong, J., Pan, K., Fakih, M., Pal, S. K., & Salgia, R. (2018) · Oncotarget · doi:10.18632/oncotarget.24353 · Cited by 48
“fusions, copy number variations MSI TMB 5800 USD 14 days 2011 [50, 57]”
BackgroundChen, M., Liu, P., Yan, F., Xu, S., Jiang, Q., Pan, J., He, M., & Shen, P. (2018) · Journal of Translational Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12967-018-1449-z · Cited by 48
“The experimental procedure was performed as described previously [7].”
Luen, S. J., Asher, R., Lee, C. K., Savas, P. S., Kammler, R., Dell’Orto, P., Biasi, O., Demanse, D., JeBailey, L., Dolan, S., et al. (2018) · JAMA Oncology · doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2018.1778 · Cited by 48
Tamura, R., Nakaoka, H., Yoshihara, K., Mori, Y., Yachida, N., Nishikawa, N., Motoyama, T., Okuda, S., Inoue, I., & Enomoto, T. (2018) · Genes Chromosomes and Cancer · doi:10.1002/gcc.22668 · Cited by 46
“A threshold of ≥6 copies for gene amplification was used.(23) Cancer-associated genes that were annotated in OncoKB(24) were focused in this study.”
BackgroundGenomic Features of Metastatic Testicular Sex Cord Stromal Tumors
Necchi, A., Bratslavsky, G., Shapiro, O., Elvin, J. A., Vergilio, J., Killian, J. K., Ngo, N., Ramkissoon, S. H., Severson, E. A., Hemmerich, A. C., et al. (2019) · European Urology Focus · doi:10.1016/j.euf.2019.05.012 · Cited by 48
Ortiz, M. V., Kobos, R., Walsh, M. F., Slotkin, E. K., Roberts, S. S., Berger, M. F., Hameed, M., Solit, D. B., Ladanyi, M., Shukla, N. N., et al. (2016) · Pediatric Blood & Cancer · doi:10.1002/pbc.26002 · Cited by 48
Bolen, C. R., Klánová, M., Trněný, M., Sehn, L. H., He, J., Tong, J., Paulson, J. N., Kim, E., Vitolo, U., Rocco, A. D., et al. (2019) · Haematologica · doi:10.3324/haematol.2019.227892 · Cited by 50
“Samples were submitted to a central laboratory for NGS-based genomic profiling and processed as previously described.(21,22)”
MethodSato, H., Schoenfeld, A. J., Siau, E., Lu, Y. C., Tai, H., Suzawa, K., Kubota, D., Lui, A. J. W., Qeriqi, B., Mattar, M. S., et al. (2020) · Clinical Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-19-3321 · Cited by 49
“MSK-IMPACT (13) was the primary platform, but results from other methods such as FoundationOne (14) were also included if performed.”
Method
Metadata
- Authors
- Frampton, G. M., Fichtenholtz, A., Otto, G. A., Wang, K., Downing, S. R., He, J., Schnall-Levin, M., White, J., Sanford, E. M., An, P., Sun, J., Juhn, F., Brennan, K., Iwanik, K., Maillet, A., Buell, J., White, E., Zhao, M., Balasubramanian, S., Terzic, S., Richards, T., Banning, V., Garcia, L., Mahoney, K., Zwirko, Z., Donahue, A., Beltran, H., Mosquera, J. M., Rubin, M. A., Dogan, S., Hedvat, C. V., Berger, M. F., Pusztai, L., Lechner, M., Boshoff, C., Jarosz, M., Vietz, C., Parker, A., Miller, V. A., Ross, J. S., Curran, J., Cronin, M. T., Stephens, P. J., Lipson, D., & Yelensky, R.
- Affiliations
- Foundation Medicine (United States) (US)
- NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital (US)
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (US)
- Yale Cancer Center (US)
- University College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Lipson, Doron
- Yelensky, Roman
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature Biotechnology
- Published
- 2013-11
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1023-1031
- ISSN
- 0733-222X (ISSN-L)
- 1087-0156
- 1546-1696
- PMC
- PMC5710001
- OpenAlex
- W2160981405
- Cited by
- 2,157
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 91 · 2025: 122 · 2024: 139 · 2023: 215 · 2022: 208 · 2021: 188 · 2020: 213 · 2019: 185 · 2018: 195 · 2017: 180 · 2016: 182 · 2015: 159 · 2014: 76 · 2013: 2
- FWCI
- 49.14
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Nature Biotechnology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (WT093855MA)
- National Cancer Institute (P30CA008748)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Cancer Genomics and Diagnostics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genomics and Rare Diseases
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › BRCA gene mutations in cancer
- Keywords
- tumor genomic profiling, analytical method validation, formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue, copy number alterations, indels, gene fusion, actionable mutations, mutant allele frequency, sensitivity and specificity, precision oncology
- MeSH terms
- DNA Mutational Analysis, Gene Frequency, Humans, Neoplasms, Sensitivity and Specificity, Reproducibility of Results, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Molecular Diagnostic Techniques, DNA Copy Number Variations
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