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With a free pass, CRISPR-edited plants reach market in record time
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“The false flax (C. sativa) exhibited enhanced omega-3 oil and was commercially released in the USA, showingrecord-breaking market space (Waltz, 2018).”
From Emerging applications of gene editing technologies for the development of climate-resilient crops (2025) · cites this paper as Waltz, 2018
Citations
Cites
Gene-edited CRISPR mushroom escapes US regulation
Waltz, E. (2016) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature.2016.19754 · Cited by 549
Nonbrowning GM apple cleared for market
Waltz, E. (2015) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt0415-326c · Cited by 87
Waltz, E. (2012) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt.2143 · Cited by 84
A face-lift for biotech rules begins
Waltz, E. (2015) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt1215-1221 · Cited by 14
Scotts' GM grass grows free from regulation
Waltz, E. (2015) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt0315-223 · Cited by 4
Research works printed but not linked: 1
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Integrating CRISPR/Cas systems with programmable DNA nanostructures for delivery and beyond
Piskunen, P., Latham, R., West, C. E., Castronovo, M., & Linko, V. (2022) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2022.104389 · Cited by 23
“To-date, therehavebeenconsiderableadvances in theapplicationof this technology, including agricultural CRISPR/Cas-edited products brought tomarket (Waltz, 2018, 2022), bacterialmetabolic engineering (Liu et al., 2020b) and, inmedicine, gene editing-based approaches are already being used to develop…”
CRISPR-Cas9 Application in Canadian Public and Private Plant Breeding
Gleim, S. W., Lubieniechi, S., & Smyth, S. J. (2020) · The CRISPR Journal · doi:10.1089/crispr.2019.0061 · Cited by 23
“16 Several other plant products produced with CRISPR have be confirmed outside of USDA authority, including anti-browning mushrooms, drought-and salt-tolerant soybeans, and waxy corn.”
Foreign DNA detection by high-throughput sequencing to regulate genome-edited agricultural products
Itoh, T., Onuki, R., Tsuda, M., Oshima, M., Endo, M., Sakai, H., Tanaka, T., Ohsawa, R., & Tabei, Y. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-61949-5 · Cited by 23
Fruit crops improvement using CRISPR/Cas9 system
Kaur, N., Awasthi, P., & Tiwari, S. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818140-9.00012-x · Cited by 22
Development and prospect of gene-edited fruits and vegetables
Zhang, S., & Zhu, H. (2023) · Food Quality and Safety · doi:10.1093/fqsafe/fyad045 · Cited by 22
Polidoros, A. N., Nianiou‐Obeidat, I., Τσακιρπάλογλου, Ν., Petrou, N., Deligiannidou, E., & Makri, N.-M. (2024) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes15081014 · Cited by 21
“Similarly, targeted disruptions of soybean genes involved in abiotic stress responses have resulted in increasing its tolerance to drought and salinity, making it more adaptable to climate change [61].”
BackgroundNanotechnology and CRISPR/Cas9 system for sustainable agriculture
Khanna, K., Ohri, P., & Bhardwaj, R. (2023) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-023-26482-8 · Cited by 22
“…rule defining sustainable, ecological, consistent, uniform, responsible and efficient was recently introduced by the Department of Agriculture in 2020, which updated and streamlined various regulatory practices for sustainable and rapid innovations in genetic engineering of crops (Waltz 2018).”
BackgroundRauf, S., Fatima, S., & Ortiz, R. O. (2023) · GM crops & food · doi:10.1080/21645698.2023.2243041 · Cited by 20
“9,12 Figure 2 shows the process for gene editing using CRISP/ Cas9-mediated target gene mutation.”
MethodImprovement of Crop’s Stress Tolerance by Gene Editing CRISPR/CAS9 System
Singh, A. K., Roychowdhury, R., Singh, T., Wang, W., Yadav, D., Kumar, A., Modi, A. R., Rai, A. C., Ghughe, S., Kumar, A., et al. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-45669-6_24 · Cited by 19
CRISPR genome engineering for retinal diseases
Kantor, A., McClements, M. E., Peddle, C. F., Fry, L. E., Salman, A., Cehajic‐Kapetanovic, J., Xue, K., & MacLaren, R. E. (2021) · Progress in molecular biology and translational science · doi:10.1016/bs.pmbts.2021.01.024 · Cited by 19
Synthetic Biology of Plants and Microbes for Agriculture, Environment, and Future Applications
Clauer, P. R., Nou, A., Toth, T., Yu, Q., Chemla, Y., Boo, A., Yoon, K. S., & Voigt, C. A. (2026) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00687 · Cited by 21
Next-generation technologies for iron and zinc biofortification and bioavailability in cereal grains
Ibrahim, S., Saleem, B., Naeem, M. K., Arain, S. M., & Khan, M. R. (2021) · Australian Journal of Agricultural Research · doi:10.1071/cp20498 · Cited by 20
“Further, USDA stated that crops edited by CRISPR/Cas9 can be cultivated and commercialised without regulatory monitoring (Waltz 2018).”
BackgroundCRISPR/CAS9: A new paradigm for crop improvement revolutionizing agriculture
Kafle, S. (2022) · Journal of Agriculture and Food Research · doi:10.1016/j.jafr.2022.100484 · Cited by 18
Rosegrant, M. W., Wong, B. A., Sulser, T. B., Dubosse, N., & Lybbert, T. J. (2023) · Journal of Benefit-Cost Analysis · doi:10.1017/bca.2023.27 · Cited by 18
“In addition, more effective regulatory and intellectual property rights systems that reduce the lag times from discovery to deployment of new varieties can also improve the efficiency of research, particularly in light of advanced breeding technologies (Waltz, 2018).”
BackgroundGene editing for tolerance to temperature stress in plants: A review
Chakraborty, A., Choudhury, S., Kar, S. R., Deb, P., & Wylie, S. J. (2023) · Plant Gene · doi:10.1016/j.plgene.2023.100439 · Cited by 20
CRISPR/Cas9: an advanced platform for root and tuber crops improvement
Divya, K., Thangaraj, M., & Radhika, N. K. (2024) · Frontiers in Genome Editing · doi:10.3389/fgeed.2023.1242510 · Cited by 20
“The ef fi ciency of CRISPR/ Cas9-induced knockout of the PPO to yield non-browning mushrooms and apples is evidenced in different studies (Halterman et al., 2016; Nishitani et al., 2016; Waltz, 2016; Waltz, 2018).”
BackgroundUpdates and Applications of CRISPR/Cas Technology in Plants
Vidya, N., & Arun, M. (2023) · Journal of Plant Biology · doi:10.1007/s12374-023-09383-8 · Cited by 18
Rehman, R. S., Zafar, S. A., Ali, M., Pasha, A. N., Naveed, M. S., Waseem, M., Ahmad, M., & Raza, A. (2022) · Asian Plant Research Journal · doi:10.9734/aprj/2022/v9i130197 · Cited by 16
“The United States Department of Agriculture has identified over 100 plant varieties generated by genetic modifications as not regulated, enabling commercial cultivation in the United States of America [69].”
BackgroundWoody Plant Transformation: Current Status, Challenges, and Future Perspectives
Maharjan, B., Islam, M. T., Muzaffar, A., Tschaplinski, T. J., Tuskan, G. A., Chen, J., & Yang, X. (2025) · Plants · doi:10.3390/plants14223420 · Cited by 21
“There are some edited crops that have already been approved for sale like the gene-edited CRISPR mushroom developed by [147] and Camelina sativa , or false flax, with enhanced omega-3 oil developed by [148].”
Approaches, Applicability, and Challenges for Development of Climate-Smart Soybean
Chaudhary, J., Shivaraj, S. M., Khatri, P., Ye, H., Zhou, L., Klepadlo, M., Dhakate, P., Kumawat, G., Patil, G., Sonah, H., et al. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-93536-2_1 · Cited by 15
Metabolic engineering to increase crop yield: From concept to execution
Skraly, F. A., Ambavaram, M. M. R., Peoples, O. P., & Snell, K. D. (2018) · Plant Science · doi:10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.03.011 · Cited by 15
Maaß, O., Consmüller, N., & Kehlenbeck, H. (2019) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su11226421 · Cited by 19
Rollout of high-priced cell and gene therapies forces payer rethink
Senior, M. (2018) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt0418-291a · Cited by 14
Light Dynamics of the Retinal‐Disease‐Relevant G90D Bovine Rhodopsin Mutant
Kubatova, N., Mao, J., Eckert, C. E., Saxena, K., Gande, S. L., Wachtveitl, J., Glaubitz, C., & Schwalbe, H. (2020) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.202003671 · Cited by 12
Emerging Trends in Transgenic Technology for Phytoremediation of Toxic Metals and Metalloids
Ahmed, I., Sebastain, A., Prasad, M. N. V., & Kirti, P. B. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-814389-6.00003-1 · Cited by 12
Will gene-edited and other GM crops fail sustainable food systems?
Wilson, A. K. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-816410-5.00013-x · Cited by 14
Estimating worldwide benefits from improved bananas resistant to Fusarium Wilt Tropical race 4
Silva, F. D. F., Kaplan, S. M., Magdama, F., Potts, M. D., Espinel, R., & Zilberman, D. (2023) · Journal of the Agricultural and Applied Economics Association · doi:10.1002/jaa2.41 · Cited by 12
Caradus, J. R. (2023) · New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research · doi:10.1080/00288233.2023.2187425 · Cited by 12
Genome Editing and Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Crop Plants
Surabhi, G., Badajena, B., & Sahoo, S. K. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-21687-0_2 · Cited by 12
CRISPR-Cas Technology: A Genome-Editing Powerhouse for Molecular Plant Breeding
Mohan, C., Satish, L., Muthubharathi, B. C., Selvarajan, D., Easterling, M., & Yau, Y. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-9001-3_32 · Cited by 13
Precision harvest: path to genetically modified organism-free crops with CRISPR by 2035
Ahmar, S., Zhang, R., Pouramini, P., Janeczko, A., Shafique, M. S., Rapacz, M., Reis, R. S., Zhu, Q., Hensel, G., & Pociecha, E. (2026) · Trends in Plant Science · doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2025.12.014 · Cited by 11
Regulatory framework of CRISPR-edited crops in the United States
Sagawa, C. H. D., Assis, R. D. A. B., & Zaini, P. A. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-18444-4.00004-1 · Cited by 11
Pei, L., & Schmidt, M. R. (2018) · Current Opinion in Biotechnology · doi:10.1016/j.copbio.2018.08.012 · Cited by 13
Patents and technology transfer in CRISPR technology
Grobler, L., Suleman, E., & Raj, D. B. T. G. (2021) · Progress in molecular biology and translational science · doi:10.1016/bs.pmbts.2021.01.009 · Cited by 12
Regulation of CRISPR edited food and feed: legislation and future
Ghouri, M. Z., Munawar, N., Aftab, S. O., & Ahmad, A. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-823903-2.00004-4 · Cited by 11
CRISPR/Cas techniques: a new method for RNA interference in cereals
Fiaz, S., Khan, S. A., Anis, G. B., Gaballah, M. M., & Riaz, A. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-821910-2.00032-1 · Cited by 10
Genetic Engineering in the United States: Regulation of Crops and Their Food Products
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Emergent challenges for CRISPR: biosafety, biosecurity, patenting, and regulatory issues
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Vengadesen, S., Aziz, M. F. B. A., & Jones, M. G. K. (2025) · GM crops & food · doi:10.1080/21645698.2025.2576734 · Cited by 9
“25 While such advances hold great promise to support sustainable agriculture and global food security, they also raise issues for existing national regulatory frameworks.”
Costa, L. D., Vinciguerra, D., Giacomelli, L., Salvagnin, U., Piazza, S., Spinella, K., Malnoy, M., Moser, C., & Marchesi, U. (2021) · European Food Research and Technology · doi:10.1007/s00217-021-03881-0 · Cited by 9
“Some genome edited plants, like the Calyxt Soybean with higher oleic acid content, is already cultivated and commercialized in the USA under conventional regulation [1, 2].”
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To become more sustainable organic agriculture needs genome editing technology
Fernandes, P. M. B., Favaratto, L., Fernandes, A. A. R., Vicién, C., Capalbo, D. M. F., & Júnior, F. M. Z. (2022) · Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology · doi:10.3389/fbioe.2022.912793 · Cited by 9
“The CRISPR-Cas9 technique made gene editing possible with the purpose of inducing important properties in plant development without necessarily introducing an exogenous gene (Waltz 2016a, 2016b; Nishitani et al., 2016; Shi et al., 2017; Waltz 2018; Jansing et al., 2019; Lyzenga et al., 2019; Gramazio et al., 2020; Cai…”
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Biolistic DNA Delivery and Its Applications in Sorghum bicolor
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Key Applications of CRISPR/Cas for Yield and Nutritional Improvement
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Available Toolkits for CRISPR/CAS Genome Editing in Plants
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To win at gene therapy, companies pick viruses with production credentials
Sheridan, C. (2019) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt0119-5 · Cited by 8
CRISPR and RNA interference: revolutionary tools for extending food shelf life and ensuring safety
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“Countries such as the United States and Brazil have comparatively lenient rules, with gene-edited crops that do not contain foreign DNA not categorised as genetically modi fi ed organisms (GMOs) and so exempt from severe regulatory scrutiny (Waltz, 2018).”
Quelles performances pour les animaux de demain ? Objectifs et méthodes de sélection
Roy, P. L., Alain Ducos, A., & Phocas, F. (2019) · INRAE Productions Animales · doi:10.20870/productions-animales.2019.32.2.2466 · Cited by 7
Modern Techniques for Plant Breeding in Ornamentals
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CRISPR off-target analysis platforms
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“나머지 3건은 식물 병・해충(plant pest) 또는 유해 잡초(noxious weeds) 인자를 내 포하고 있지 않으므로 규제대상에서 제외하였다(Waltz 2018; OECD 2019).”
Genome Editing and miRNA-Based Approaches in Cereals under Abiotic Stress
Premnath, A., Ramalingam, A. P., Ramasamy, S. P., Karnatam, K. S., & Ramadoss, B. R. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-19-5121-3_25 · Cited by 6
Applications of Genome Editing Techniques for the Improvement of Medicinal Plants
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First edible cottonseed go-ahead
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“Genome modified crops can be utilized in breeding programs as they carry the edited DNA with efficient manner than the conventional transgenic crops (Malzahn et al. 2017; Waltz 2018).”
Sreekanth, D., Pawar, D. V., Sahadeo, I. K., Kumar, R., Basavaraj, P. S., Mahesh, S., Chethan, C. R., Mangrauthia, S. K., Sondhia, S., Singh, P. K., et al. (2025) · Journal of Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s13562-025-00984-7 · Cited by 6
“In the USA, over 100 genome-edited plants, including high-oil camelina and powdery mildew-resistant wheat, have been deemed non-regulated (Waltz 2018).”
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CRISPR/Cas9 for soybean improvement: A review
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“Moreover, the regulatory evaluation has been lifted for edited drought-tolerant soybean by the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) (Waltz 2018).”
Advances in forest restoration management and technology
Stanturf, J. A., Dumroese, R. K., Elliott, S., Ivetić, V., Khokthong, W., Kleine, M., Lang, M., Löf, M., Madsen, P., Prescott, C. E., et al. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197683958.003.0011 · Cited by 7
26. New plant breeding technologies: US Department of Agriculture policy
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Vegetable Crop Improvement Using CRISPR/Cas9
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Application of Genome Engineering Methods for Quality Improvement in Important Crops
Fiaz, S., Khan, S. A., Anis, G. B., Ali, H., Ali, M., Ali, K., Noor, M. A., Ahmad, S., & Asad, B. A. (2021) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119672425.ch3 · Cited by 5
Genomic Interventions for Improving Crop Yield and Resilience
Barmukh, R., Thakur, N. R., & Shah, P. (2024) · Advances in plant breeding strategies · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-68586-6_3 · Cited by 3
Comprehensive approaches to design efficient gRNA for SDN1-CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing in wheat
Singh, T., Mamrutha, H. M., Rajender, S., Jaiswal, J. P., Wadhwa, Z., Kumar, R., Singh, O., Ahlawat, O. P., & Tiwari, R. (2025) · Frontiers in Genome Editing · doi:10.3389/fgeed.2025.1579165 · Cited by 4
“Many of their products are under fi eld testing in different countries, and several have been commercially released (Abdul Aziz et al., 2022; Waltz, 2018; Menz et al., 2020; Sprink et al., 2022; Bruetschy, 2019).”
CRISPR and RNAi technology for crop improvements in the developing countries
Hameed, A., & Awais, M. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-821910-2.00034-5 · Cited by 3
Gao, H., Ran, Q., Hu, X., & Zhu, Q. (2020) · Chinese Science Bulletin (Chinese Version) · doi:10.1360/tb-2020-0891 · Cited by 2
Hillmann, K. (2019) · Digital Commons - Hamline (Hamline University) · Cited by 3
Genetic Modification of Pest and Beneficial Insects for Pest Management Programs
Hoy, M. A. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-815230-0.00014-5 · Cited by 3
Transgenic horticultural crops for combating abiotic stresses
Tiwari, V., & Charuvi, D. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-822849-4.00006-1 · Cited by 3
Light Dynamics of the Retinal‐Disease‐Relevant G90D Bovine Rhodopsin Mutant
Kubatova, N., Mao, J., Eckert, C. E., Saxena, K., Gande, S. L., Wachtveitl, J., Glaubitz, C., & Schwalbe, H. (2020) · Angewandte Chemie · doi:10.1002/ange.202003671 · Cited by 3
Regulation of Genetically Modified and Gene-Edited Foods: An Overview
Martin, A. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-8125-7_23 · Cited by 3
Volpe, C., Bartošová, Z., Kissen, R., Winge, P., & Nymark, M. (2025) · Marine Drugs · doi:10.3390/md23110419 · Cited by 2
“…since gene-edited organisms without foreign DNA are excluded from GMO regulations in a range of different countries outside of the EU, such as the UK, USA, Brazil, Argentina, Australia, Israel, India, and Japan [63], making commercialization of products from such mutants more accessible [64,65].”
Hefferon, K. L., Venkataraman, S., Alok, A., Moiketsi, B. N., Malik, S., Masisi, K., Rantong, G., Kwape, T. E., Gaobotse, G., & Makhzoum, A. B. (2025) · Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1080/10409238.2025.2577956 · Cited by 2
“…are grown elsewhere. in canada and the USA, cRiSPR/cas9-edited crops are excluded from regulatory measures for cultivation and sale (waltz 2016, waltz 2018). in these countries, genome-edited crops are evaluated on an individual basis, irrespective of the tools used for generating these crops…”
Al-Sawa’eer, A. S., Al-Samydai, A., Odeh, L., Ahmad, F. H., Obekh, R., Elqader, Y. M. A., Khaleel, A., Alathamneh, A., Gabriele, M., Simone, S. C. D., et al. (2026) · Plants · doi:10.3390/plants15050787 · Cited by 2
Metadata
- Authors
- Waltz, E.
- Corresponding author
- Waltz, Emily
- Venue
- Nature Biotechnology
- Published
- 2018-01
- Volume
- 36
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 6-7
- ISSN
- 0733-222X (ISSN-L)
- 1087-0156
- 1546-1696
- OpenAlex
- W2783502825
- Cited by
- 279
- References
- 5
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 40 · 2020: 43 · 2019: 38 · 2018: 21
- Type
- other
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature Biotechnology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › CRISPR and Genetic Engineering
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Genetically Modified Organisms Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biotechnology › Transgenic Plants and Applications
- Keywords
- CRISPR gene editing, regulatory approval, commercialization, medicinal plants, plant biotechnology regulation
- MeSH terms
- Gene Editing, Genome, Plant, Camellia, Plants, Genetically Modified, CRISPR-Cas Systems
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