An asteroidal origin for water in the Moon
Open accessAbstract
The Apollo-derived tenet of an anhydrous Moon has been contested following measurement of water in several lunar samples that require water to be present in the lunar interior. However, significant uncertainties exist regarding the flux, sources and timing of water delivery to the Moon. Here we address those fundamental issues by constraining the mass of water accreted to the Moon and modelling the relative proportions of asteroidal and cometary sources for water that are consistent with measured isotopic compositions of lunar samples. We determine that a combination of carbonaceous chondrite-type materials were responsible for the majority of water (and nitrogen) delivered to the Earth–Moon system. Crucially, we conclude that comets containing water enriched in deuterium contributed significantly <20% of the water in the Moon. Therefore, our work places important constraints on the types of objects impacting the Moon ∼4.5–4.3 billion years ago and on the origin of water in the inner Solar System.
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Asteroids are characterized by large amount of volatiles, including ~1-15% water, hydrocarbons, organic compounds, and sulfur with an elemental content of a few percent.
“For the asteroids, they are characterized by large amount of volatiles, including ~1-15% water, 236 hydrocarbons, organic compounds, and sulfur with an elemental content of a few percent.”
From Energy system and resource utilization in space: A state-of-the-art review (2024) · cites this paper as [236]
The Discussion describes water-rich carbonaceous-chondrite asteroids, and Methods > Mixing models mentions water hosted in phyllosilicates and organic matter compounds. The cited paper does not substantiate the claim’s ~1–15% water range, hydrocarbons, or sulfur content of a few percent; it also discusses particular asteroid types rather than asteroids generally. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)
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- Authors
- Barnes, J. J., Kring, D. A., Tartèse, R., Franchi, I. A., Anand, M., & Russell, S. S.
- Affiliations
- The Open University (GB)
- Lunar and Planetary Institute (US)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- Natural History Museum (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Barnes, Jessica J.
- Venue
- Nature Communications
- Published
- 2016-05-31
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 11684-11684
- ISSN
- 2041-1723 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4895054
- OpenAlex
- W2410907776
- Cited by
- 110
- References
- 76
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 5
- FWCI
- 5.58
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Nature Communications (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Open Research Online - ORO (The Open University) (acceptedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- USRA Houston Repository (Lunar and Planetary Institute) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NNA14AB07A)
- Solar System Exploration Research Virtual Institute (NNA14AB07A)
- Science and Technology Facilities Council (1143585, ST/I001298/1, /L000776/1, ST/L000776/1)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astro and Planetary Science
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Planetary Science and Exploration
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geophysics › Geological and Geochemical Analysis
- Keywords
- lunar water, carbonaceous chondrites, Apollo samples
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