Observations of an extreme storm in interplanetary space caused by successive coronal mass ejections
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Space weather refers to dynamic conditions on the Sun and in the space environment of the Earth, which are often driven by solar eruptions and their subsequent interplanetary disturbances. It has been unclear how an extreme space weather storm forms and how severe it can be. Here we report and investigate an extreme event with multi-point remote-sensing and in situ observations. The formation of the extreme storm showed striking novel features. We suggest that the in-transit interaction between two closely launched coronal mass ejections resulted in the extreme enhancement of the ejecta magnetic field observed near 1 AU at STEREO A. The fast transit to STEREO A (in only 18.6 h), or the unusually weak deceleration of the event, was caused by the preconditioning of the upstream solar wind by an earlier solar eruption. These results provide a new view crucial to solar physics and space weather as to how an extreme space weather event can arise from a combination of solar eruptions.
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The limited evidence so far indicates that SAI infrastructure would be vulnerable and exposed to damage from extreme space weather, leading to termination shock if SAI was sufficiently thick.
“Even with high uncertainties of potential infrastructural impacts (Royal Academy of Engineering, 2013; National Science Technology Council, 2019) and the nature of the event itself (Liu et al., 2014; Pulkkinen et al., 2015; Eastwood et al., 2017), the limited evidence so far indicates that SAI infrastructure would be vulnerable and exposed to damage, thus leading to termination shock if SAI was su”
From A Fate Worse Than Warming? Stratospheric Aerosol Injection and Global Catastrophic Risk (2021) · cites this paper as Liu et al., 2014
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“Even with high uncertainties of potential infrastructural impacts (Royal Academy of Engineering, 2013; National Science Technology Council, 2019) and the nature of the event itself (Liu et al., 2014; Pulkkinen et al., 2015; Eastwood et al., 2017), the limited evidence so far indicates that SAI infrastructure would be…”
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- Authors
- Liu, Y. D., Luhmann, J. G., Kajdič, P., Kilpua, E. K. J., Lugaz, N., Nitta, N. V., Möstl, C., Lavraud, B., Bale, S. D., Farrugia, C. J., & Galvin, A. B.
- Affiliations
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CN)
- Space Sciences Laboratory (US)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- University of Helsinki (FI)
- University of New Hampshire (US)
- Lockheed Martin (United States) (US)
- Austrian Academy of Sciences (AT)
- Corresponding author
- Liu, Ying D.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature Communications
- Published
- 2014-03-18
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 3481-3481
- ISSN
- 2041-1723 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2161975006
- Cited by
- 293
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 30 · 2018: 27 · 2017: 36 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 11
- FWCI
- 17.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature Communications (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- University of New Hampshire Scholars Repository (University of New Hampshire at Manchester) (submittedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration
- European Commission (2007–2013, FP7 2007-2013, FP7/2007, 263252)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Solar and Space Plasma Dynamics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Ionosphere and magnetosphere dynamics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
- Keywords
- coronal mass ejections, CME-CME interaction, solar wind, STEREO-A, CME deceleration, solar eruptions
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