Cited by 594Estrogen and related hormone effectsAdrenal Hormones and DisordersReceptor Mechanisms and Signaling

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Genomic and nongenomic effects of glucocorticoids

Stahn, Cindy, Buttgereit, Frank·2008·Nature Clinical Practice Rheumatology

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Abstract

The strong anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects of glucocorticoids are mediated primarily by the cytosolic glucocorticoid receptors. These receptors are members of the steroid hormone receptor family, a superfamily of ligand-inducible transcription factors, and exert genomic effects that can result in increased expression of regulatory-including anti-inflammatory-proteins (transactivation), or decreased production of proinflammatory proteins (transrepression). Transactivation is thought to be responsible for numerous adverse effects of glucocorticoids; transrepression is thought to be responsible for many of the clinically desirable anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects of glucocorticoids. Optimized glucocorticoids, such as selective glucocorticoid receptor agonists, are being developed to try to minimize the adverse effects many patients experience. Glucocorticoids also exert their effects via rapid, nongenomic mechanisms that can be classified as involving nonspecific interactions of glucocorticoids with cellular membranes, nongenomic effects that are mediated by cytosolic glucocorticoid receptors, or specific interactions with membrane-bound glucocorticoid receptors. Increased understanding of these mechanisms of glucocorticoid action could enable the development of novel drugs with which to treat patients with inflammatory and autoimmune disease.

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“GCs can also act through a variety of nongenomic signaling pathways (Evanson et al., 2010; Lowenberg et al., 2007; Stahn and Buttgereit, 2008).”
Background
Glucocorticoid-induced fetal origins of adult hypertension: Association with epigenetic events
Anwar, M. A., Saleh, A. I., Olabi, R. A., Shehabi, T. S. A., & Eid, A. H. (2016) · Vascular Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.vph.2016.02.002 · Cited by 38
Daily consumption of the collagen supplement Pure Gold Collagen® reduces visible signs of aging
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Glucocorticoids in myasthenia gravis - if, when, how, and how much?
Hoffmann, S., Köhler, S., Ziegler, A., & Meisel, A. (2014) · Acta Neurologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/ane.12261 · Cited by 36
“A detailed explanation of the currently available data on immune mechanisms of GC is beyond the scope of this article and discussed thoroughly elsewhere (14).”
Background
Membrane-Associated Effects of Glucocorticoid on BACE1 Upregulation and Aβ Generation: Involvement of Lipid Raft-Mediated CREB Activation
Choi, G. E., Lee, S., Lee, H. J., Ko, S. H., Chae, C. W., & Han, H. J. (2017) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0074-17.2017 · Cited by 34
“In addition to the genomic pathway, glucocorticoid can also mediate acute physiological effect without the genomic pathway (Croxtall et al., 2002; Tasker et al., 2006; Stahn and Buttgereit, 2008).”
Background
Glucocorticoid treatment in juvenile idiopathic arthritis
Batu, E. D. (2018) · Rheumatology International · doi:10.1007/s00296-018-4168-0 · Cited by 35
Differential Thermoregulatory and Inflammatory Patterns in the Circadian Response to LPS-Induced Septic Shock
Fedele, M. L. M., Aiello, I., Caldart, C. S., Golombek, D. A., Marpegán, L., & Paladino, N. (2020) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2020.00100 · Cited by 36
Bidirectional crosstalk between Hypoxia-Inducible Factor and glucocorticoid signalling in zebrafish larvae
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Ancient fishes and the functional evolution of the corticosteroid stress response in vertebrates
Bouyoucos, I. A., Schoen, A. N., Wahl, R. C., & Anderson, W. G. (2021) · Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A Molecular & Integrative Physiology · doi:10.1016/j.cbpa.2021.111024 · Cited by 40
Steroid pulse therapy for Kawasaki disease unresponsive to additional immunoglobulin therapy
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“High concentrations of steroids intercalate into the plasma and mitochondrial membranes of immune cells, thereby altering their physicochemical properties and the activities of membrane- associated proteins (25), which are believed to contribute to rapid immunosuppression.”
Background
Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy: Current Therapeutic Approaches and Future Outlooks
Rajabally, Y. A. (2024) · ImmunoTargets and Therapy · doi:10.2147/itt.s388151 · Cited by 35
“44 Corticosteroids also have rapid direct non-genomic mechanisms likely through heterogeneous receptors and pathways with similarly diverse impacts.”
Methylprednisolone inhibits IFN-γ and IL-17 expression and production by cells infiltrating central nervous system in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
Miljković, Ž., Momčilović, M., Miljković, D., & Mostarica-Stojković, M. (2009) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/1742-2094-6-37 · Cited by 35
“Recently, a new concept of non-genomic actions of glucocorticoids emerged which assumes that activated glucocorticoid receptor may produce effects without an action on gene transcription [reviewed in [18]].”
Background
Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteoporosis: A Review
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“The human cGCR gene, located at chromosome 5q31.”
BackgroundInfluential
Dexamethasone-Induced Perturbations in Tissue Metabolomics Revealed by Chemical Isotope Labeling LC-MS Analysis
Dahabiyeh, L. A., Malkawi, A. K., Wang, X., Çolak, D., Mujamammi, A. H., Sabi, E. M., Li, L., Dasouki, M., & Rahman, A. M. A. (2020) · Metabolites · doi:10.3390/metabo10020042 · Cited by 35
“GCs exert their biological effects by binding with GC receptors (GCRs) and activating genomic and non‐genomic pathways [3].”
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Management of Lupus Nephritis: New Treatments and Updated Guidelines
Avasare, R. S., Drexler, Y. R., Caster, D. J., Mitrofanova, A. V., & Jefferson, J. A. (2023) · Kidney360 · doi:10.34067/kid.0000000000000230 · Cited by 34
“46 Thus, IV methylprednisolone pulses (up to a cumulative dose of 1 – 1.5 g) can rapidly induce both anti-in ﬂ ammatory and immune effects, followed by reduced dose GCs to maintain immunosuppression.”
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Pharmacological therapies for acute respiratory distress syndrome
Spieth, P. M., & Zhang, H. (2013) · Current Opinion in Critical Care · doi:10.1097/mcc.0000000000000056 · Cited by 33
Localization and Dynamics of Glucocorticoid Receptor at the Plasma Membrane of Activated Mast Cells
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Transcriptional Regulation of Human Transforming Growth Factor-α in Astrocytes
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“plex, followed by the complex’s binding to the promoter region where the GRE cis-element is located, resulting in modulation of gene transcriptions of interest [65].”
Early high-dose intravenous corticosteroids rapidly arrest Stevens Johnson syndrome and drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms recurrence on drug re-exposure
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Corticosteroids in ARDS
Kuperminc, E., Heming, N., Carlos, M., & Annane, D. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm12093340 · Cited by 40
“Cellular effects of corticosteroids are mediated by both genomic and non-genomic signaling pathways [34].”
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A membrane glucocorticoid receptor mediates the rapid/non‐genomic actions of glucocorticoids in mammalian skeletal muscle fibres
Pérez, M. H., Cormack, J., Mallinson, D. J., & Mutungi, G. (2013) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2013.256586 · Cited by 36
“8; Barnes, 1998; Stahn & Buttgereit, 2008).”
BackgroundInfluential
Lipid Raft- and Protein Kinase C-mediated Synergism between Glucocorticoid- and Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone Signaling Results in Decreased Cell Proliferation
Wehmeyer, L., Toit, A. D., Lang, D. M., & Hapgood, J. P. (2014) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m113.544742 · Cited by 34
Glucocorticoid Receptor Signaling Impairs Protein Turnover Regulation in Hypoxia-Induced Muscle Atrophy in Male Mice
de Theije, C. C., Schols, A. M. W. J., Lamers, W. H., Ceelen, J., van Gorp, R. H., Hermans, J. J. R., Köhler, E. S., & LANGEN, R. C. J. (2017) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2017-00603 · Cited by 33
Glucocorticoid-Like Activity of Escin: A New Mechanism for an Old Drug
Gallelli, L., Cione, E., Wang, T., & Zhang, L. (2021) · Drug Design Development and Therapy · doi:10.2147/dddt.s297501 · Cited by 33
“cates together with its ligand into the nucleus within 10 to 30 min.(10) In the nucleus, homodimers of the glucocorti-”
Background
Increase of body mass index in a tight controlled methotrexate‐based strategy with prednisone in early rheumatoid arthritis: Side effect of the prednisone or better control of disease activity?
Jurgens, M. S., Jacobs, J. W. G., Geenen, R., Bossema, E. R., Bakker, M. F., Bijlsma, J. W. J., van Albada‐Kuipers, I. A., Ehrlich, J. C., Lafeber, F. P. J. G., Welsing, P. M. J., et al. (2012) · Arthritis Care & Research · doi:10.1002/acr.21797 · Cited by 31
“We cannot distinguish between individual hypothetical effects explaining weight gain, such as GCinduced increase of appetite or metabolic effects, via the genomic mechanism of transactivation (17,18), and diminished cytokine-induced weight loss.”
Background
Regulation of local steroidogenesis in the brain and in prostate cancer: Lessons learned from interdisciplinary collaboration
Fokidis, H. B., Adomat, H. H., Kharmate, G., Beheshti, E. H., Guns, E. S. T., & Soma, K. K. (2014) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2014.08.005 · Cited by 31
“, 2004), which can require high doses (Stahn and Buttgereit, 2008).”
Background
Will we ever have better glucocorticoids?
Buttgereit, F., Bijlsma, J. W. J., & Strehl, C. (2017) · Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.clim.2017.07.023 · Cited by 31
Acute lethal crush-injured rats can be successfully rescued by a single injection of high-dose dexamethasone through a pathway involving PI3K-Akt-eNOS signaling
Murata, I., Ooi, K., Shoji, S., Motohashi, Y., Kan, M., Ohtake, K., Kimura, S., UEDA, H. M. D., Nakano, G., Sonoda, K., et al. (2013) · The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care · doi:10.1097/ta.0b013e3182905f11 · Cited by 31
“In addition to the local nongenomic signaling mediated by DEX (as discussed previously), DEX also exerts its antiinflammatory actions at the transcriptional level via the genomic pathway by either direct or indirect interactions with transcription factors, such as nuclear factor-kappa B and activator protein 1.(24) Wh…”
Background
Reduction in Corticosteroids Is Associated with Better Health-Related Quality of Life after Liver Transplantation
Zaydfudim, V. M., Feurer, I. D., Landman, M. P., Moore, D. E., Wright, K. J., & Pinson, W. C. (2011) · Journal of the American College of Surgeons · doi:10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2011.10.006 · Cited by 30
“These effects are notably dose-dependent and are also influenced by the duration of treatment.(16,17) We aimed to test the association between the dosedependent effects of corticosteroids and health-related quality of life after liver transplantation.”
As-needed ICS-LABA in Mild Asthma: What Does the Evidence Say?
Domingo, C., Rello, J., & Sogo, A. (2019) · Drugs · doi:10.1007/s40265-019-01202-0 · Cited by 30
Diffuse Alveolar Hemorrhage After Pediatric Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
Fan, K., McArthur, J. A., Morrison, R. R., & Ghafoor, S. (2020) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2020.01757 · Cited by 30
“Glucocorticoids inhibit the cycling of sodium and calcium across the plasma membrane, reducing the availability of intracellular free calcium, which inhibits neutrophil degranulation (58, 60, 66).”
BackgroundInfluential
Genetic Mapping with Multiple Levels of Phenotypic Information Reveals Determinants of Lymphocyte Glucocorticoid Sensitivity
Maranville, J., Baxter, S. S., Witonsky, D., Chase, M., & Rienzo, A. D. (2013) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.08.005 · Cited by 28
Inter-ethnic differences in lymphocyte sensitivity to glucocorticoids reflect variation in transcriptional response
Maranville, J., Baxter, S. S., Torres, J., & Rienzo, A. D. (2011) · The Pharmacogenomics Journal · doi:10.1038/tpj.2011.55 · Cited by 29
“direct disruption of cell membranes or interaction or modulation of T cell receptor activity (27)), they act primarily through the regulation of gene expression (28).”
Genomic effects of glucocorticoids
Grbeša, I., & Hakim, O. (2016) · PROTOPLASMA · doi:10.1007/s00709-016-1063-y · Cited by 30
“Other, non-genomic activities of GCs have been discussed elsewhere (Stahn and Buttgereit 2008; Alangari 2010; Zen et al. 2011).”
Background
Dexamethasone premedication suppresses vaccine-induced immune responses against cancer
Vormehr, M., Lehar, S. M., Kranz, L. M., Tähtinen, S., Oei, Y. A., Javinal, V., Delamarre, L., Walzer, K. C., Diken, M., Kreiter, S., et al. (2020) · OncoImmunology · doi:10.1080/2162402x.2020.1758004 · Cited by 28
“Moreover, direct interactions with a variety of pathways have been described.(2-5) As a result, GCS have a plethora of downstream effects and can modulate the immune system in various ways, which are still not fully understood.”
Background
Epigenetics, pregnancy and autoimmune rheumatic diseases
Pacini, G., Paolino, S., Andréoli, L., Tincani, A., Gerosa, M., Caporali, R. F., Iagnocco, A., Ospelt, C., Smith, V. M., & Cutolo, M. (2020) · Autoimmunity Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102685 · Cited by 32
“It directly modulates virtually all immune cells, essentially exerting an antiinflammatory and immunomodulatory effect [87,88].”
Background
Interaction Mechanism of Cortisol and Catecholamines with Structural Components of Erythrocyte Membranes
Panin, L. E., Mokrushnikov, P. V., Kunitsyn, V. G., & Зайцев, Б. Н. (2010) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry B · doi:10.1021/jp911917a · Cited by 29
Restoring immune suppression in the multiple sclerosis brain
Koning, N., Uitdehaag, B. M. J., Huitinga, I., & Hoek, R. M. (2009) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2009.09.005 · Cited by 28
“Glucocorticoids (GCs) are known for their broad anti-inflammatory properties (Stahn and Buttgereit, 2008).”
Background
Modulation of HIV-1 virulence via the host glucocorticoid receptor: towards further understanding the molecular mechanisms of HIV-1 pathogenesis
Hapgood, J. P., & Tomasicchio, M. (2010) · Archives of Virology · doi:10.1007/s00705-010-0678-0 · Cited by 28
“This can occur through direct DNA binding by the GR to glucocorticoid response elements (GREs) or via tethering to other transcription factors, thereby activating or repressing gene transcription [22, 23, 31, 32].”
Background
Psychological and endocrine factors and pain after mastectomy
Nishimura, D., Kosugi, S., Onishi, Y., Ihara, N., Wakaizumi, K., Nagata, H., Yamada, T., Suzuki, T., Hashiguchi, S., & Morisaki, H. (2017) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1002/ejp.1014 · Cited by 28
“Glucocorticoids are known to exert strong anti-inflammatory effects (Stahn and Buttgereit, 2008) and to inhibit the release of prostaglandins via the arachidonic acid pathway, and hence, play a role in the regulation of pain perception (Flower and Blackwell, 1979).”
Background

Authors: Stahn, C., & Buttgereit, F.
Affiliations: Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin (DE)
Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin (DE)
Corresponding author: Buttgereit, Frank
ORCID: Buttgereit, Frank
Venue: Nature Clinical Practice Rheumatology
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2008-09-02
Volume: 4
Issue: 10
Pages: 525-533
ISSN: 1745-8382 (ISSN-L)
1745-8390
DOI: 10.1038/ncprheum0898
OpenAlex: W1968436319
Cited by: 594
References: 65
Citations by year: 2026: 19 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 40 · 2022: 49 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 46 · 2019: 40 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 35 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 37 · 2014: 41 · 2013: 31 · 2012: 29
FWCI: 2.66
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Nature Clinical Practice Rheumatology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Endocrinology › Estrogen and related hormone effects
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Receptor Mechanisms and Signaling
Keywords: glucocorticoids, glucocorticoid receptor, genomic mechanisms, transcriptional activation, transrepression, steroid hormone receptors, selective glucocorticoid receptor agonists, adverse effects, anti-inflammatory activity, immunosuppression, rheumatic diseases
MeSH terms: Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Cell Membrane, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Glucocorticoids, Humans, Immunosuppressive Agents, Ligands, Receptors, Glucocorticoid, Rheumatology, Transcriptional Activation, Genomics

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Genomic and nongenomic effects of glucocorticoids

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