Cited by 1,191Multiple Sclerosis Research StudiesPsoriasis: Treatment and PathogenesisT-cell and B-cell Immunology

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RORγt drives production of the cytokine GM-CSF in helper T cells, which is essential for the effector phase of autoimmune neuroinflammation

Codarri, Laura, Gyülvészi, Gabor, Tosevski, Vinko, Hesske, Lysann, Fontana, Adriano, Magnenat, Laurent, Suter, Tobias, Becher, Burkhard·2011·Nature Immunology

DOI 10.1038/ni.2027

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Abstract

Although the role of the T(H)1 and T(H)17 subsets of helper T cells as disease mediators in autoimmune neuroinflammation remains a subject of some debate, none of their signature cytokines are essential for disease development. Here we report that interleukin 23 (IL-23) and the transcription factor RORγt drove expression of the cytokine GM-CSF in helper T cells, whereas IL-12, interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and IL-27 acted as negative regulators. Autoreactive helper T cells specifically lacking GM-CSF failed to initiate neuroinflammation despite expression of IL-17A or IFN-γ, whereas GM-CSF secretion by Ifng(-/-)Il17a(-/-) helper T cells was sufficient to induce experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). During the disease effector phase, GM-CSF sustained neuroinflammation via myeloid cells that infiltrated the central nervous system. Thus, in contrast to all other known helper T cell-derived cytokines, GM-CSF serves a nonredundant function in the initiation of autoimmune inflammation regardless of helper T cell polarization.

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Background
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Background
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Background
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Background
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Background
CCL17 in Inflammation and Pain
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“*p < 0.05 compared to levels found in naïve spinal cord. also potently increased SPARCL1 levels (Figure 6E), even though it also serves as an important effector in Th17-driven EAE by mobilizing myeloid cells to the CNS (Kroenke et al., 2008; Codarri et al., 2011).”
BackgroundInfluential
What Do Effective Treatments for Multiple Sclerosis Tell Us about the Molecular Mechanisms Involved in Pathogenesis?
Buzzard, K. A., Broadley, S., & Butzkueven, H. (2012) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms131012665 · Cited by 51
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Background
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Souza‐Moreira, L., Morell, M. H., Delgado‐Maroto, V., Pedreño, M., Martinez-Escudero, L., Caro, M., O’Valle, F., Luque, R. M., Gallo, M., de Lecea, L., et al. (2013) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1300384 · Cited by 41
“Of relevance is also the fact that cortistatin downregulated the production of GM-CSF by activated T cells, because it serves a nonredundant function in the initiation of autoimmune inflammation in EAE regardless of Th cell polarization (21).”
Background
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“During the EAE disease effector phase, GM-CSF was reported to sustain neuroinflammation via myeloid cells that infiltrated the central nervous system [64].”
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Th1 not Th17 cells drive spontaneous MS-like disease despite a functional regulatory T cell response
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“…provide a mechanisms through which Tregs cells reinforce the epithelial barrier (Lin et al., 2014), this same Th17 population can accumulate and produce additional mediators such as IFN γ or GM-CSF during gut inﬂammatory disorders (Ahern et al., 2010; Codarri et al., 2011; El-Behi et al., 2011).”
Background
Ubiquitination of RORγt at Lysine 446 Limits Th17 Differentiation by Controlling Co-activator Recruitment
He, Z.-H., Wang, F., Ma, J., Sen, S., Zhang, J., Gwack, Y., Zhou, Y., & Sun, Z.-M. (2016) · Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1600548 · Cited by 38
“Conversely, effective prevention of Th17-mediated autoimmune diseases, such as multiple sclerosis and psoriasis, depends on inhibiting Th17 differentiation (4, 17, 18, 21, 47).”
Background
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Ma, T., Wang, F., Xu, S., & Huang, J. H. (2021) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2021.01.028 · Cited by 38
Harnessing the Therapeutic Potential of Th17 Cells
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“Furthermore, two recent studies revealed that, in EAE and in patients with MS, GM-CSF is produced by a separate T cell subset than byTh17 cells [95, 96].”
BATF-dependent IL-7RhiGM-CSF+ T cells control intestinal graft-versus-host disease
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“GM-CSF has been implicated as a critical T cell–derived effector cytokine that drives immunemediated diseases such as multiple sclerosis (27, 28).”
Background
Modulation of PKM Activity Controls Differentiation of Th17 Cells
Seki, S. M., Posyniak, K., McCloud, R. L., Rosen, D. A., Fernández-Castañeda, A., Beiter, R. M., Serbulea, V., Nanziri, S. C., Hayes, N. W., Spivey, C., et al. (2019) · Science Signaling · doi:10.1126/scisignal.aay9217 · Cited by 38
“In experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a mouse model for MS, genetic or pharmacologic interventions that target RORT (7, 8, 11), Hif-1 (9, 12), STAT3 (10), IL-17A (13), or GM-CSF (14) all ameliorate disease.”
BackgroundInfluential
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Halofuginone-Induced Amino Acid Starvation Regulates Stat3-Dependent Th17 Effector Function and Reduces Established Autoimmune Inflammation
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“mice, where direct molecular analysis of IL-23–mediated signal transduction is not possible (12, 21, 22).”
Background
IL-27, but not IL-35, inhibits neuroinflammation through modulating GM-CSF expression
Casella, G., Finardi, A., Descamps, H. C., Colombo, F., Maiorino, C., Ruffini, F., Patrone, M., Degano, M., Martino, G., Muzio, L., et al. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-16702-w · Cited by 38
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“and acanthosis [19] and that IL-23 can drive GM-CSF production, which is essential for the induction of EAE [16,17].”
Background
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BackgroundInfluential
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Background
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Background
Early Treatment with Anti-VLA-4 mAb Can Prevent the Infiltration and/or Development of Pathogenic CD11b+CD4+ T Cells in the CNS during Progressive EAE
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Background
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Background
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“In particular, GM-CSF produced by TH17 cells is a key stimulator of the encephalitogenic program (5, 6).”
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“Other studies revealed that the encephalitogenic properties of Th17 cells depend on GM-CSF production [23,25], whereas IL-10 production has been strongly related to non-pathogenic Th17 cells in EAE [18].”
Background
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Chen, Y., Li, F., Hua, M., Liang, M., & Song, C. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1158859 · Cited by 40
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The effect of dimethyl fumarate on gene expression and the level of cytokines related to different T helper cell subsets in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with psoriasis
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The essential role of t cells in multiple sclerosis: A reappraisal
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AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Suppresses Autoimmune Central Nervous System Disease by Regulating M1-Type Macrophage–Th17 Axis
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BackgroundResultInfluential
miR‐223‐3p promotes autoreactive T h 17 cell responses in experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) by inhibiting transcription factor FOXO3 expression
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“KEY WORDS: IL-23 • pathogenic Th17 cells • IL-23R • GM-CSF • IL-22 T helper (Th)17 cells are critically involved in the pathogenesis of various autoimmune disorders, including uveitis and its animal model, experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) (1–3).”
BackgroundInfluential
BHLHE40 Promotes TH2 Cell–Mediated Antihelminth Immunity and Reveals Cooperative CSF2RB Family Cytokines
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“; licensee BioMed Central Ltd Commons Attribution License (http://creativec reproduction in any medium, provided the or IL-17 produced by CD4 or CD8 T cells specific to myelin proteins (likely in response to IL-23 and granulocyte monocyte-colony stimulating factor, GM-CSF) plays a preponderant role in the autoimmune d…”
Background
The Transcription Factor Twist1 Limits T Helper 17 and T Follicular Helper Cell Development by Repressing the Gene Encoding the Interleukin-6 Receptor α Chain
Pham, D., Walline, C. C., Hollister, K., Dent, A. L., Blum, J. S., Firulli, A. B., & Kaplan, M. H. (2013) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m113.497248 · Cited by 35
“Twist1fl/flCD4-Cre mice manifested severe clinical symptom of MOG-induced EAE than wild type mice, although maximal severity and recovery were similar (Fig.”
BackgroundInfluential
The Transcription Factor E74-like Factor 4 Suppresses Differentiation of Proliferating CD4+ T Cells to the Th17 Lineage
Lee, P., Puppi, M., Schluns, K. S., Yu‐Lee, L., Dong, C., & Lacorazza, H. D. (2013) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1301372 · Cited by 35
“Hence, loss of ELF4 worsened clinical symptoms of EAE at least in part by increasing infiltration of Th17 cells to the brain.”
BackgroundInfluential
Blockade of GM-CSF pathway induced sustained suppression of myeloid and T cell activities in rheumatoid arthritis
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Gut microbial metabolite deoxycholic acid facilitates Th17 differentiation through modulating cholesterol biosynthesis and participates in high-fat diet-associated colonic inflammation
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“…up-regulated molecules related to the pathogenicity of Th17 cells, such as CCR6, a chemokine receptor crucial for pro-inflammatory function of Th17 in autoimmune disease involving EAE and arthritis, and GM-CSF as well as GZMB, the critical components of pathogenic Th17 signature [22–24] (Fig.”
Background
Transcription factor TCF1 binds to RORγt and orchestrates a regulatory network that determines homeostatic Th17 cell state
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Lymph node-derived donor encephalitogenic CD4+T cells in C57BL/6 mice adoptive transfer experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis highly express GM-CSF and T-bet
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“Other investigators recently showed that GM-CSF may play critical role in different models of active and passive EAE [41-43].”
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Cathepsin B inhibitor alleviates Th1, Th17, and Th22 transcription factor signaling dysregulation in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
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“Activated CD4 T cells in the CNS, which produce pro-inflammatory molecules such as IFN-y, TNF-α, IL-17, lymphotoxin, and GM-CSF, are considered to play a central role in the pathogenesis of MS and EAE (Zamvil and Steinman, 1990; Sospedra and Martin, 2005; Segal, 2010; Codarri et al., 2011).”
BackgroundInfluential
Adrenomedullin protects from experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis at multiple levels
Pedreño, M., Morell, M., Robledo, G., Souza-Moreira, L., Forte-Lago, I., Caro, M., O'Valle, F., Ganea, D., & González-Rey, E. (2013) · Brain, behavior, and immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2013.11.021 · Cited by 27
“…and osteopontin by encephalitogenic T cells, since both cytokines serve a nonredundant function in the initiation of autoimmune inflammation and in the generation of Th1 and Th17 cells in EAE and MS (Codarri et al., 2011; Chabas et al., 2001; Jansson et al., 2002; Murugaiyan et al., 2008, 2010).”
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The Role of Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor in Murine Models of Multiple Sclerosis
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“The role of Th17 cells in EAE is further supported by an elegant study that demonstrated that the upregulation of both IL-23 and RORγt license the Th17 cells to produce GM-CSF.”
BackgroundInfluential
Immunotherapy of aspergillosis
Carvalho, A., Cunha, C., Bistoni, F., & Romani, L. R. (2011) · Clinical Microbiology and Infection · doi:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03681.x · Cited by 33
Oncogenic kinase inhibition limits Batf3-dependent dendritic cell development and antitumor immunity
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“Secretion of GM-CSF and IL-17 and expression of RORγt can be regulated by IL-1β or IL-23p19 (Codarri et al., 2011; Lukens et al., 2012; Wu et al., 2016).”
RNA-Binding Protein HuR Promotes Th17 Cell Differentiation and Can Be Targeted to Reduce Autoimmune Neuroinflammation
Chen, J., Martindale, J. L., Abdelmohsen, K., Kumar, G., Fortina, P. M., Gorospe, M., Rostami, A. M., & Yu, S. (2020) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1900769 · Cited by 34
“with reports that GM-CSF is a critical cytokine for the pathogenicity of Th17 cells in EAE (4, 34, 40) and extend our previous report to better understand the mechanism by which HuR plays a critical role in Th17 cells.”
Background
The hedgehog pathway suppresses neuropathogenesis in CD4 T cell-driven inflammation
Benallegue, N., Kébir, H., Kapoor, R., Crockett, A. M., Li, C., Cheslow, L., Abdel-Hakeem, M. S., Gesualdi, J., Miller, M. C., Wherry, E. J., et al. (2021) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awab083 · Cited by 31
“Next, we determined whether SMO deficiency in CD4 T cells could alter their immunopathological response within the inflamed CNS.”
BackgroundInfluential
The Multiple Roles of B Cells in Multiple Sclerosis and Their Implications in Multiple Sclerosis TherapiesPreprint
Li, R., & Bar‐Or, A. (2018) · Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine · doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a029108 · Cited by 32
“2001) and GM-CSF-deficient Th17 cells fail to induce passive EAE (Ponomarev et al. 2007; Codarri et al. 2011; El-Behi et al. 2011).”
Background
Local immune cell contributions to fracture healing in aged individuals – A novel role for interleukin 22
Bucher, C. H., Berkmann, J. C., Burkhardt, L.-M., Paschke, C., Schlundt, C., Lang, A., Wolter, A., Damerau, A., Geißler, S., Volk, H., et al. (2022) · Experimental & Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1038/s12276-022-00834-9 · Cited by 36
Estrogen-mediated protection of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: Lessons from the dissection of estrogen receptor-signaling in vivo
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Deletion of the Mineralocorticoid Receptor in Myeloid Cells Attenuates Central Nervous System Autoimmunity
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Investigational therapies targeting the granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor-α in rheumatoid arthritis: focus on mavrilimumab
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Critical role of PRMT1 in Th17 differentiation by regulating the reciprocal recruitments of STAT3 and STAT5
Sen, S., He, Z.-H., Ghosh, S., Dery, K. J., Yang, L.-M., Zhang, J., & Sun, Z.-M. (2018) · Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1701654 · Cited by 28
“For visualization of CNS infiltration by cells of the immune system and demyelination, spinal cords of mice in which EAE was induced were collected on day 15.”
BackgroundInfluential
Sexual dimorphism in Th17/Treg axis in lymph nodes draining inflamed joints in rats with collagen-induced arthritis
Dimitrijević, M., Arsenović-Ranin, N., Kosec, D. J., Bufan, B., Nacka-Aleksić, M., Pilipović, I., & Leposavić, G. (2018) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2018.11.311 · Cited by 32
Functional cooperation of the hedgehog and androgen signaling pathways during developmental and repairing myelination
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“Furthermore, the IL-1β decrease induced by the drug combination is also consistent with the decrease of GM-CSF since IL-1β has been previously reported to be one of the cytokines that are indispensable for the production of GMCSF and thus pathogenic T cell generation in the EAE model (El-Behi et al., 2011; Komuczki et…”
BackgroundInfluential
Tetramerization of STAT5 promotes autoimmune-mediated neuroinflammation
Monaghan, K. L., Aesoph, D., Ammer, A. G., Zheng, W., Rahimpour, S., Farris, B. Y., Spinner, C. A., Li, P., Lin, J., Yu, Z., et al. (2021) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2116256118 · Cited by 31
Maternal immune activation induces autism-like behavior and reduces brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels in the hippocampus and offspring cortex of C57BL/6 mice
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Dual Inhibition of Interleukin-23 and Interleukin-17 Offers Superior Efficacy in Mouse Models of Autoimmunity
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“IL-23 induces additional proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-22 andGM-CSF, which have been shown to bemore critical than IL-17 to the pathology of certain animal disease models (Liang et al., 2006; Zheng et al., 2007; van der Fits et al., 2009; Codarri et al., 2011; El-Behi et al., 2011).”
Background
Stimulation of Adult Oligodendrogenesis by Myelin-Specific T Cells
Nielsen, H. H., Toft‐Hansen, H., Lambertsen, K. L., Owens, T., & Finsen, B. R. (2011) · American Journal Of Pathology · doi:10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.06.006 · Cited by 35
Oral zinc aspartate treats experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
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“Key pathogenic roles in this process were attributed to the Th1 cytokine IFN-c, the Th17 cytokine IL-17 and GM-CSF (Codarri et al. 2011; El-Behi et al. 2011).”
BackgroundInfluential
Th17 Cells Induce Th1-Polarizing Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells
Davidson, M. G., Alonso, M. N., Yuan, R. T., Axtell, R. C., Kenkel, J. A., Suhoski, M. M., González, J. C., Steinman, L., & Engleman, E. G. (2013) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1203201 · Cited by 32
“Th cell production of GM-CSF has been implicated as a driver of pathogenesis in EAE (15, 31).”
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Defining the functional states of Th17 cells
Lee, Y., & Kuchroo, V. K. (2015) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.6116.1 · Cited by 32
“IL-23 inhibits IL-10 production and instead promotes secretion of IL-22 and GM-CSF, suggesting that IL-23 drives the development of Th17 cells with unique functional properties 59–61 .”
Role of Th17 and Treg cells in septic arthritis and the impact of the Th17/Treg -derived cytokines in the pathogenesis of S. aureus induced septic arthritis in mice.
Dey, I., & Bishayi, B. (2017) · Microbial Pathogenesis · doi:10.1016/j.micpath.2017.10.033 · Cited by 22

Authors: Codarri, L., Gyülvészi, G., Tosevski, V., Hesske, L., Fontana, A., Magnenat, L., Suter, T., & Becher, B.
Affiliations: University Hospital Zurich (CH)
University of Zurich (CH)
Merck Serono S.A. (Switzerland) (CH)
Corresponding author: Becher, Burkhard
ORCID: Magnenat, Laurent
Suter, Tobias
Becher, Burkhard
Venue: Nature Immunology
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2011-04-24
Volume: 12
Issue: 6
Pages: 560-567
ISSN: 1529-2908 (ISSN-L)
1529-2916
DOI: 10.1038/ni.2027
OpenAlex: W2157837362
Cited by: 1,191
References: 44
Citations by year: 2026: 31 · 2025: 48 · 2024: 60 · 2023: 53 · 2022: 61 · 2021: 73 · 2020: 85 · 2019: 83 · 2018: 72 · 2017: 99 · 2016: 96 · 2015: 117 · 2014: 103 · 2013: 98 · 2012: 82
FWCI: 70.23
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Nature Immunology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Multiple Sclerosis Research Studies
Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Psoriasis: Treatment and Pathogenesis
Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
Keywords: RORγt, GM-CSF, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, T helper cells, IL-23, autoimmune neuroinflammation, Th1 cells, Th17 cells, myeloid cell infiltration, IL-12, interferon-gamma, IL-27, cytokine regulation
MeSH terms: Animals, Cells, Cultured, Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental, Female, Flow Cytometry, Glycoproteins, T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer, Interferon-gamma, Interleukins, Male, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mice, Inbred Strains, Mice, Transgenic, Peptide Fragments, Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor, Mice, Knockout, Th1 Cells, Interleukin-12, Interleukin-17, Mice, Interleukin-23, Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3, Th17 Cells, Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein

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RORγt drives production of the cytokine GM-CSF in helper T cells, which is essential for the effector phase of autoimmune neuroinflammation

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