Cited by 1,058Cancer Immunotherapy and BiomarkersImmunotherapy and Immune ResponsesCancer Genomics and Diagnostics

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 103 of the 104 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Natural selection of tumor variants in the generation of “tumor escape” phenotypes

Open access

Khong, Hung T., Restifo, Nicholas P.·2002·Nature Immunology

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

The idea that tumors must "escape" from immune recognition contains the implicit assumption that tumors can be destroyed by immune responses either spontaneously or as the result of immunotherapeutic intervention. Simply put, there is no need for tumor escape without immunological pressure. Here, we review evidence supporting the immune escape hypothesis and critically explore the mechanisms that may allow such escape to occur. We discuss the idea that the central engine for generating immunoresistant tumor cell variants is the genomic instability and dysregulation that is characteristic of the transformed genome. "Natural selection" of heterogeneous tumor cells results in the survival and proliferation of variants that happen to possess genetic and epigenetic traits that facilitate their growth and immune evasion. Tumor escape variants are likely to emerge after treatment with increasingly effective immunotherapies.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1038/ni1102-999

Cites

103 of 103 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

We couldn’t retrieve this paper’s full text, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Tumor-associated B7-H1 promotes T-cell apoptosis: A potential mechanism of immune evasion
Dong, H., Strome, S. E., Salomao, D. R., Tamura, H., Hirano, F., Flies, D. B., Roche, P. C., Lu, J., Zhu, G., Tamada, K., et al. (2002) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm730 · Cited by 5,025
Activation of NK cells and T cells by NKG2D, a receptor for stress-inducible MICA.
Bauer, S., Groh, V., Wu, J., Steinle, A., Phillips, J., Lanier, L., & Spies, T. (1999) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.285.5428.727 · Cited by 3,272
IFNγ and lymphocytes prevent primary tumour development and shape tumour immunogenicity
Shankaran, V., Ikeda, H., Bruce, A. T., White, J. M., Swanson, P. E., Old, L. J., & Schreiber, R. D. (2001) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35074122 · Cited by 2,896
Inhibition of death receptor signals by cellular FLIP
Irmler, M., Thome, M., Hahne, M., Schneider, P., Hofmann, K., Steiner, V., Bodmer, J.-L., Schröter, M., Burns, K., Mattmann, C., et al. (1997) · Nature · doi:10.1038/40657 · Cited by 2,548
A cell culture model for T lymphocyte clonal anergy
Schwartz, R. H. (1990) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.2113314 · Cited by 1,857
Stimulation of CD25(+)CD4(+) regulatory T cells through GITR breaks immunological self-tolerance
Shimizu, J., Yamazaki, S., Takahashi, T., Ishida, Y., & Sakaguchi, S. (2002) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni759 · Cited by 1,729
Immunologic tolerance maintained by CD25+ CD4+ regulatory T cells: their common role in controlling autoimmunity, tumor immunity, and transplantation tolerance
Sakaguchi, S., Sakaguchi, N., Shimizu, J., Yamazaki, S., Sakihama, T., Itoh, M., Kuniyasu, Y., Nomura, T., Toda, M., & Takahashi, T. (2001) · Immunological Reviews · doi:10.1034/j.1600-065x.2001.1820102.x · Cited by 1,505
Demonstration of an interferon γ-dependent tumor surveillance system in immunocompetent mice
Kaplan, D. H., Shankaran, V., Dighe, A. S., Stockert, E., Aguet, M., Old, L. J., & Schreiber, R. D. (1998) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.95.13.7556 · Cited by 1,465
CD4+CD25+ Immunoregulatory T Cells
McHugh, R. S., Whitters, M. J., Piccirillo, C. A., Young, D. A., Shevach, E. M., Collins, M., & Byrne, M. C. (2002) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/s1074-7613(02)00280-7 · Cited by 1,395
Melanoma Cell Expression of Fas(Apo-1/CD95) Ligand: Implications for Tumor Immune Escape
Hahne, M., Rimoldi, D., Schröter, M., Romero, P. J., Schreier, M. H., French, L. E., Schneider, P., Bornand, T., Fontana, A., Liénard, D., et al. (1996) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.274.5291.1363 · Cited by 1,236

Show all 104 references

Sorted by citations

Items 401–500 of 998

Influence of Immune Privilege on Ocular Tumor Development
McKenna, K. C., & Chen, P. W. (2010) · Ocular Immunology and Inflammation · doi:10.3109/09273941003669950 · Cited by 38
Immune selection during tumor checkpoint inhibition therapy paves way for NK-cell “missing self” recognition
Malmberg, K., Sohlberg, E., Goodridge, J. P., & Ljunggren, H. (2017) · Immunogenetics · doi:10.1007/s00251-017-1011-9 · Cited by 36
Cellular Immunotherapy for Carcinoma Using Genetically Modified EGFR-Specific T Lymphocytes
Zhou, X., Li, J., Wang, Z., Chen, Z., Qiu, J., Zhang, Y., Wang, W., Ma, Y., Huang, N., Cui, K., et al. (2013) · Neoplasia · doi:10.1593/neo.13168 · Cited by 35
Zonal Difference and Prognostic Significance of Foxp3 Regulatory T Cell Infiltration in Breast Cancer
Kim, S., Lee, A., Lim, W., Park, S., Cho, M. S., Koo, H., Moon, B.-I., & Sung, S. H. (2014) · Journal of Breast Cancer · doi:10.4048/jbc.2014.17.1.8 · Cited by 35
A novel category of antigens enabling CTL immunity to tumor escape variants: Cinderella antigens
Seidel, U. J. E., Oliveira, C. C., Lampen, M. H., & van Hall, T. (2011) · Cancer Immunology Immunotherapy · doi:10.1007/s00262-011-1160-x · Cited by 35
Costimulation of γδTCR and TLR7/8 promotes Vδ2 T-cell antitumor activity by modulating mTOR pathway and APC function
Wang, H., Chen, H., Liu, S., Zhang, J., Lu, H., Somasundaram, R., Choi, R., Zhang, G., Ou, L., Scholler, J., et al. (2021) · Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer · doi:10.1136/jitc-2021-003339 · Cited by 34
Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Tumor-Induced T-Cell Tolerance
Horna, P., & Sotomayor, E. M. (2007) · Current Cancer Drug Targets · doi:10.2174/156800907780006940 · Cited by 34
Induction of Protective CTL Immunity against Peptide Transporter TAP-Deficient Tumors through Dendritic Cell Vaccination
Chambers, B. J., Grufman, P., Fredriksson, V., Andersson, K., Roseboom, M., Laban, S., Camps, M. G. M., Wolpert, E. Z., Wiertz, E. J. H. J., Offringa, R., et al. (2007) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-1092 · Cited by 35
HLA Class I Expression and Its Alteration by Preoperative Hyperthermo-Chemoradiotherapy in Patients with Rectal Cancer
Sato, H., Suzuki, Y., Ide, M., Katoh, T., Noda, S., Ando, K., Oike, T., Yoshimoto, Y., Okonogi, N., Mimura, K., et al. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0108122 · Cited by 35
Renal cell carcinoma-induced immunosuppression: an immunophenotypic study of lymphocyte subpopulations and circulating dendritic cells.
Porta, C., Bonomi, L., Lillaz, B., Paglino, C., Rovati, B., Imarisio, I., Morbini, P., Villa, C., Danova, M., Mensi, M., et al. (2007) · PubMed · Cited by 35
Cancer vaccine development: on the way to break immune tolerance to malignant cells
D, S. M. M., Rossi, C. R., & Nitti, D. (2004) · Experimental Cell Research · doi:10.1016/j.yexcr.2004.06.017 · Cited by 35
Cytokine Polymorphism and Its Possible Impact on Cancer
Jin, P., Panelli, M. C., Marincola, F. M., & Wang, E. (2004) · Immunologic Research · doi:10.1385/ir:30:2:181 · Cited by 35
Role of tumor cell immune escape mechanisms in cytomegalovirus‐mediated oncomodulation
Cinatl, J. J., Scholz, M., & Doerr, H. W. (2004) · Medicinal Research Reviews · doi:10.1002/med.20018 · Cited by 35
RETRACTED ARTICLE: Cellular immunotherapy using irradiated lung cancer cell vaccine co-expressing GM-CSF and IL-18 can induce significant antitumor effects
Tian, H., Shi, G., Yang, G., Zhang, J., Li, Y., Du, T., Wang, J., Xu, F., Cheng, L., Zhang, X., et al. (2014) · BMC Cancer · doi:10.1186/1471-2407-14-48 · Cited by 34
Retracted
Lack and restoration of sensitivity of lung cancer cells to cellular attack with special reference to expression of human leukocyte antigen class I and/or major histocompatibility complex class I chain related molecules A/B
Baba, T., Hanagiri, T., Ichiki, Y., Kuroda, K., Shigematsu, Y., Mizukami, M., Sugaya, M., Takenoyama, M., Sugio, K., & Yasumoto, K. (2007) · Cancer Science · doi:10.1111/j.1349-7006.2007.00586.x · Cited by 34
Evaluation of immunological escape mechanisms in a mouse model of colorectal liver metastases
Grimm, M. R., Gasser, M., Bueter, M., Strehl, J. D., Wang, J., Nichiporuk, E., Meyer, D., Germer, C. T., Waaga-Gasser, A. M., & Thalheimer, A. (2010) · BMC Cancer · doi:10.1186/1471-2407-10-82 · Cited by 34
A novel immunodiagnosis panel for hepatocellular carcinoma based on bioinformatics and the autoantibody‐antigen system
Wu, J., Wang, P., Han, Z., Li, T., Yi, C., Qiu, C., Yang, Q., Sun, G., Dai, L., Shi, J., et al. (2021) · Cancer Science · doi:10.1111/cas.15217 · Cited by 34
The Plant Viruses and Molecular Farming: How Beneficial They Might Be for Human and Animal Health?
Zahmanova, G., Aljabali, A. A. A., Takova, K. H., Toneva, V., Tambuwala, M. M., Andonov, A. P., Lukov, G. L., & Minkov, I. N. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24021533 · Cited by 36
Association of CD8+ T cell infiltration in oesophageal carcinoma lesions with human leucocyte antigen (HLA) class I antigen expression and survival
Tsuchikawa, T., Ikeda, H., Cho, Y., Miyamoto, M., Shichinohe, T., Hirano, S., & Kondo, S. (2011) · Clinical & Experimental Immunology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2249.2010.04311.x · Cited by 34
CTL Adoptive Immunotherapy Concurrently Mediates Tumor Regression and Tumor Escape
Liu, K., Caldwell, S. A., Greeneltch, K. M., Yang, D., & Abrams, S. I. (2006) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.176.6.3374 · Cited by 34
Prevalence and clinical significance of resistance to perforin- and FAS-mediated cell death in leukemia
Otten, H. G., van Ginkel, W. G. J., Hagenbeek, A., & Petersen, E. J. (2004) · Leukemia · doi:10.1038/sj.leu.2403414 · Cited by 34
Immunology of B7-H1 and Its Roles in Human Diseases
Tamura, H., Ogata, K., Dong, H., & Chen, L. (2003) · International Journal of Hematology · doi:10.1007/bf02983556 · Cited by 34
Geranylgeranyl transferase inhibition stimulates antimelanoma immune response through MHC class I and costimulatory molecule expression
Tilkin‐Mariamé, A., Cormary, C., Ferro, N., Sarrabayrouse, G., Lajoie‐Mazenc, I., Faye, J., & Favre, G. (2005) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.04-3482fje · Cited by 34
Infiltration of a Mesothelioma by IFN-γ-Producing Cells and Tumor Rejection after Depletion of Regulatory T Cells
Rudge, G., Barrett, S. P., Scott, B., & van Driel, I. R. (2007) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.178.7.4089 · Cited by 34
M3 Macrophages Stop Division of Tumor Cells In Vitro and Extend Survival of Mice with Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma
Валерьевич, К. С., Lyamina, S., Manukhina, E. B., Malyshev, Y., Раецкая, А. А., & Malyshev, I. Y. (2017) · Medical science monitor basic research/Medical science monitor. Basic research · doi:10.12659/msmbr.902285 · Cited by 33
Identification and validation of tumour microenvironment-based immune molecular subgroups for gastric cancer: immunotherapeutic implications
Zhou, Y., Zhu, G., Lu, X., Zheng, K. I., Wang, Q.-W., Chen, J.-N., Zhang, Q., Yan, F., & Li, X. (2020) · Cancer Immunology Immunotherapy · doi:10.1007/s00262-020-02525-8 · Cited by 33
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Associated Myocarditis and Cardiomyopathy: A Translational Review
Wang, D., Bauersachs, J. K., & Berliner, D. (2023) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology12030472 · Cited by 36
Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor genes in patients with breast cancer
Öztürk, Ö. G., Gun, F. D., & Polat, G. (2011) · Medical Oncology · doi:10.1007/s12032-011-9932-x · Cited by 33
Cancer immunotherapy: an embarrassment of riches?
Whelan, M., Whelan, J. A., Russell, N., & Dalgleish, A. G. (2003) · Drug Discovery Today · doi:10.1016/s1359-6446(03)02633-3 · Cited by 33
Downregulation of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells may underlie enhanced Th1 immunity caused by immunization with activated autologous T cells
Cao, Q., Wang, L. L., Du, F., Sheng, H., Zhang, Y., Wu, J., Shen, B., Shen, T.-W., Zhang, J., Li, D., et al. (2007) · Cell Research · doi:10.1038/cr.2007.46 · Cited by 33
Pre-treatment serum levels of interleukin-10, interleukin-12 and their ratio predict response to therapy and probability of event-free and overall survival in childhood soft tissue sarcomas, Hodgkin's lymphomas and acute lymphoblastic leukemias
Bień, E., Balcerska, A., Adamkiewicz-Drożyńska, E., Rąpała, M., Krawczyk, M. A., & Stępiński, J. (2009) · Clinical Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2009.04.004 · Cited by 33
Positive and negative consequences of Fas/Fas ligand interactions in the antitumor response
Scott, I. (2005) · Frontiers in bioscience · doi:10.2741/1575 · Cited by 32
Autologous tumor vaccines processed to express ?-gal epitopes: a practical approach to immunotherapy in cancer
Galili, U. (2004) · Cancer Immunology Immunotherapy · doi:10.1007/s00262-004-0524-x · Cited by 33
Tumor Cell Lines Expressing the Proteasome Subunit Isoform LMP7E1 Exhibit Immunoproteasome Deficiency
Heink, S., Fricke, B., Ludwig, D., Kloetzel, P., & Krüger, E. (2006) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-2872 · Cited by 33
The Molecular Biology of Pulmonary Metastasis
Krishnan, K., Khanna, C., & Helman, L. J. (2006) · Thoracic surgery clinics/Thorac. surg. clin. · doi:10.1016/j.thorsurg.2005.12.003 · Cited by 32
Leveraging Natural Killer Cells for Cancer Immunotherapy
Grossenbacher, S. K., Aguilar, E. G., & Murphy, W. J. (2017) · Immunotherapy · doi:10.2217/imt-2017-0013 · Cited by 32
The role of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in chronic infectious diseases and the current methodology available for their study
Peñaloza, H. F., Alvarez, D., Muñoz‐Durango, N., Schultz, B. M., González, P. A., Kalergis, A. M., & Bueno, S. M. (2018) · Journal of Leukocyte Biology · doi:10.1002/jlb.mr0618-233r · Cited by 32
Anti-tumor immunity induced by ectopic expression of viral antigens is transient and limited by immune escape
Dharmaraj, N., Piotrowski, S. L., Huang, C. L., Newton, J. M., Golfman, L. S., Hanoteau, A., Koshy, S. T., Li, A. W., Pulikkathara, M. X., Zhang, B., et al. (2019) · OncoImmunology · doi:10.1080/2162402x.2019.1568809 · Cited by 32
Facing the future: challenges and opportunities in adoptive T cell therapy in cancer
Magalhaes, I., Carvalho‐Queiroz, C., Hartana, C. A., Kaiser, A. M., Lukic, A., Mints, M., Nilsson, O., Grönlund, H., Mattsson, J., & Berglund, S. (2019) · Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy · doi:10.1080/14712598.2019.1608179 · Cited by 31
Molecular Mechanism of MART-1+/A*0201+ Human Melanoma Resistance to Specific CTL-Killing Despite Functional Tumor–CTL Interaction
Jazirehi, A. R., Baritaki, S., Koya, R. C., Bonavida, B., & Economou, J. S. (2010) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-1296 · Cited by 32
Retracted
Strategies to Overcome Obstacles to Successful Immunotherapy of Melanoma
Pandolfi, F., Cianci, R., Lolli, S., Dunn, I. S., Newton, E. E., Haggerty, T. J., Boyle, L. A., & Kurnick, J. T. (2008) · International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology · doi:10.1177/039463200802100302 · Cited by 32
Immune Checkpoint Blockade in Breast Cancer Therapy
Bu, X., Yao, Y., & Li, X. (2017) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-981-10-6020-5_18 · Cited by 31
Heat shock protein 105 peptide vaccine could induce antitumor immune reactions in a phase I clinical trial
Shimizu, Y., Yoshikawa, T., Kojima, T., Shoda, K., Nosaka, K., Mizuno, S., Wada, S., Fujimoto, Y., Sasada, T., Kohashi, K., et al. (2019) · Cancer Science · doi:10.1111/cas.14165 · Cited by 31
Exuberated Numbers of Tumor-Specific T Cells Result in Tumor Escape
Goldberger, O., Volovitz, I., Machlenkin, A., Vadai, E., Tzehoval, E., & Eisenbach, L. (2008) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-5006 · Cited by 31
Tumor immunity via homeostatic T cell proliferation: mechanistic aspects and clinical perspectives
Baccalà, R., González‐Quintial, R., Dummer, W., & Theofilopoulos, A. N. (2005) · Springer Seminars in Immunopathology · doi:10.1007/s00281-004-0196-9 · Cited by 31
Integrated analysis of somatic mutations and immune microenvironment of multiple regions in breast cancers
Kato, T., Park, J.-H., Kiyotani, K., Ikeda, Y., Miyoshi, Y., & Nakamura, Y. (2017) · Oncotarget · doi:10.18632/oncotarget.18790 · Cited by 30
Colorectal cancer vaccines: Principles, results, and perspectives
D, S. M. M., Rossi, C. R., Lise, M., & Nitti, D. (2004) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2004.07.012 · Cited by 32
Positive Immuno-Modulation Following Radiofrequency Assisted Liver Resection in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Huang, K., Jayant, K., Lee, P., Yang, P.-C., Hsiao, C., Habib, N., & Sodergren, M. H. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm8030385 · Cited by 30
Cancer Immunoprevention: Current Status and Future Directions
Keshavarz‐Fathi, M., & Rezaei, N. (2021) · Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis · doi:10.1007/s00005-021-00604-x · Cited by 31
Anti-tumor effect of Crocus sativus petals polysaccharides by reconstructing tumor microenvironment
Tu, J., He, Y., Zhang, H., Wang, J., Li, Z., & Sun, H. (2023) · International Journal of Biological Macromolecules · doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125878 · Cited by 30
Heightened Risk of Breast Cancer Following Pregnancy: Could Lasting Systemic Immune Alterations Contribute?
Shakhar, K., Valdimarsdottir, H. B., & Bovbjerg, D. H. (2007) · Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention · doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-07-0014 · Cited by 30
Immune evasion mechanisms in colorectal cancer liver metastasis patients vaccinated with TroVax (MVA-5T4)
Elkord, E., Dangoor, A., Burt, D. J., Southgate, T. D., Daayana, S., Harrop, R., Drijfhout, J. W., Sherlock, D., Hawkins, R. E., & Stern, P. L. (2009) · Cancer Immunology Immunotherapy · doi:10.1007/s00262-009-0674-y · Cited by 30
Identification of a novel population of highly cytotoxic c‐Met‐expressing CD8+ T lymphocytes
Benkhoucha, M., Molnarfi, N., Kaya, G., Belnoue, E., Bjarnadóttir, K., Dietrich, P., Walker, P. R., Martinvalet, D., Derouazi, M., & Lalive, P. H. (2017) · EMBO Reports · doi:10.15252/embr.201744075 · Cited by 30
B7-H1 maintains the polyclonal T cell response by protecting dendritic cells from cytotoxic T lymphocyte destruction
Chen, L., Azuma, T., Yu, W., Xu, Z., Luo, L., & Chen, L. (2018) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1722043115 · Cited by 30
Sculpting the immunological response to dengue fever by polytopic vaccination
Zhou, H., & Deem, M. W. (2005) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.12.031 · Cited by 30
Combination Antiangiogenic and Androgen Deprivation Therapy for Prostate Cancer
Nicholson, B. E., Gulding, K. M., Conaway, M. C., Wedge, S. R., & Theodorescu, D. (2004) · Clinical Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-04-0902 · Cited by 30
Model of stimulation-responsive splicing and strategies in identification of immunogenic isoforms of tumor antigens and autoantigens
Yang, F., Chen, I.-L., Xiong, Z., Yan, Y., Wang, H., & Yang, X. (2006) · Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.clim.2006.06.007 · Cited by 30
Cancer immunotherapy by intratumoral injection of α-gal glycolipids.
Whalen, G. F., Sullivan, M. E., Piperdi, B., Wasseff, W., & Galili, U. (2012) · PubMed · Cited by 29
Modulation of MHC class I surface expression in B16F10 melanoma cells by methylseleninic acid
Lennicke, C., Rahn, J., Bukur, J., Hochgräfe, F., Wessjohann, L. A., Lichtenfels, R., & Seliger, B. (2016) · OncoImmunology · doi:10.1080/2162402x.2016.1259049 · Cited by 29
In vivo targeting of vaccinating tumor cells to antigen-presenting cells by a gene therapy method with adenovirus containing the α1,3galactosyltransferase gene
Deriy, L. V., Ogawa, H. K., Gao, G., & Galili, U. (2005) · Cancer Gene Therapy · doi:10.1038/sj.cgt.7700812 · Cited by 29
Adenovirus-mediated p53 tumor suppressor gene therapy of osteosarcoma
Ternovoi, V. V., Curiel, D. T., Smith, B. F., & Siegal, G. P. (2006) · Laboratory Investigation · doi:10.1038/labinvest.3700444 · Cited by 29
Engineered Salmonella typhimurium expressing E7 fusion protein, derived from human papillomavirus, inhibits tumor growth in cervical tumor-bearing mice
Yoon, W., Choi, J. H., Kim, S., & Park, Y. (2013) · Biotechnology Letters · doi:10.1007/s10529-013-1370-8 · Cited by 29
A Fusion of GMCSF and IL-21 Initiates Hypersignaling Through the IL-21Rα Chain With Immune Activating and Tumoricidal Effects In Vivo
Williams, P., Rafei, M., Bouchentouf, M., Raven, J. F., Yuan, S., Cuerquis, J., Forner, K., Birman, E., & Galipeau, J. (2010) · Molecular Therapy · doi:10.1038/mt.2010.49 · Cited by 29
Immunotherapy for head and neck cancer: the future of treatment?
Xie, X., O’Neill, W. Q., & Pan, Q. (2017) · Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy · doi:10.1080/14712598.2017.1315100 · Cited by 30
Infiltration of tumor-reactive transforming growth factor-beta insensitive CD8+ T cells into the tumor parenchyma is associated with apoptosis and rejection of tumor cells
Zhang, Q., Jang, T. L., Yang, X. J., Park, I. I., Meyer, R. E., KUNDU, S. D., Pins, M., Javonovic, B., Kuzel, T. M., Kim, S., et al. (2005) · The Prostate · doi:10.1002/pros.20340 · Cited by 29
Psychosocial Influences in Oncology: An Expanded Model of Biobehavioral Mechanisms
LUTGENDORF, S. K., COSTANZO, E. S., & SIEGEL, S. D. (2007) · Psychoneuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/b978-012088576-3/50048-4 · Cited by 28
Recurrence of Melanoma Following T Cell Treatment: Continued Antigen Expression in a Tumor That Evades T Cell Recruitment
Straetemans, T., Berrevoets, C., Coccoris, M., Treffers-Westerlaken, E., Wijers, R., Cole, D. K., Dardalhon, V., Sewell, A. K., Taylor, N. N., Verweij, J., et al. (2014) · Molecular Therapy · doi:10.1038/mt.2014.215 · Cited by 28
How do Tumors Actively Escape from Host Immunosurveillance?
Wilczyński, J. R., & Duechler, M. (2010) · Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis · doi:10.1007/s00005-010-0102-1 · Cited by 29
Induction of T-cell antitumor immunity and protection against tumor growth by secretion of soluble human CD70 molecules
Cormary, C., Gonzalez, R., Faye, J., Favre, G., & Tilkin‐Mariamé, A. (2004) · Cancer Gene Therapy · doi:10.1038/sj.cgt.7700708 · Cited by 28
Human leukocyte antigen class I down‐regulation in muscle‐invasive bladder cancer: Its association with clinical characteristics and survival after cystectomy
Homma, I., Kitamura, H., Torigoe, T., Tanaka, T., Sato, E., Hirohashi, Y., Masumori, N., Sato, N., & Tsukamoto, T. (2009) · Cancer Science · doi:10.1111/j.1349-7006.2009.01329.x · Cited by 28
Modulation of Cancer Traits by Tumor Suppressor microRNAs
Grammatikakis, I., Gorospe, M., & Abdelmohsen, K. (2013) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms14011822 · Cited by 30
HLA class Ia and Ib molecules and FOXP3+ TILs in relation to the prognosis of malignant melanoma patients
Melsted, W. N., Johansen, L. L., Lock‐Andersen, J., Behrendt, N., Eriksen, J. O., Bzorek, M., Scheike, T., & Hviid, T. V. F. (2017) · Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.clim.2017.09.004 · Cited by 28
PIM1/NF-κB/CCL2 blockade enhances anti-PD-1 therapy response by modulating macrophage infiltration and polarization in tumor microenvironment of NSCLC
Chen, X., Zhou, J., Wang, Y., Wang, X., Chen, K., Chen, Q., Huang, D., & Jiang, R. (2024) · Oncogene · doi:10.1038/s41388-024-03100-6 · Cited by 30
Role of α‐gal epitope/anti‐Gal antibody reaction in immunotherapy and its clinical application in pancreatic cancer
Tanemura, M., Miyoshi, E., Nagano, H., Eguchi, H., Taniyama, K., Kamiike, W., Mori, M., & Doki, Y. (2012) · Cancer Science · doi:10.1111/cas.12084 · Cited by 27
Tumor-Specific CD4+ T Cells Restrain Established Metastatic Melanoma by Developing Into Cytotoxic CD4– T Cells
Liu, Q., Wang, L., Lin, H., Wang, Z., Wu, J. S., Guo, J., Wen, S., Ran, L., Yue, Z., Su, X., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.875718 · Cited by 27
CAR-T cell development for Cutaneous T cell Lymphoma: current limitations and potential treatment strategies
To, V., Evtimov, V. J., Jenkin, G., Pupovac, A., Trounson, A. O., & Boyd, R. L. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.968395 · Cited by 29
TGF-alpha as a candidate tumor antigen for renal cell carcinomas
Pelletier, S., Tanguay, S., Lee, S., Gunaratnam, L., Arbour, N., & Lapointe, R. (2008) · Cancer Immunology Immunotherapy · doi:10.1007/s00262-008-0630-2 · Cited by 27
Enhanced Expression of Interferon-γ-Induced Antigen-Processing Machinery Components in a Spontaneously Occurring Cancer
Cerruti, F., Martano, M., Petterino, C., Bollo, E., Morello, E. M., Bruno, R., Buracco, P., & Cascio, P. (2007) · Neoplasia · doi:10.1593/neo.07649 · Cited by 27
Spontaneous immune responses to sporadic tumors: tumor-promoting, tumor-protective or both?
de Visser, K. E. (2008) · Cancer Immunology Immunotherapy · doi:10.1007/s00262-008-0501-x · Cited by 27
Tumor promoting effects of CD95 signaling in chemoresistant cells
Ametller, E., García‐Recio, S., Costamagna, D., Mayordomo, C., Fernández‐Nogueira, P., Carbó, N., Pastor‐Arroyo, E. M., Gascón, P., & Almendro, V. (2010) · Molecular Cancer · doi:10.1186/1476-4598-9-161 · Cited by 27
Potential Target Antigens for a Universal Vaccine in Epithelial Ovarian Cancer
Vermeij, R., Daemen, T., de Bock, G. H., de Graeff, P., Leffers, N., Lambeck, A. J. A., ten Hoor, K. A., Hollema, H., van der Zee, A. G. J., & Nijman, H. W. (2010) · Journal of Immunology Research · doi:10.1155/2010/891505 · Cited by 27
Inhibition of mouse TAP by immune evasion molecules encoded by non-murine herpesviruses
Verweij, M. C., Ressing, M. E., Knetsch, C. W., Quinten, E., Halenius, A., van Bel, N., Hengel, H., Drijfhout, J. W., van Hall, T., & Wiertz, E. J. H. J. (2011) · Molecular Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.molimm.2010.12.008 · Cited by 27
The frequency of neoantigens per somatic mutation rather than overall mutational load or number of predicted neoantigens per se is a prognostic factor in ovarian clear cell carcinoma
Matsushita, H., Hasegawa, K., Oda, K., Yamamoto, S., Nishijima, A., Imai, Y., Asada, K., Ikeda, Y., Karasaki, T., Fujiwara, K., et al. (2017) · OncoImmunology · doi:10.1080/2162402x.2017.1338996 · Cited by 27
Is IDO a key enzyme bridging the gap between tumor escape and tolerance induction?
Löb, S., & Königsrainer, A. (2007) · Langenbeck s Archives of Surgery · doi:10.1007/s00423-007-0245-7 · Cited by 27
Gene Therapy for Advanced Melanoma: Selective Targeting and Therapeutic Nucleic Acids
Viola, J. R., Rafael, D. F. D. S., Wagner, E., Besch, R., & Ogris, M. (2013) · Journal of Drug Delivery · doi:10.1155/2013/897348 · Cited by 27
Effect of miR-513a-5p on etoposide-stimulating B7-H1 expression in retinoblastoma cells
Li, W., Chen, Z., Zhang, J., & Xing, Y. (2012) · Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology [Medical Sciences] · doi:10.1007/s11596-012-1004-8 · Cited by 26
In the Hunt for Therapeutic Targets: Mimicking the Growth, Metastasis, and Stromal Associations of Early-Stage Lung Cancer Using a Novel Orthotopic Animal Model
Weiss, I. D., Ella, E., Dominsky, O., Smith, Y., Abraham, M., Wald, H., Shlomai, Z., Zamir, G. A., Feigelson, S. W., Shezen, E., et al. (2015) · Journal of Thoracic Oncology · doi:10.1097/jto.0000000000000367 · Cited by 26
A Pilot Study of Vaccine Therapy with Multiple Glioma Oncoantigen/Glioma Angiogenesis-Associated Antigen Peptides for Patients with Recurrent/Progressive High-Grade Glioma
Kikuchi, R., Ueda, R., Saito, K., Shibao, S., Nagashima, H., Tamura, R., Morimoto, Y., Sasaki, H., Noji, S., Kawakami, Y., et al. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm8020263 · Cited by 27
Cancer Immunoediting: Elimination, Equilibrium, and Immune Escape in Solid Tumors
Wilczyński, J. R., & Nowak, M. (2022) · Experientia supplementum · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-91311-3_1 · Cited by 27
Update on Autophagy Inhibitors in Cancer: Opening up to a Therapeutic Combination with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors
Bestion, E., Raymond, É., Mezouar, S., & Halfon, P. (2023) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells12131702 · Cited by 27
Tumor vaccine therapy against recrudescent tumor using dendritic cells simultaneously transfected with tumor RNA and granulocyte macrophage colony‐stimulating factor RNA
Naka, T., Iwahashi, M., Nakamura, M., Ojima, T., Nakamori, M., Ueda, K., Katsuda, M., Miyazawa, M., Ishida, K., & Yamaue, H. (2008) · Cancer Science · doi:10.1111/j.1349-7006.2007.00698.x · Cited by 26
Immunotherapy of childhood cancer: from biologic understanding to clinical application
Wayne, A. S., Capitini, C. M., & Mackall, C. L. (2010) · Current Opinion in Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/mop.0b013e3283350d3e · Cited by 25
Fourier transform infrared imaging as a method for detection of HLA class I expression in melanoma without the use of antibody
Chew, S. F., Wood, B. R., Kanaan, C., Browning, J., MacGregor, D. P., Davis, I. D., Cebon, J. S., Tait, B. D., & McNaughton, D. (2007) · Tissue Antigens · doi:10.1111/j.1399-0039.2006.00775.x · Cited by 26
Immunity to self and self-maintenance: what can tumor immunology teach us about ALS and Alzheimer's disease?
SCHWARTZ, M., & Ziv, Y. (2008) · Trends in Pharmacological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tips.2008.03.006 · Cited by 26
Downregulation of IFN‐γR in association with loss of Fas function is linked to tumor progression
Yang, D., Stewart, T. J., Smith, K. K., Georgi, D. E., Abrams, S. I., & Liu, K. (2007) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.23090 · Cited by 26
Finding a Place for Tumor-specific T Cells in Targeted Cancer Therapy
Riddell, S. R. (2004) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20042004 · Cited by 26
Gene therapeutic approaches for medullary thyroid carcinoma treatment
Drosten, M., & P�tzer, B. M. (2003) · Journal of Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1007/s00109-003-0455-6 · Cited by 26
Patient-derived tumor organoids for cancer immunotherapy: culture techniques and clinical application
Yao, N., Jing, N., Lin, J., Niu, W., Yan, W., Yuan, H., Xiong, Z., Hou, Q., Qiao, X., Liu, Q., et al. (2025) · Investigational New Drugs · doi:10.1007/s10637-025-01523-w · Cited by 30
Immunotherapy in the Treatment of Urothelial Bladder Cancer: Insights From Single-Cell Analysis
Zang, J., Ye, K., Yang, F., Zhang, R., Chen, H., & Zhuang, G. (2021) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2021.696716 · Cited by 25
Genomic alterations underlying immune privilege in malignant lymphomas
Mottok, A., & Steidl, C. (2015) · Current Opinion in Hematology · doi:10.1097/moh.0000000000000155 · Cited by 24

Authors: Khong, H. T., & Restifo, N. P.
Affiliations: National Institutes of Health (US)
Corresponding author: Khong, Hung T.
Restifo, Nicholas P.
ORCID: Khong, Hung T.
Restifo, Nicholas P.
Venue: Nature Immunology
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2002-11
Volume: 3
Issue: 11
Pages: 999-1005
ISSN: 1529-2908 (ISSN-L)
1529-2916
DOI: 10.1038/ni1102-999
PMC: PMC1508168
OpenAlex: W2051940153
Cited by: 1,058
References: 104
Citations by year: 2026: 17 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 45 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 40 · 2019: 39 · 2018: 38 · 2017: 51 · 2016: 32 · 2015: 43 · 2014: 41 · 2013: 63 · 2012: 44
FWCI: 5.47
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Nature Immunology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
University of Regensburg Publication Server (University of Regensburg)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (Z99 CA999999)
National Cancer Institute (Z01BC010763)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Immunotherapy and Biomarkers
Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immunotherapy and Immune Responses
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Cancer Genomics and Diagnostics
Keywords: tumor immune evasion, natural selection, tumor heterogeneity, tumor variants, genomic instability, immunoresistance, epigenetic regulation, cancer immunotherapy resistance, immune evasion
MeSH terms: Animals, Antigens, Neoplasm, HLA Antigens, Humans, Immunologic Surveillance, Immunotherapy, Killer Cells, Natural, Neoplasms, Selection, Genetic, T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic, Immunodominant Epitopes, Cytokines, Apoptosis, Models, Immunological, Disease Progression, Tumor Escape, T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory, Mice

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Natural selection of tumor variants in the generation of “tumor escape” phenotypes

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks