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Erroneous analyses of interactions in neuroscience: a problem of significance

Nieuwenhuis, Sander, Forstmann, Birte U, Wagenmakers, Eric-Jan·2011·Nature Neuroscience

DOI 10.1038/nn.2886

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Abstract

In theory, a comparison of two experimental effects requires a statistical test on their difference. In practice, this comparison is often based on an incorrect procedure involving two separate tests in which researchers conclude that effects differ when one effect is significant (P < 0.05) but the other is not (P > 0.05). We reviewed 513 behavioral, systems and cognitive neuroscience articles in five top-ranking journals (Science, Nature, Nature Neuroscience, Neuron and The Journal of Neuroscience) and found that 78 used the correct procedure and 79 used the incorrect procedure. An additional analysis suggests that incorrect analyses of interactions are even more common in cellular and molecular neuroscience. We discuss scenarios in which the erroneous procedure is particularly beguiling.

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Authors: Nieuwenhuis, S., Forstmann, B. U., & Wagenmakers, E.-J.
Affiliations: Leiden University (NL)
University of Amsterdam (NL)
Corresponding author: Nieuwenhuis, Sander
ORCID: Nieuwenhuis, Sander
Forstmann, Birte U
Wagenmakers, Eric-Jan
Venue: Nature Neuroscience
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2011-08-26
Volume: 14
Issue: 9
Pages: 1105-1107
ISSN: 1097-6256 (ISSN-L)
1546-1726
DOI: 10.1038/nn.2886
OpenAlex: W2165810797
Semantic Scholar: 6ea9a180f01c0c6a4b559511cf362bbfcfd73b87
Cited by: 864
References: 8
Citations by year: 2026: 51 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 37 · 2023: 60 · 2022: 52 · 2021: 83 · 2020: 61 · 2019: 63 · 2018: 61 · 2017: 57 · 2016: 57 · 2015: 47 · 2014: 69 · 2013: 57 · 2012: 65
FWCI: 68.19
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Nature Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (publishedVersion)
UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (submittedVersion)
Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Psychology Research and Bibliometrics
Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistics Education and Methodologies
Keywords: interaction effects, effect size comparison, significance testing, statistical errors, two-sample t-test, neuroscience literature
MeSH terms: Animals, Humans, Neurons, Neurosciences, Statistics as Topic, Reproducibility of Results, Biomedical Research

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Erroneous analyses of interactions in neuroscience: a problem of significance

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