The DOI matches its Crossref record; 27 of the 27 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Electric field-induced second-order nonlinear optical effects in silicon waveguides
Open accessAbstract
The symmetry of crystalline silicon inhibits a second-order optical nonlinear susceptibility, χ(2), in complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor-compatible silicon photonic platforms. However, χ(2) is required for important processes such as phase-only modulation, second-harmonic generation (SHG) and sum/difference frequency generation. Here, we break the crystalline symmetry by applying direct-current fields across p–i–n junctions in silicon ridge waveguides and induce a χ(2) proportional to the large χ(3) of silicon. The obtained χ(2) is first used to perturb the permittivity (the direct-current Kerr effect) and achieve phase-only modulation. Second, the spatial distribution of χ(2) is altered by periodically patterning p–i–n junctions to quasi-phase-match pump and second-harmonic modes and realize SHG. We measure a maximum SHG efficiency of P2ω/Pω2 = 13 ± 0.5% W−1 at λω = 2.29 µm and with field-induced χ(2) = 41 ± 1.5 pm V–1. We expect such field-induced χ(2) in silicon to lead to a new class of complex integrated devices such as carrier-envelope offset frequency stabilizers, terahertz generators, optical parametric oscillators and chirp-free modulators. The application of d.c. fields across p–i–n junctions in silicon ridge waveguides leads to crystal symmetry breaking. This induces a second-order optical nonlinear susceptibility that enables phase-only modulation and second-harmonic generation with an efficiency of ∼13% W–1 at 2.29 µm.
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Metadata
- Authors
- Timurdogan, E., Poulton, C. V., Byrd, M. J., & Watts, M. R.
- Venue
- Nature Photonics
- Published
- 2017-02-20
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 200-206
- ISSN
- 1749-4885 (ISSN-L)
- 1749-4893
- OpenAlex
- W2300563365
- Cited by
- 308
- References
- 27
- FWCI
- 14.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
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