The DOI matches its Crossref record; 35 of the 35 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 8 of the 8 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Observation of a large-gap topological-insulator class with a single Dirac cone on the surface
Open accessAbstract
Y. Xia, 2 D. Qian, 3 D. Hsieh, 2 L. Wray, A. Pal, H. Lin, A. Bansil, D. Grauer, Y. S. Hor, R. J. Cava, and M. Z. Hasan 2 Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA Princeton Center for Complex Materials, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA Department of Physics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA (Dated: Submitted for publication in December 2008)
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Claims the paper makes
8 of 8 cited sources checked · 5 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Therefore, if the chemical potential (Fermi level) lies inside the bandgap, as it should in purely insulating Bi 2 Se 3 , its surface must carry a global π mod 2π Berry phase.”
§ Observation of a large-gap topological-insulator class with a single Dirac cone on the surface > Abstract
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [7] Fu, L. & Kane, C. L. Topological insulators with inversion symmetry. Phys. Rev. B 76, 045302 (2007). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The “Strong topological insulator” section says that an electron circling a surface Fermi arc acquires a quantized Berry phase when the arc encloses a single Dirac point (page unavailable in our copy). It does not establish this for Bi₂Se₃ or say that placing the chemical potential in a bulk gap alone guarantees it; the result is conditional on the strong topological-insulator phase. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“This provides evidence that insulating Bi 2 Se 3 belongs to the Z 2 = -1 topological class in the Fu-Kane-Mele topological classification scheme for band insulators.”
§ Observation of a large-gap topological-insulator class with a single Dirac cone on the surface > Abstract
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [7] Fu, L. & Kane, C. L. Topological insulators with inversion symmetry. Phys. Rev. B 76, 045302 (2007). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Section II describes a Z₂ classification of band insulators, supporting the attribution of the classification scheme to this paper. But the paper’s materials discussion identifies Bi₁₋ₓSbₓ, strained α-Sn and HgTe—not Bi₂Se₃—as strong topological insulators. It does not provide evidence for the claimed classification of insulating Bi₂Se₃. Page numbers were unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Its simplest topological surface spectrum would make it possible to observe and study many exotic quantum phenomena predicted in topological field theories, such as the Majorana fermions 14 , magnetic monopole image 9,10 or topological exciton condensates 15 , by transport probes.”
§ Observation of a large-gap topological-insulator class with a single Dirac cone on the surface > Abstract
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [14] Fu, L. & Kane, C. L. Superconducting proximity effect and Majorana fermions at the surface of a topological insulator. Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 096407 (2008). source
Citation 14 is attached to Majorana fermions, not to the separately cited magnetic-monopole image or exciton condensates. The paper predicts Majorana bound states on a proximitized topological-insulator surface (p. 1) and proposes measuring thermal conductance along a junction as a probe of its Majorana modes (p. 4). (LLM, conf=0.93)
- Partly supportedcites [9] Franz, M. High-energy physics in a new guise. Physics 1, 36 (2008). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
- Supportedcites [10] Qi, X.-L., Li, R., Zang, J. & Zhang, S.-C. Inducing a magnetic monopole with topological surface states. Science 323, 1184–1187 (2009). source
The opening passage (p. 1) says that a charge near a topological-insulator surface induces an image magnetic monopole and that its field can be measured experimentally. The experimental proposal (p. 4) describes detecting a resulting supercurrent with a superconducting ring. This supports the magnetic-monopole-image example to which this citation is attached; the other examples have separate citations. (LLM, conf=0.92)
- Supportedcites [15] Seradjeh, B., Moore, J. E. & Franz, M. Exciton condensation and charge fractionalization in a topological insulator film. Preprint at <http://arxiv.org/abs/0902.1147v1> (2009). source
Split into 2 atoms — 2 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“This topology is consistent with the Z 2 = -1 class in the Fu-Kane-Mele classification scheme 7 .”
§ Observation of a large-gap topological-insulator class with a single Dirac cone on the surface > Abstract
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [7] Fu, L. & Kane, C. L. Topological insulators with inversion symmetry. Phys. Rev. B 76, 045302 (2007). source
The paper’s discussion of Z₂ invariants (Eq. 1.1) defines the classification through a parity product, (−1)^ν, and says the invariant distinguishes nontrivial topological phases. This supports using the paper to identify the −1 class; it does not need to calculate the citing authors’ particular topology. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The red curve is measured right at the -point, which suggests that the Dirac point lies inside the bulk bandgap.”
§ Observation of a large-gap topological-insulator class with a single Dirac cone on the surface > Abstract
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Here we present an angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy study that reveals the first observation of such a topological state of matter featuring a single surface Dirac cone realized in the naturally occurring Bi 2 Se 3 class of materials.”
§ Observation of a large-gap topological-insulator class with a single Dirac cone on the surface > Abstract
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: Before this study, nothing was known about the surface states of Bi2Se3.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This is consistent with the fact that naturally grown Bi 2 Se 3 semiconductor used in our experiment is n-type, as independently confirmed by our transport measurements.”
§ Observation of a large-gap topological-insulator class with a single Dirac cone on the surface > Abstract
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Taking the bottom of the 'U' band as the bulk conduction-band minimum, we estimate that a bandgap of about 0.3 eV is realized in the bulk of the undoped material.”
§ Observation of a large-gap topological-insulator class with a single Dirac cone on the surface > Abstract
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The calculated band topology with realistic SOC leads to a single ring-like surface FS, which is singly degenerate so long as the chemical potential is inside the bulk bandgap.”
§ Observation of a large-gap topological-insulator class with a single Dirac cone on the surface > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A global agreement between the experimental band structure (Fig. 1a-c) and our theoretical calculation (Fig. 1f) is obtained by considering a rigid shift of the chemical potential by about 200 meV with respect to our calculated band structure (Fig. 1f) of the formula compound Bi 2 Se 3 .”
§ Observation of a large-gap topological-insulator class with a single Dirac cone on the surface > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
- It may state two separate claims as one. 7
- Probably not a substantial claim. 2
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“All the observed features are centred around .None of the three TRIMs located at M are enclosed by any FS, in contrast to what is observed in Bi 1-x Sb x (ref.5).”
§ Observation of a large-gap topological-insulator class with a single Dirac cone on the surface > Abstract
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [5] Hsieh, D. et al. A topological Dirac insulator in a quantum spin Hall phase. Nature 452, 970–974 (2008). source
The citation supports the contrast with Bi₁₋ₓSbₓ, not the citing authors’ description of their own Fermi surface. The source reports a narrow electron pocket around M in Bi₀.₉Sb₀.₁ (p. 6), unlike the citing authors’ observation that no M point is enclosed. (LLM, conf=0.94)
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The 'V' bands cross E F at 0.09 Å -1 along -M and at 0.10 Å -1 along -K, and have nearly equal band velocities, approximately 5 × 10 5 m s -1 , along the two directions.”
§ Observation of a large-gap topological-insulator class with a single Dirac cone on the surface > Abstract
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In our k z -dependent study of the bands (Fig. 2b) we also observe two bands dispersing in k z that have energies below -0.3 eV (blue dotted bands), reflecting the bulk valence bands, in addition to two other non-dispersive features associated with the two sides of the pure SS Dirac bands.”
§ Observation of a large-gap topological-insulator class with a single Dirac cone on the surface > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our calculated result shows that no surface band crosses the Fermi level if SOC is not included in the calculation, and only with the inclusion of the realistic values of SOC (based on atomic Bi) does the calculated spectrum show singly degenerate gapless surface bands that are guaranteed to cross the Fermi level.”
§ Observation of a large-gap topological-insulator class with a single Dirac cone on the surface > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our photonenergy study did not indicate a strong k z dispersion of the lowestlying energy bands on the 'U', although the full continuum does have some dispersion (Fig. 2).”
§ Observation of a large-gap topological-insulator class with a single Dirac cone on the surface > Abstract
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The surface band quasiparticle signal is stable throughout the entire measurement duration.”
§ Observation of a large-gap topological-insulator class with a single Dirac cone on the surface > Experimental methods.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because of the simplest possible topological surface spectrum realized in Bi 2 Se 3 , it can be considered as the 'hydrogen atom' of strong topological insulators.”
§ Observation of a large-gap topological-insulator class with a single Dirac cone on the surface > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We note that in purely insulating Bi 2 Se 3 the Fermi level should lie deep inside the bandgap and only pure surface bands will contribute to surface conduction.”
§ Observation of a large-gap topological-insulator class with a single Dirac cone on the surface > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes? Based: unclearIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The lack of strong dispersion yet close one-to-one correspondence to the calculated bulk band structure suggests that the inner electron pocket continuum features are probably a mixture of surface-projected conduction-band states, which also includes some band-bending effects near the surface and the full continuum of bulk conduction-band states sampled from a few layers beneath the surface.”
§ Observation of a large-gap topological-insulator class with a single Dirac cone on the surface > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Before this study, nothing was known about the surface states of Bi2Se3.
“All previous experimental studies of Bi 2 Se 3 have focused on the material's bulk properties; nothing is known about its SSs.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The inverted band structure is closely related to topological insulators, such as Bi2Te3 and Bi2Se34243.”
From Photonic simulation of topological excitations in metamaterials (2014) · cites this paper as [43]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Strong 3D topological insulators, on the other hand, have topological surface states that form unpaired Dirac points16,28–30”
From Observation of an unpaired photonic Dirac point (2020) · cites this paper as [29]
In the citing paper
“These results show that the topological order observed in Pb 1 À x Sn x Te is distinct from that previously discovered in Bi 1 À x Sb x or Bi 2 Se 3 (refs 1-5).”
From Observation of a topological crystalline insulator phase and topological phase transition in Pb1−xSnxTe (2012) · cites this paper as [4]
In the citing paper
“Because the topological order in TlBi(S 1 -δ Se δ ) 2 originates from Bi and Se atoms and to illustrate an analogy with the known topological insulator Bi 2 Se 3 ( 6, 8, 11 )”
From Topological Phase Transition and Texture Inversion in a Tunable Topological Insulator (2011) · cites this paper as [8]
In the citing paper
“In 2008, work led by a Princeton group used angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) and first-principles calculations to study the surface band structure of Bi 2 Se 3 and observe the characteristic signature of a topological insulator in the form of a single-Dirac-cone (21,22).”
From Three-Dimensional Topological Insulators (2011) · cites this paper as [21]
In the citing paper
“This can be understood because the origin of the topological insulator state in Bi 2 Se 3 is a symmetry inversion that occurs at the point 7,18 , and the electronic states close to the Brillouin-zone boundary are similar to those of topologically trivial materials.”
From A topological insulator surface under strong Coulomb, magnetic and disorder perturbations (2011) · cites this paper as [7]
In the citing paper
“Topological insulators embody a state of bulk matter characterized by spin-momentum-locked surface states that span the bulk bandgap 1-7 .”
From A topological insulator surface under strong Coulomb, magnetic and disorder perturbations (2011) · cites this paper as [7]
In the citing paper
“Momentum along the ẑ axis is determined using an inner potential of 9.5 eV, consistent with previous photoemission investigations of undoped Bi 2 Se 3 (refs 7,22).”
From A topological insulator surface under strong Coulomb, magnetic and disorder perturbations (2011) · cites this paper as [7]
In the citing paper
“Bi2 Se3 is one of a handful of known topological insulators.”
From Superconductivity in Cu x Bi 2 Se 3 and its Implications for Pairing in the Undoped Topological Insulator (2010) · cites this paper as [9]
In the citing paper
“These robust low-dimensional conducting states are topologically protected against all time-reversal-invariant perturbations, such as scattering by non-magnetic impurities, crystalline defects, and distortion of the surface itself.”
From Aharonov–Bohm interference in topological insulator nanoribbons (2010) · cites this paper as [4]
In the citing paper
“In contrast to graphene, which has four Dirac cones (2 doubly degenerate cones at the K and K 0 points in momentum space) [9], the remarkable property of topological edge states is that their dispersion is characterized by an odd number of nondegenerate Dirac cones.”
From Observation of Time-Reversal-Protected Single-Dirac-Cone Topological-Insulator States in Bi2Te3 and Sb2Te3 (2009) · cites this paper as [7]
In the citing paper
“They were recently proposed [2-4] and shortly afterwards discovered in the Bi1 x Sb x [5,6] and Bi2 Se 3 [7,8] materials.”
From Observation of Time-Reversal-Protected Single-Dirac-Cone Topological-Insulator States in Bi2Te3 and Sb2Te3 (2009) · cites this paper as [7]
In the citing paper
“More recently, angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) and theoretical [7,19] evidence suggest that Bi2 Se 3 is a large band gap ( 300 meV ) single-Dirac-cone topological insulator.”
From Observation of Time-Reversal-Protected Single-Dirac-Cone Topological-Insulator States in Bi2Te3 and Sb2Te3 (2009) · cites this paper as [7]
In the citing paper
“there is an additional contribution to the density of states around momentum ¯ Γ from the spin-degenerate bulk conduction band in Bi 2 Se 3 [15].”
From A tunable topological insulator in the spin helical Dirac transport regime (2009) · cites this paper as [15]
In the citing paper
“Later, Bi x Sb 1 -x was suggested to be a three-dimensional (3D) TI[8] with topologically non-trivial surface states, which were observed by angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES)[9].”
From Model Hamiltonian for topological insulators (2010) · cites this paper as [9]
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“Two such phases are the quantum spin Hall insulator [4] and the strong topological insulator [5, 6, 7] both realized in the vicinity of a Dirac point but yet quite distinct from graphene [16].”
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“Recent theories and experiments have suggested that strong spin–orbit coupling effects in certain band insulators can give rise to a new phase of quantum matter, the so-called topological insulator, which can show macroscopic entanglement effects [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7].”
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“Topological quantum properties are directly probed from the nature of the electronic states on the surface by studying the way surface bands connect the material’s bulk valence and conduction bands in momentum space [5, 6, 7].”
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Hsieh, D., Qian, D., Wray, L., Xia, Y., Hor, Y. S., Cava, R. J., & Hasan, M. Z. (2008) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature06843 · Cited by 3,523 · cited 14×
“Topological quantum properties are directly probed from the nature of the electronic states on the surface by studying the way surface bands connect the material’s bulk valence and conduction bands in momentum space [5, 6, 7].”
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“The strong-topological-insulator phase contains surface states (SSs) with novel electromagnetic properties [7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15].”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Xia, Y., Qian, D., Hsieh, D., Wray, L., Pal, A., Lin, H., Bansil, A., Grauer, D., Hor, Y. S., Cava, R. J., & Hasan, M. Z.
- Affiliations
- Princeton University (US)
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University (CN)
- Northeastern University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hasan, M. Z.
- Venue
- Nature Physics
- Published
- 2009-05-10
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 398-402
- ISSN
- 1745-2473 (ISSN-L)
- 1745-2481
- OpenAlex
- W1552055731
- Semantic Scholar
- d3bcc8a78db93feda0054d8d2f8a9f7811dfd502
- Cited by
- 3,765
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2026: 105 · 2025: 141 · 2024: 142 · 2023: 155 · 2022: 199 · 2021: 208 · 2020: 225 · 2019: 198 · 2018: 272 · 2017: 252 · 2016: 274 · 2015: 291 · 2014: 267 · 2013: 297 · 2012: 308
- FWCI
- 136.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature Physics (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- CaltechAUTHORS (California Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (0819860)
- U.S. Department of Energy (DE‐FG02‐, DEFG0205ER46200, FG02-05ER46200)
- Princeton University
- Princeton Center for Complex Materials (DMR-0819860)
- National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (10874116)
- Office of Science
- Materials Research Science and Engineering Center, Harvard University (NSF-DMR-0819860, DMR-0819860)
- Division of Materials Research (DMR-0819860)
- Basic Energy Sciences (DE-FG-02-07ER46352, DE-FG02)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Condensed Matter Physics › Topological Materials and Phenomena
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Condensed Matter Physics › Advanced Condensed Matter Physics
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › 2D Materials and Applications
- Keywords
- topological insulators, Bi2Se3, surface states, spin-orbit coupling, axion field, topological superconductors, fault-tolerant quantum computing, angle-resolved photoemission
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