Direct optical detection of Weyl fermion chirality in a topological semimetal
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
The paper reports an optical method to read out Weyl fermion chirality in TaAs by measuring the circular photogalvanic current generated by mid-infrared light. The measured current direction implies that the W1 Weyl node has positive chirality, matching first-principles predictions.
Key findings
- In TaAs at 10 K, circularly polarized 10.6 µm light (about 120 meV) produced a photocurrent along the b axis for right-circular polarization propagating along a, while no current was observed along c; the polarization-dependent component appeared as a sharp Fourier peak at 1/π and was separated from a polarization-independent photothermal background.
- The photocurrent reversed sign when the sample was rotated by 180° around a or b, but not around c, consistent with the symmetry constraints of the second-order photocurrent tensor.
- Quantum oscillation measurements placed the chemical potential 17.8 meV above W1 and 4.8 meV above W2; because the Pauli blockade is negligible for W2, the signal was attributed to W1. Comparing the theoretical relation \(J_{\text{THY}} = \chi_{W1} k_{\text{light}} \times \hat{c}\) with the measured relation \(J_{\text{EXP}} = k_{\text{light}} \times \hat{c}\) gives \(\chi_{W1} = +1\), in agreement with first-principles calculations.
- TaAs has 24 Weyl nodes, of which 8 are W1 and 16 are W2; the Weyl cone tilt is significant, with \(|v_+/v_-| \ge 2\).
Methods
- A mid-infrared scanning photocurrent microscope used a CO₂ laser at \(\lambda = 10.6\) µm (about 120 meV), roughly 10 mW power, and a focused spot of about 50 µm diameter; polarization was controlled with a polarizer and rotatable quarter-wave plate.
- TaAs single crystals were grown by chemical vapor transport, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction was used to define the +c direction. Measurements were performed at 10 K.
- Analysis combined Fourier filtering of the polarization-angle dependence, symmetry analysis of the second-order photocurrent tensor \(\eta_{\alpha\beta\gamma}\), quantum oscillation measurements of the chemical potential, and first-principles calculations using the OPENMX code with a \(k \cdot p\) photocurrent calculation.
Limitations
- The paper states that all as-grown TaAs samples available were electron-doped, so the hole-doped regime where W2 contributions may dominate remains untested; it also proposes future photon-energy dependence studies, especially in the terahertz range, and pump-probe measurements of relaxation time.
- The text makes evident that the experiment probes only the W1 chirality because the W2 contribution is negligibly small at the measured chemical potential, and that the absolute current direction depends on the microscopic mechanism even though symmetry fixes the cancellation and sign-reversal patterns.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
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Cites
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Claims the paper makes
4 of 4 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 2 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
- Premisereasoning
For right circularly polarized light propagating along +â, the microscopic theory predicts a photocurrent direction given by Ĵ_THY = χ_W1 k_light × ĉ.
“Assuming RCP light propagating along +â, this theory predicts a photocurrent ( ĴTHY ) along b given by (Supplementary Information III. 4 and Supplementary Information IV.3) ĴTHY = χ W1 klight × ĉ (3)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [20] Chan, C.-K., Lindner, N. H., Refael, G. & Lee, P. A. Photocurrents in Weyl semimetals. Phys. Rev. B 95, 041104 (2017). source
The Symmetry consideration section states that, in the isotropic limit, the photocurrent and the light’s Poynting vector share the same direction. That is contrary to the claimed cross-product direction, which is perpendicular to the light’s propagation; the paper does discuss circular-polarization-induced, chirality-dependent current, but does not give the attributed directional rule. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Interpretationown data
The polarization-independent component of the photocurrent arises from the photothermal effect.
“This spatial dependence shows that the polarization-independent component arises from the photothermal effect 39,40,44 .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim3 of 3 sources checked- cites [39] McIver, J. W. et al. Control over topological insulator photocurrents with light polarization. Nat. Nanotech. 7, 96–100 (2012). source
The paper identifies D as the polarization-independent photocurrent (p. 3), but treats laser-heating-induced thermoelectric current as a separate background to be isolated from the photocurrent (p. 3). It instead describes D as likely bulk in origin (p. 5) and suggests photon drag as its possible mechanism (pp. 6–7), not a photothermal effect. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [40] Yuan, H. et al. Generation and electric control of spin-valleycoupled circular photogalvanic current in WSe2 . Nat. Nanotech. 9, 851–857 (2014). source
The optical-setup section (p. 24) identifies a polarization-independent photocurrent component, A. The main text (p. 3) describes a background current caused by laser-heating gradients, but does not identify that background as component A or establish that the entire polarization-independent component arises from the photothermal effect. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [44] Gabor, N. M. et al. Hot carrier assisted intrinsic photoresponse in graphene. Science 334, 648–652 (2011). source
The passage labeled Abstract (p. 4) links the spatial photocurrent profile to hot carriers, and the passage on p. 6 attributes the photoresponse at a graphene p-n junction to a photothermoelectric effect. Our copy does not address polarization dependence or identify a polarization-independent component of the photocurrent. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Findingown data
The photocurrent along the b direction fits a cosine function of the polarization angle.
“The whole data curve fits nicely to a cosine function.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
For right circularly polarized light propagating along the â direction, there is no observable photocurrent along the ĉ direction in TaAs.
“In sharp contrast, we see no observable current along the ĉ direction (the black data points in Fig. 2d).”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“For RCP light along â (Fig. 2), we observe zero current along ĉ.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
- Findingown data
The chirality of Weyl fermions in TaAs is directly detected by measuring the photocurrent in response to circularly polarized mid-infrared light.
“Here, we directly detect the chirality of the Weyl fermions by measuring the photocurrent in response to circularly polarized mid-infrared light.”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“In this paper, we detect the chirality of the WFs in the WSM TaAs by measuring its mid-infrared photocurrent response.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
- Findingown data
The photothermal effect and the CPGE have opposite temperature trends.
“In particular, we found that the photothermal effect and the CPGE have opposite temperature trends.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The chirality of the W1 Weyl fermion determined by the photocurrent agrees with that predicted by first principles.
“We find that the chirality of the W 1 WF determined by the photocurrent agrees with that predicted by first principles (Fig. 1j).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The CPGE shows a linear dependence on the laser power.
“since our CPGE shows a linear dependence on the laser power (Supplementary Fig. 4c).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingreasoning
By comparing the theoretical prediction with the experimental data, the chirality of the W1 Weyl fermion is determined to be χ_W1 = +1.
“By comparing equation (3) with equation (4), we determine χ W1 = +1.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationnone given
The photocurrent is determined by both the chirality of the Weyl fermions and the chirality of the photons.
“The resulting photocurrent is determined by both the chirality of Weyl fermions and that of the photons.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
The polarization-dependent component of the photocurrent is the circular photogalvanic effect (CPGE).
“These systematic polarization-, position-, temperature-and powerdependent measurements further confirm the CPGE and isolate it from the photo-thermal effect.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The photocurrent solely probes the chirality of a single W1 Weyl fermion.
“Therefore, our photocurrent solely probes the chirality of a single W 1 WF (the other seven W 1 WFs are automatically related by symmetries).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The absolute direction of the photocurrent, that is, the sign of η_bbc and η_bcb, depends on the microscopic mechanism.
“Whereas the cancellation and sign reversal are dictated solely by symmetry, the absolute direction of the current-that is, the sign of η bbc and η bcb -depends on the microscopic mechanism.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisereasoning
In TaAs, the presence of mirror symmetries M_a and M_b forces the tensor η to vanish when it contains an odd number of momentum index a or b.
“In TaAs, the presence of M a and M b forces η αβγ to vanish when it contains an odd number of momentum index a or b.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premiseown data
The tilt of the Weyl fermions in TaAs is significant, for example |v+/v-| ≥ 2.
“The tilt of the WFs is significant (for example, |v + /v -| ≥ 2, see Fig. 1d and Supplementary Information III.3)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The photon energy of 120 meV creates excitations from the lower part of the Weyl cone to the upper part, which directly relies on the chirality of the Weyl fermions.
“Unlike a high photon energy, which would probably involve many bands irrelevant to the WFs, the photon energy of 120 meV creates excitations from the lower part of the Weyl cone to the upper part, which directly relies on the chirality of the WFs (Fig. 1).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
The agreement between the photocurrent-determined chirality and the first-principles prediction further confirms the detection of Weyl fermion chirality in TaAs.
“The agreement further confirms our detection of the WF chirality in TaAs.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- May combine two claims. 8
May combine two claims.
Findingown dataQuantum oscillation measurements show that the chemical potential of TaAs is 17.8 meV above the W1 Weyl node and 4.8 meV above the W2 Weyl node.
“Our quantum oscillation measurements (Supplementary Information III.2) confirmed this case (µ is 17.8 meV above W 1 and 4.8 meV above W 2 ).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataFor a given polarization, the direction of the photocurrent reverses upon rotating the sample by 180° around â or b, while it remains the same upon a rotation around ĉ.
“For a given polarization, the direction of the photocurrent reverses if one rotates the sample by 180 • around â or b (Fig. 3b,c), while it remains the same upon a rotation around ĉ (Fig. 3d).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe photocurrent peak at a frequency of 1/π disappears when the laser spot is outside the sample, confirming that the observed current is the sample's intrinsic property.
“This peak disappears at the z values outside the sample, confirming that the observed current is the sample's intrinsic property.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataIn TaAs, the photocurrent reaches a maximum for right circularly polarized light, a minimum for left circularly polarized light, and zero for linearly polarized light.
“We observe that the current reaches maximum value for RCP light, minimum for LCP light, and zero for linearly polarized light.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataFor right circularly polarized light along â, the calculated dimensionless current is J_b = -0.10932 and J_c = 0; for right circularly polarized light along ĉ, J_a = 0 and J_b = 0.
“For RCP along â, Jb = -0.10932and Jc = 0.For RCP along ĉ, Ja = 0 and Jb = 0.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningThe cancellation and sign reversal of the photocurrent are dictated solely by symmetry.
“Whereas the cancellation and sign reversal are dictated solely by symmetry, the absolute direction of the current-that is, the sign of η bbc and η bcb -depends on the microscopic mechanism.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningThe photocurrent contribution from W2 Weyl fermions is negligibly small because the Pauli blockade vanishes at the Weyl node and the chemical potential is close to W2.
“Since the Pauli blockade vanishes for chemical potential at the Weyl node, the photocurrent contribution from W 2 WFs is negligibly small.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataSymmetry analysis of the tensor η explains both the cancellation and sign reversal observations, further confirming the intrinsic nature of the observed CPGE.
“In Supplementary Information IV.2, we show that both observations can be explained by symmetry analysis of the tensor η αβγ , which further confirms the intrinsic nature of the observed CPGE.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Figure 2g cites a scan with no polarization variation
MinorThe caption says Figure 2g is a Fourier transform of Figure 2e over polarization angle, but Figure 2e was measured at fixed RCP polarization. The described polarization-angle scan is Figure 2f.
“g, Fourier transform of e from polarization angle (θ ) space to frequency (f) space.”
“e, Colour map showing the photocurrent measured along b with a fixed polarization (RCP) while the laser spot is varied in (b, c) space.”
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Topological Materials for Functional Optoelectronic Devices
Chorsi, H. T., Cheng, B., Zhao, B., Toudert, J., Asadchy, V., Shoron, O. F., Fan, S., & Matsunaga, R. (2022) · Advanced Functional Materials · doi:10.1002/adfm.202110655 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
- Authors
- Ma, Q., Xu, S.-Y., Chan, C.-K., Zhang, C.-L., Chang, G., Lin, Y., Xie, W., Palacios, T., Lin, H., Jia, S., Lee, P. A., Jarillo-Herrero, P., & Gedik, N.
- Affiliations
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Peking University (CN)
- National University of Singapore (SG)
- Louisiana State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Gedik, Nuh
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature Physics
- Published
- 2017-05-29
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 842-847
- ISSN
- 1745-2473 (ISSN-L)
- 1745-2481
- OpenAlex
- W2611491770
- Cited by
- 418
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 32 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 44 · 2023: 44 · 2022: 47 · 2021: 72 · 2020: 56 · 2019: 45 · 2018: 32 · 2017: 6
- FWCI
- 18.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature Physics (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (1419807)
- U.S. Department of Energy (DE‐FG02‐, DEFG0208ER46521, DESC0001088, DEFG0203ER46076, FG02-08ER46521, FG02-03ER46076)
- Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (GBMF4540, GBMF4541)
- National Research Foundation (NRF-NRFF2013-03)
- Office of Science
- LSU College of Science
- Materials Research Science and Engineering Center, Harvard University (DMR1419807)
- National Key Research and Development Program of China (2014CB239302, 2013CB921901)
- Office of Naval Research (FA9550)
- Division of Materials Research (DMR-14-19807, 14-19807)
- Basic Energy Sciences (DE-FG02, DE-FG02-08ER46521, DE-SC0001088)
- Air Force Office of Scientific Research (FA9550-, FA9550-16, FA9550‐16‐1‐0382, -16-1-, FA9550-16-1)
- Division of Materials Sciences and Engineering (DE-FG02-08ER46521)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Topological Materials and Phenomena
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › 2D Materials and Applications
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Condensed Matter Physics › Advanced Condensed Matter Physics
- Keywords
- Weyl semimetals, photocurrent, circularly polarized light, mid-infrared, chiral anomaly, topological semimetals, Fermi arcs, topological number
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