The DOI matches its Crossref record; 61 of the 62 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Abnormal Responses to Monetary Outcomes in Cortex, but not in the Basal Ganglia, in Schizophrenia
Open accessAbstract
Psychosis has been associated with aberrant brain activity concurrent with both the anticipation and integration of monetary outcomes. The extent to which abnormal reward-related neural signals can be observed in chronic, medicated patients with schizophrenia (SZ), however, is not clear. In an fMRI study involving 17 chronic outpatients with SZ and 17 matched controls, we used a monetary incentive delay (MID) task, in which different-colored shapes predicted gains, losses, or neutral outcomes. Subjects needed to respond to a target within a time window in order to receive the indicated gain or avoid the indicated loss. Group differences in blood-oxygen-level-dependent responses to cues and outcomes were assessed through voxel-wise whole-brain analyses and regions-of-interest analyses in the neostriatum and prefrontal cortex (PFC). Significant group by outcome valence interactions were observed in the medial and lateral PFC, lateral temporal cortex, and amygdalae, such that controls, but not patients, showed greater activation for gains, relative to losses. In the striatum, neural activity was modulated by outcome magnitude in both groups. Additionally, we found that ratings of negative symptoms in patients correlated with sensitivity to obtained losses in medial PFC, obtained gains in lateral PFC, and anticipated gains in left ventral striatum. Sensitivity to obtained gains in lateral PFC also correlated with positive symptom scores in patients. Our findings of systematic relationships between clinical symptoms and neural responses to stimuli associated with rewards and punishments offer promise that reward-related neural responses may provide sensitive probes of the effectiveness of treatments for negative symptoms.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“A large number of fMRI studies indicate that midbrain and striatal responses to rewarding and to neutral outcomes are altered in patients with psychosis (29-42) and that these alterations are associated with positive and negative symptoms.”
From Aberrant Salience, Information Processing, and Dopaminergic Signaling in People at Clinical High Risk for Psychosis (2020) · cites this paper as [37]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“task-related frontal and striatal activation and fronto-striatal connectivity have been repeatedly shown to be altered across the psychosis continuum, suggesting that high-level priors have greater influence on perception in psychosis (33, 34, 36-38, 82, 127-130).”
From Aberrant Salience, Information Processing, and Dopaminergic Signaling in People at Clinical High Risk for Psychosis (2020) · cites this paper as [37]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“Neuroimaging studies of responses to rewards in schizophrenia generally suggest decreased NAc activation during monetary-reward anticipation (but see [416]for an exception) in both patients taking medication and patients not taking medication [417-420].”
From Reward circuitry dysfunction in psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders and genetic syndromes: animal models and clinical findings (2012) · cites this paper as [420]
In the citing paper
“There is also evidence of inverse relations between negative symptoms and NAc activation during reward anticipation [416,420,422] and between lateral PFC activation during reward outcomes [420].”
From Reward circuitry dysfunction in psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders and genetic syndromes: animal models and clinical findings (2012) · cites this paper as [420]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision under Risk
Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1979) · Econometrica · doi:10.2307/1914185 · Cited by 48,524
The assessment and analysis of handedness: The Edinburgh inventory
Oldfield, R. C. (1971) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/0028-3932(71)90067-4 · Cited by 35,900
Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk
Kahneman, D. J., & Tversky, A. (1988) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511609220.014 · Cited by 32,720
The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale.
Overall, J. E., & Gorham, D. R. (1962) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1962.10.3.799 · Cited by 11,090
Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence
Dumont, R., Willis, J. O., Veizel, K., & Zibulsky, J. (2014) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118660584.ese2519 · Cited by 5,546
Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS)*
(1989) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/s0007125000291502 · Cited by 2,710
Randolph, C., Tierney, M. C., Mohr, E., & Chase, T. N. (1998) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1076/jcen.20.3.310.823 · Cited by 2,519
Keefe, R. (2004) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2003.09.011 · Cited by 1,573
The Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS): Conceptual and Theoretical Foundations
Andreasen, N. C. (1989) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/s0007125000291496 · Cited by 1,532
Functional imaging of neural responses to expectancy and experience of monetary gains and losses
Breiter, H. C., Aharon, I., Kahneman, D., Dale, A., & Shizgal, P. (2001) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(01)00303-8 · Cited by 1,404
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 62 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Wechsler D (2001). Wechsler Test of Adult Reading (WTAR). The Psychological Corporation: San Antonio, TX.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–151 of 151
Yang, X., Song, Y. Y., Zou, Y., Li, Y., & Zeng, J. (2023) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhad471 · Cited by 17
Neural basis of self-initiative in relation to apathy in a student sample
Kos, C., Klaasen, N. G., Marsman, J.-B. C., Opmeer, E. M., Knegtering, H., Aleman, A., & van Tol, M. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-03564-5 · Cited by 14
Lemmers-Jansen, I. L. J., Fett, A.-K. J., Doesum, N. J. V., Lange, P. A. M. V., Veltman, D. J., & Krabbendam, L. (2019) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2019.00047 · Cited by 14
Alterations of oscillatory neuronal activity during reward processing in schizophrenia
Leicht, G., Andreou, C., Nafe, T., Nägele, F. L., Rauh, J., Ćurić, S., Schauer, P. A., Schöttle, D., Steinmann, S., & Mulert, C. (2020) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.05.031 · Cited by 13
Goldsmith, D. R., Ning, C. S., Strauss, G. P., Gross, R. E., Cooper, J. A., Wommack, E. C., Haroon, E., Felger, J. C., Walker, E. F., Treadway, M. T., et al. (2025) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-025-02114-2 · Cited by 12
Giordano, G. M., Pezzella, P., Giuliani, L., Fazio, L., Mucci, A., Perrottelli, A., Blasi, G., Amore, M., Rocca, P., Rossi, A., et al. (2023) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci13010083 · Cited by 13
Influence of positive subliminal and supraliminal affective cues on goal pursuit in schizophrenia
Chaillou, A.-C., Giersch, A., Bonnefond, A., Ruud Custers, A., & Capa, R. L. (2014) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2014.10.052 · Cited by 11
Apathy is not associated with reduced ventral striatal volume in patients with schizophrenia
Burrer, A., Caravaggio, F., Manoliu, A., Plitman, E., Guetter, K., Habermeyer, B., Stämpfli, P., Abivardi, A., Schmidt, A., Borgwardt, S., et al. (2020) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2020.08.018 · Cited by 12
Anhedonia in Schizophrenia: A Deficit in Translating Reward Information into Motivated Behavior
Strauss, G. P. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-017-8610-2_5 · Cited by 9
Trust and psychosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Prasannakumar, A., Kumar, V., & Rao, N. P. (2022) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291722002562 · Cited by 8
Nielsen, M. Ø., Rostrup, E., Hilker, R. W., Legind, C. S., Anhøj, S. J., Robbins, T. W., Sahakian, B. J., Fagerlund, B., & Glenthoj, B. Y. (2022) · Biological Psychiatry Global Open Science · doi:10.1016/j.bpsgos.2022.01.002 · Cited by 8
Single pulse TMS differentially modulates reward behavior
Stanford, A. D., Luber, B. M., Unger, L., Cycowicz, Y. M., Malaspina, D., & Lisanby, S. H. (2013) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2013.09.016 · Cited by 7
Acute and Lifetime Stress and Psychotic Illness: The Roles of Reward and Salience Networks
Nudelman, J. L., & Waltz, J. A. (2022) · Journal of Psychiatry and Brain Science · doi:10.20900/jpbs.20220012 · Cited by 7
Self-citationNeural correlates of uncertainty processing in psychosis spectrum disorder
Fromm, S. P., Wieland, L., Deneault, A., Heinz, A., Katthagen, T., & Schlagenhauf, F. (2024) · Brain Communications · doi:10.1093/braincomms/fcaf073 · Cited by 7
Illness-related variables and abnormalities of resting-state brain activity in schizophrenia
Giuliani, L., Pezzella, P., Giordano, G. M., Fazio, L., Mucci, A., Perrottelli, A., Blasi, G., Amore, M., Rocca, P., Rossi, A., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1458624 · Cited by 7
An Affective Neuroscience Model of Impaired Approach Motivation in Schizophrenia
Strauss, G. P., Whearty, K. M., Frost, K. H., & Carpenter, W. T. (2016) · Nebraska Symposium on Motivation/The Nebraska symposium on motivation · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-30596-7_6 · Cited by 6
Neuroimaging and Psychopathological Domains
Mucci, A., Galderisi, S., Amodio, A., & Dierks, T. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-97307-4_2 · Cited by 6
Franz, M., Kebets, V., Berg, X., Georgiadis, F., Milano, B. A., Burrer, A., Brakowski, J., Kaiser, S., Seifritz, E., Homan, P., et al. (2025) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbaf078 · Cited by 6
Reward anticipation in individuals with subclinical psychotic experiences: A functional MRI approach
Michielse, S., Lange, I., Bakker, J. M., Goossens, L., Verhagen, S. J. W., Papalini, S., Wichers, M., Lieverse, R., Schruers, K. R. J., van Amelsvoort, T., et al. (2019) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2019.10.002 · Cited by 5
Electrophysiological Signatures of Reward Processing in Anhedonia
Mallorquí, A., Padrão, G., & Rodríguez‐Fornells, A. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-017-8591-4_11 · Cited by 4
Motivational Impairments in Psychotic and Depressive Pathology
Barch, D. M., Pagliaccio, D., & Luking, K. R. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813693-5.00015-0 · Cited by 4
Learning and Motivation for Rewards in Schizophrenia: Implications for Behavioral Rehabilitation
Martin, V., Brereton, A. L., & Tang, J. (2020) · Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports · doi:10.1007/s40473-020-00210-9 · Cited by 3
Tangmose, K., Rostrup, E., Bojesen, K. B., Sigvard, A. K., Jessen, K., Johansen, L. B., Glenthoj, B. Y., & Nielsen, M. Ø. (2021) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291721003305 · Cited by 6
Dark, F. L., Galloway, G. J., Gray, M. A., Cella, M., Monte, V. E. D., Gore‐Jones, V., & Ritchie, G. (2024) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/52505 · Cited by 4
Tangmose, K., Rostrup, E., Bojesen, K. B., Sigvard, A. K., Glenthoj, B. Y., & Nielsen, M. Ø. (2023) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115308 · Cited by 5
Enhanced Punishment Responses in Patients With Schizophrenia: An Event-Related Potential Study
Akgül, Ö., Fide, E., Özel, F., Alptekın, K., Bora, E., Akdede, B. B., & Yener, G. (2023) · Clinical EEG and Neuroscience · doi:10.1177/15500594231190966 · Cited by 3
Reduced Reward Processing in Schizophrenia: A Comprehensive EEG Event-Related Oscillation Study
Akgül, Ö., Fide, E., Özel, F., Alptekın, K., Bora, E., Akdede, B. B., & Yener, G. (2023) · Brain Topography · doi:10.1007/s10548-023-01021-3 · Cited by 2
Interaction of schizophrenia and chronic cannabis use on reward anticipation sensitivity
Fish, S., Christidi, F., Karavasilis, E., Velonakis, G., Kelekis, N., Klein, C., Stefanis, N. C., & Smyrnis, N. (2021) · Schizophrenia · doi:10.1038/s41537-021-00163-2 · Cited by 13
Culbreth, A. J., Kasanova, Z., Ross, T. J., Salmeron, B. J., Gold, J. M., Stein, E. A., & Waltz, J. A. (2021) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci11121610 · Cited by 1
Self-citationReward Processing in Motivational and Affective Disorders
Skandali, N. (2016) · Frontiers research topics · doi:10.3389/978-2-88919-986-0 · Cited by 1
Update: Negativsymptome. Psychopathologie, Epidemiologie, Pathophysiologie und Behandlungsoptionen.
Conradi, J., Jäger, M., & Kaiser, S. (2013) · Schweizer Archiv für Neurologie und Psychiatrie · doi:10.4414/sanp.2013.00147 · Cited by 1
The Role of the Dopamine D₁ Receptor in the Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia
Broeke, M. V. (2016) · doi:10.26686/wgtn.17067695.v1 · Cited by 1
Horisberger, R., Kaiser, S., & Hartmann-Riemer, M. N. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/v236a · Cited by 1
Franz, M., Kebets, V., Berg, X., Georgiadis, F., Burrer, A., Brakowski, J., Kaiser, S., Seifritz, E., Homan, P., Walton, E., et al. (2024) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2024.07.29.24311172 · Cited by 1
From Reward Learning to the Bayesian Brain: 20 Years of Aberrant Salience
Feldman, H., & Schmack, K. (2025) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.20250650 · Cited by 1
Breaking Apart the Reinforcement Learning Deficit in Schizophrenia
Culbreth, A. J. (2015) · Open Scholarship Institutional Repository (Washington University in St. Louis) · doi:10.7936/k73t9f8t
Godini, L., Lelli, L., Campone, B., Ciampi, E., Corsi, E., Ramella‐Cravaro, V., & Ballerini, A. (2016)
Examining the effects of reward and punishment on incidental learning
Freedberg, M., Hazeltine, E., Duff, M., McMurray, B., Voss, M., & Darling, W. (2016) · doi:10.17077/etd.b4zjzeio
FMRI investigation of intertemporal discounting in schizophrenia
Avsar, K. B. (2012) · ProQuest Demo Repository
The Effects of Atypical Antipsychotics on Implicit Reward Learning in Schizophrenia
Bradford, L. (2015) · QSpace (Queen's University Library)
Richter, A. (2017) · eDiss (Georg-August-Universität Göttingen) · doi:10.53846/goediss-6346
The Role of the Dopamine D₁ Receptor in the Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia
Broeke, M. V. (2016) · doi:10.26686/wgtn.17067695 · Cited by 1
Structural and functional neuroimaging of schizophrenia
Diaconescu, A. O., Iglesias, S., & Stephan, K. E. (2020) · doi:10.1093/med/9780198713005.003.0060
Neural Markers of Errors as Endophenotypes in Neuropsychiatric Disorders
Manoach, D. S., & Agam, Y. (2016) · Innovations in cognitive neuroscience · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-3846-5_9
Cognitive and Motivational Neuroscience of Psychotic Disorders
Young, J. W., Anticevic, A., & Barch, D. M. (2017) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med/9780190681425.003.0016
Dysfunction of the motivational brain
Xu, P. (2022) · University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) · doi:10.33612/diss.219070985
Klaassen, A.-L., Michel, C., Stüble, M., Scholkmann, F., Kaess, M., & Kindler, J. (2025) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2025.01.051
Chung, Y. S. (2014) · Open Scholarship Institutional Repository (Washington University in St. Louis) · doi:10.7936/k74j0c7p
Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia: Neurobiological Bases
Pallis, K., Kirschner, M., Kaiser, S., & Bègue, I. (2025) · Comprehensive approach to psychiatry · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-06209-3_5
Conceptualising B′ plan through problem-based method: a blended approach
Swain, S., Patoju, S. K. S., & Malladi, S. R. (2026) · Responsible Enterprise Pedagogy · doi:10.1108/resep-03-2026-0006
Purcell, J. R., Demro, C., Lahud, E., Burton, P. C., Simon, J. J., Mueller, B. A., & Sponheim, S. R. (2026) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbag028
Metadata
- Authors
- Waltz, J. A., Schweitzer, J. B., Ross, T. J., Kurup, P. K., Salmeron, B. J., Rose, E. J., Gold, J. M., & Stein, E. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Maryland, Baltimore (US)
- University of California Davis Medical Center (US)
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Waltz, James A
- ORCID
- Venue
- Neuropsychopharmacology
- Published
- 2010-08-18
- Volume
- 35
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 2427-2439
- ISSN
- 0893-133X (ISSN-L)
- 1740-634X
- PMC
- PMC2955756
- OpenAlex
- W1991367158
- Cited by
- 151
- References
- 62
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 5.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Neuropsychopharmacology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5p30mh068580-03, 5k12rr023250-05)
- National Institute of Mental Health (P30 MH-068580, 1R24 MH72647-01A1, R24MH072647)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse
- National Center for Research Resources (1K12 RR 023250-01, K12-RR023250)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Keywords
- schizophrenia, monetary incentive delay task, reward processing, punishment sensitivity, outcome valence, prefrontal cortex, ventral striatum, basal ganglia, negative symptoms, positive symptoms, outcome magnitude
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Basal Ganglia, Brain Mapping, Cerebral Cortex, Cues, Female, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Reinforcement, Psychology, Schizophrenia, Schizophrenic Psychology, Self Report
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
