RAS oncogenes: the first 30 years

Mutations of the BRAF gene in human cancer

Davies, H., Bignell, G. R., Cox, C., Stephens, P., Edkins, S., Clegg, S., Teague, J., Woffendin, H., Garnett, M. J., Bottomley, W., et al. (2002) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature00766 · Cited by 10,674

TGF-β SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION

Massagué, J. (1998) · Annual Review of Biochemistry · doi:10.1146/annurev.biochem.67.1.753 · Cited by 7,571

ras oncogenes in human cancer: a review.

Bos, J. L. (1989) · PubMed · Cited by 5,061

Targeting RAS signalling pathways in cancer therapy

Downward, J. (2003) · Nature reviews. Cancer · doi:10.1038/nrc969 · Cited by 3,354

Tumorigenic conversion of primary embryo fibroblasts requires at least two cooperating oncogenes

Land, H., Parada, L. F., & Weinberg, R. A. (1983) · Nature · doi:10.1038/304596a0 · Cited by 2,804

Most human carcinomas of the exocrine pancreas contain mutant c-K-ras genes

Almoguera, C., Shibata, D. K., Forrester, K., Wj, M., Arnheim, N., & Perucho, M. (1988) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(88)90571-5 · Cited by 2,122

Phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase direct target of Ras

Rodriguez-Viciana, P., Warne, P. H., Dhand, R., Vanhaesebroeck, B., Gout, I., Fry, M. J., Waterfield, M. D., & Downward, J. (1994) · Nature · doi:10.1038/370527a0 · Cited by 1,954

Mammalian Ras interacts directly with the serine/threonine kinase raf

Vojtek, A. B., Hollenberg, S. M., & Cooper, J. A. (1993) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(93)90307-c · Cited by 1,934

Analysis of lung tumor initiation and progression using conditional expression of oncogenic K-rasPreprint

Jackson, E. L., Willis, N. A., Mercer, K. L., Bronson, R. T., Crowley, D. G., Montoya, R., Jacks, T., & Tuveson, D. A. (2001) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.943001 · Cited by 1,927

Prevalence of ras gene mutations in human colorectal cancers

Bos, J. L., Fearon, E. R., Hamilton, S. R., Vries, M. V., BOOM, J. H. V., van der Eb, A. J., & Vogelstein, B. (1987) · Nature · doi:10.1038/327293a0 · Cited by 1,860

All ras proteins are polyisoprenylated but only some are palmitoylated

Hancock, J. F., Magee, A. I., Childs, J. E., & Marshall, C. J. (1989) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(89)90054-8 · Cited by 1,775

The SH2 and SH3 domain-containing protein GRB2 links receptor tyrosine kinases to ras signaling

Lowenstein, E. J., Daly, R. J., Batzer, A., Li, W., Margolis, B. L., Lammers, R., Ullrich, A., Skolnik, E. Y., Bar‐Sagi, D., & Schlessinger, J. (1992) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(92)90167-b · Cited by 1,632

The Ras-RasGAP Complex: Structural Basis for GTPase Activation and Its Loss in Oncogenic Ras Mutants

Scheffzek, K., Ahmadian, M. R., Kabsch, W., Wiesmüller, L., Lautwein, A., Schmitz, F., & Wittinghofer, A. (1997) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.277.5324.333 · Cited by 1,543

Type 1 Neurofibromatosis Gene: Identification of a Large Transcript Disrupted in Three NF1 Patients

Wallace, M. R., Marchuk, D. A., Andersen, L. B., Letcher, R., Odeh, H. M., Saulino, A. M., Fountain, J. W., Brereton, A., Nicholson, J. M., Mitchell, A. L., et al. (1990) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.2134734 · Cited by 1,478

Mechanism of activation of a human oncogene

Tabin, C. J., Bradley, S. M., Bargmann, C. I., Weinberg, R. A., Papageorge, A. G., Scolnick, E. M., Dhar, R., Lowy, D. R., & Chang, E. H. (1982) · Nature · doi:10.1038/300143a0 · Cited by 1,393

A point mutation is responsible for the acquisition of transforming properties by the T24 human bladder carcinoma oncogene

Reddy, E. P., Reynolds, R. K., Santos, E., & Barbacid, M. (1982) · Nature · doi:10.1038/300149a0 · Cited by 1,391

Adenovirus early region 1A enables viral and cellular transforming genes to transform primary cells in culture

Ruley, H. E. (1983) · Nature · doi:10.1038/304602a0 · Cited by 1,248

A Cytoplasmic Protein Stimulates Normal N- ras p21 GTPase, But Does Not Affect Oncogenic Mutants

Trahey, M., & McCormick, F. (1987) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.2821624 · Cited by 1,211

Biochemical transfer of single-copy eucaryotic genes using total cellular DNA as donor

Wigler, M. H., Pellicer, À., Silverstein, S. J., & Axel, R. (1978) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(78)90254-4 · Cited by 1,210

Somatic activation of the K-ras oncogene causes early onset lung cancer in mice

Johnson, L., Mercer, K., Greenbaum, D., Bronson, R. T., Crowley, D., Tuveson, D. A., & Jacks, T. (2001) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35074129 · Cited by 1,179

In yeast, RAS proteins are controlling elements of adenylate cyclase

Toda, T., Uno, I., Ishikawa, T., Powers, S., Kataoka, T., Broek, D., Cameron, S., Broach, J. R., Matsumoto, K., & Wigler, M. H. (1985) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(85)90305-8 · Cited by 1,108

The neurofibromatosis type 1 gene encodes a protein related to GAP

Xu, G., O'Connell, P., Viskochil, D., Cawthon, R., Robertson, M., Culver, M., Dunn, D., Stevens, J., Gesteland, R., White, R., et al. (1990) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(90)90024-9 · Cited by 1,095

Detection of high incidence of K-ras oncogenes during human colon tumorigenesis

Forrester, K., Almoguera, C., Han, K., Grizzle, W. E., & Perucho, M. (1987) · Nature · doi:10.1038/327298a0 · Cited by 1,061

The GAP-related domain of the neurofibromatosis type 1 gene product interacts with ras p21

Martin, G. A., Viskoohil, D., Bollag, G. E., McCabe, P. C., Crosier, W. J., Haubruck, H., Conroy, L., Clark, R., O'Connell, P., Cawthon, R., et al. (1990) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(90)90150-d · Cited by 983

Complexes of Ras⋅GTP with Raf-1 and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinase

Moodie, S. A., Willumsen, B. M., Weber, M. J., & Wolfman, A. (1993) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.8503013 · Cited by 968

Human EJ bladder carcinoma oncogene is homologue of Harvey sarcoma virus ras gene

Parada, L. F., Tabin, C. J., Shih, C., & Weinberg, R. A. (1982) · Nature · doi:10.1038/297474a0 · Cited by 947

Essential role for oncogenic Ras in tumour maintenance

Chin, L., Tam, A., Pomerantz, J. H., Wong, M., Holash, J. A., Bardeesy, N. M., Shen, Q. “., O’Hagan, R. C., Pantginis, J., Zhou, H., et al. (1999) · Nature · doi:10.1038/22788 · Cited by 886

Structure of the guanine-nucleotide-binding domain of the Ha-ras oncogene product p21 in the triphosphate conformation

PAI, E. F., Kabsch, W., Krengel, U., Holmes, K. C., John, J., & Wittinghofer, A. (1989) · Nature · doi:10.1038/341209a0 · Cited by 876

Normal and oncogenic p21ras proteins bind to the amino-terminal regulatory domain of c-Raf-1

Zhang, X., Settleman, J. E., Kyriakis, J. M., Takeuchi-Suzuki, E., Elledge, S. J., Marshall, M. S., Bruder, J. T., Rapp, U. R., & Avruch, J. (1993) · Nature · doi:10.1038/364308a0 · Cited by 859

Requirement for ras proto-oncogene function during serum-stimulated growth of NIH 3T3 cells

Mulcahy, L. S., Smith, M. R., & Stacey, D. W. (1985) · Nature · doi:10.1038/313241a0 · Cited by 851

The NF1 locus encodes a protein functionally related to mammalian GAP and yeast IRA proteins.

Ballester, R., Marchuk, D., Boguski, M., Saulino, A., Letcher, R., Wigler, M., & Collins, F. (1990) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(90)90151-4 · Cited by 847

Inhibition of purified p21 farnesyl:protein transferase by Cys-AAX tetrapeptides

Reiss, Y., Goldstein, J. L., Seabra, M. C., Casey, P. J., & Brown, M. S. (1990) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(90)90242-7 · Cited by 815

Direct mutagenesis of Ha-ras-1 oncogenes by N-nitroso-N-methylurea during initiation of mammary carcinogenesis in rats

Zarbl, H., Sukumar, S. V., Arthur, A. V., Martı́n-Zanca, D., & Barbacid, M. (1985) · Nature · doi:10.1038/315382a0 · Cited by 807

The structural basis of the activation of Ras by Sos

Boriack-Sjodin, P. A., Margarit, S. M., Bar-Sagi, D., & Kuriyan, J. (1998) · Nature · doi:10.1038/28548 · Cited by 799

Transforming genes of human bladder and lung carcinoma cell lines are homologous to the ras genes of Harvey and Kirsten sarcoma viruses.

Der, C. J., Krontiris, T. G., & Cooper, G. M. (1982) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.79.11.3637 · Cited by 793

Transforming genes of carcinomas and neuroblastomas introduced into mouse fibroblasts

Shih, C., Padhy, L. C., Murray, M. J., & Weinberg, R. A. (1981) · Nature · doi:10.1038/290261a0 · Cited by 791

Coexpression of MMTV/v-Ha-ras and MMTV/c-myc genes in transgenic mice: Synergistic action of oncogenes in vivo

Sinn, E., Muller, W. J., Pattengale, P. K., Tepler, I., Wallace, R., & Leder, P. (1987) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(87)90449-1 · Cited by 788

Isolation of a transforming sequence from a human bladder carcinoma cell line

Shih, C., & Weinberg, R. A. (1982) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(82)90100-3 · Cited by 783

Direct interaction of Ras and the amino-terminal region of Raf-1 in vitro

Warne, P. H., Vician, P. R., & Downward, J. (1993) · Nature · doi:10.1038/364352a0 · Cited by 729

The p21 src genes of Harvey and Kirsten sarcoma viruses originate from divergent members of a family of normal vertebrate genes

Ellis, R. W., DeFeo, D., Shih, T. Y., Gonda, M. A., Young, H. A., Tsuchida, N., Lowy, D. R., & Scolnick, E. M. (1981) · Nature · doi:10.1038/292506a0 · Cited by 723

Induction of mammary carcinomas in rats by nitroso-methylurea involves malignant activation of H-ras-1 locus by single point mutations

Sukumar, S. V., Notario, V., Martı́n-Zanca, D., & Barbacid, M. (1983) · Nature · doi:10.1038/306658a0 · Cited by 706

Activation of the T24 bladder carcinoma transforming gene is linked to a single amino acid change

Taparowsky, E. J., Suard, Y. M. L., Fasano, O., Shimizu, K., Goldfarb, M. P., & Wigler, M. H. (1982) · Nature · doi:10.1038/300762a0 · Cited by 703

Comparative biochemical properties of normal and activated human ras p21 protein

McGrath, J. P., Capon, D. J., Goeddel, D. V., & Levinson, A. D. (1984) · Nature · doi:10.1038/310644a0 · Cited by 699

Requirement for c-ras proteins during viral oncogene transformation

Smith, M. R., DeGudicibus, S. J., & Stacey, D. W. (1986) · Nature · doi:10.1038/320540a0 · Cited by 653

Cloning of bovine GAP and its interaction with oncogenic ras p21

Vogel, U. S., Dixon, R. A. F., Schaber, M. D., Diehl, R. E., Marshall, M. S., Scolnick, E. M., Sigal, I. S., & Gibbs, W. W. (1988) · Nature · doi:10.1038/335090a0 · Cited by 649

T24 human bladder carcinoma oncogene is an activated form of the normal human homologue of BALB- and Harvey-MSV transforming genes

Santos, E., Tronick, S. R., Aaronson, S. A., Pulciani, S., & Barbacid, M. (1982) · Nature · doi:10.1038/298343a0 · Cited by 624

Crystal Structure and Functional Analysis of Ras Binding to Its Effector Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase γ

Pacold, M. E., Suire, S., Perišić, O., Lara‐González, S., Davis, C. T., Walker, E. H., Hawkins, P. T., Stephens, L., Eccleston, J. F., & Williams, R. L. (2000) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)00196-3 · Cited by 611

C. elegans cell-signalling gene sem-5 encodes a protein with SH2 and SH3 domains

Clark, S. G., Stern, M., & Horvitz, H. R. (1992) · Nature · doi:10.1038/356340a0 · Cited by 593

The p21 ras C-terminus is required for transformation and membrane association

Willumsen, B. M., Christensen, A., Hubbert, N. L., Papageorge, A. G., & Lowy, D. R. (1984) · Nature · doi:10.1038/310583a0 · Cited by 584

Induction and apoptotic regression of lung adenocarcinomas by regulation of a K-Ras transgene in the presence and absence of tumor suppressor genes

Fisher, G. H., Wellen, S. L., Klimstra, D., Lenczowski, J. M., Tichelaar, J. W., Lizak, M. J., Whitsett, J. A., Koretsky, A., & Varmus, H. E. (2001) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.947701 · Cited by 582

Intrinsic GTPase activity distinguishes normal and oncogenic ras p21 molecules.

Gibbs, W. W., Sigal, I. S., Poe, M., & Scolnick, E. M. (1984) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.81.18.5704 · Cited by 580

An Unidentified Virus which causes the Rapid Production of Tumours in Mice

Harvey, J. J. (1964) · Nature · doi:10.1038/2041104b0 · Cited by 577

Inhibition of farnesyltransferase induces regression of mammary and salivary carcinomas in ras transgenic mice

Kohl, N. E., Omer, C. A., Conner, M. W., Anthony, N. J., Davide, J. P., DeSolms, S. J., Giuliani, E. A., Gomez, R. P., Graham, S. L., Hamilton, K., et al. (1995) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm0895-792 · Cited by 540

K-ras is an essential gene in the mouse with partial functional overlap with N-rasPreprint

Johnson, L., Greenbaum, D. C., Cichowski, K. M., Mercer, K. L., Murphy, E. A., Schmitt, E. S., Bronson, R. T., Umanoff, H., Edelmann, W., Kucherlapati, R., et al. (1997) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.11.19.2468 · Cited by 540

Mutational Activation of the K-rasOncogene

Rodenhuis, S., van de Wetering, M. L., Mooi, W. J., Evers, S. G., van Zandwijk, N., & Bos, J. L. (1987) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198710083171504 · Cited by 537

The product of ras is a GTPase and the T24 oncogenic mutant is deficient in this activity

Sweet, R. W., Yokoyama, S., Kamata, T., Feramisco, J. R., Rosenberg, M. J., & Gross, M. S. (1984) · Nature · doi:10.1038/311273a0 · Cited by 532

Genetic and Pharmacological Suppression of Oncogenic Mutations in RAS Genes of Yeast and Humans

Schafer, W. R., Kim, R., Sterne, R. E., Thorner, J. W., Kim, S., & Rine, J. (1989) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.2569235 · Cited by 530

Activation of the mouse cellular Harvey-ras gene in chemically induced benign skin papillomas

Balmain, A., Ramsden, M., Bowden, G. T., & Smith, J. (1984) · Nature · doi:10.1038/307658a0 · Cited by 529

Three-Dimensional Structure of an Oncogene Protein: Catalytic Domain of Human c-H- ras P21

de Vos, A. M., Tong, L., Milburn, M. V., Matias, P. M., Jancarik, J., Noguchi, S., Nishimura, S., Miura, K., Ohtsuka, E., & Kim, S. (1988) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.2448879 · Cited by 529

Passage of phenotypes of chemically transformed cells via transfection of DNA and chromatin.

Shih, C., Shilo, B., Goldfarb, M. P., Dannenberg, A. J., & Weinberg, R. A. (1979) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.76.11.5714 · Cited by 487

Time-resolved X-ray crystallographic study of the conformational change in Ha-Ras p21 protein on GTP hydrolysis

Schlichting, I., Almo, S. C., Rapp, G., Wilson, K. S., Petratos, K., Lentfer, A., Wittinghofer, A., Kabsch, W., PAI, E. F., Petsko, G. A., et al. (1990) · Nature · doi:10.1038/345309a0 · Cited by 487

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a human transforming gene from T24 bladder carcinoma cells

Goldfarb, M. P., Shimizu, K., Perucho, M., & Wigler, M. H. (1982) · Nature · doi:10.1038/296404a0 · Cited by 484

Homologies Between Signal Transducing G Proteins and ras Gene Products

Hurley, J. B., Simon, M. I., Teplow, D. B., Robishaw, J. D., & Gilman, A. G. (1984) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.6436980 · Cited by 483

The S. cerevisiae CDC25 gene product regulates the RAS/adenylate cyclase pathway

Broek, D., Toda, T., Michaeli, T., Levin, L. R., Birchmeier, C., Zoller, M. J., Powers, S., & Wigler, M. H. (1987) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(87)90076-6 · Cited by 478

Identification of transforming gene in two human sarcoma cell lines as a new member of the ras gene family located on chromosome 1

Hall, A., Marshall, C. J., Spurr, N. K., & Weiss, R. A. (1983) · Nature · doi:10.1038/303396a0 · Cited by 448

Human-tumor-derived cell lines contain common and different transforming genes

Perucho, M., Goldfarb, M. P., Shimizu, K., Lama, C., Fogh, J., & Wigler, M. H. (1981) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(81)90388-3 · Cited by 447

Molecular Cloning of Two Types of GAP Complementary DNA from Human Placenta

Trahey, M., Wong, G. A., Halenbeck, R., Rubinfeld, B., Martin, G. A., Ladner, M. B., Long, C. M., Crosier, W. J., Watt, K., Koths, K. E., et al. (1988) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.3201259 · Cited by 442

Distinct requirements for Ras oncogenesis in human versus mouse cellsPreprint

Hamad, N. M., Elconin, J. H., Karnoub, A. E., Bai, W., Rich, J. N., Abraham, R. T., Der, C. J., & Counter, C. M. (2002) · Genes & Development · doi:10.17615/zkd7-3774 · Cited by 439

Fibroblast immortality is a prerequisite for transformation by EJ c-Ha-ras oncogene

Newbold, R. F., & Overell, R. W. (1983) · Nature · doi:10.1038/304648a0 · Cited by 436

Mouse skin carcinomas induced in vivo by chemical carcinogens have a transforming Harvey-ras oncogene

Balmain, A., & Pragnell, I. B. (1983) · Nature · doi:10.1038/303072a0 · Cited by 424

Malignant Activation of a K- ras Oncogene in Lung Carcinoma But Not in Normal Tissue of the Same Patient

Santos, E., Martin-Zanca, D., Reddy, E. P., Pierotti, M. A., Della Porta, G., & Barbacid, M. (1984) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.6695174 · Cited by 418

The Ras branch of small Gtpases: Ras family members don’t fall far from the tree

Reuther, G. W., & Der, C. J. (2000) · Current Opinion in Cell Biology · doi:10.1016/s0955-0674(99)00071-x · Cited by 418

How receptors turn Ras on

McCormick, F. (1993) · Nature · doi:10.1038/363015a0 · Cited by 408

Localization of the src gene product of the Harvey strain of MSV to plasma membrane of transformed cells by electron microscopic immunocytochemistry

Willingham, M. C., Pastan, I. H., Shih, T. Y., & Scolnick, E. M. (1980) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(80)90091-4 · Cited by 398

Three-dimensional structures of H-ras p21 mutants: Molecular basis for their inability to function as signal switch molecules

Krengel, U., Schlichting, I., Scherer, A., Schumann, R., Frech, M., John, J., Kabsch, W., PAI, E. F., & Wittinghofer, A. (1990) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(90)90018-a · Cited by 386

K-Ras is essential for the development of the mouse embryo

Koera, K., Nakamura, K. D., Nakao, K., Miyoshi, J., Toyoshima, K., Hatta, T., Otani, H., Aiba, A., & Katsuki, M. (1997) · Oncogene · doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1201284 · Cited by 355

Molecular cloning of cDNAs encoding a guanine-nucleotide-releasing factor for Ras p21

Shou, C., Farnsworth, C. L., Neel, B. G., & Feig, L. A. (1992) · Nature · doi:10.1038/358351a0 · Cited by 353

RAS proteins can induce meiosis in xenopus oocytes

Birchmeier, C., Broek, D., & Wigler, M. H. (1985) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(85)90233-8 · Cited by 342

Morphologic Responses to a Murine Erythroblastosis Virus 2

KIRSTEN, W. H., & Mayer, L. A. (1967) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/39.2.311 · Cited by 325

Guanine nucleotide-binding activity as an assay for src protein of rat-derived murine sarcoma viruses

Scolnick, E. M., Papageorge, A. G., & Shih, T. Y. (1979) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.76.10.5355 · Cited by 302

Targeted Genomic Disruption of H-ras and N-ras, Individually or in Combination, Reveals the Dispensability of Both Loci for Mouse Growth and Development

Esteban, L. M., Vicario‐Abejón, C., Fernández‐Salguero, P. M., Fernández‐Medarde, A., Swaminathan, N., Yienger, K., Lopez, E., Malumbres, M., McKay, R. D. G., Ward, J. M., et al. (2001) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.21.5.1444-1452.2001 · Cited by 298

Activated Ras interacts with the Ral guanine nucleotide dissociation stimulator.

Hofer, F., Fields, S., Schneider, C., & Martin, G. S. (1994) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.91.23.11089 · Cited by 287

Identification of murine homologues of the Drosophila son of sevenless gene: potential activators of ras.

Bowtell, D. D. L., Fu, P., Simon, M., & Senior, P. V. (1992) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.89.14.6511 · Cited by 287

Isolation and preliminary characterization of the transforming gene of a human neuroblastoma cell line.

Shimizu, K., Goldfarb, M. P., Perucho, M., & Wigler, M. H. (1983) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.80.2.383 · Cited by 286

Identification of a sarcoma virus-coded phosphoprotein in nonproducer cells transformed by Kirsten or Harvey murine sarcoma virus

Shih, T. Y., Weeks, M. O., Young, H. A., & Scolnick, E. M. (1979) · Virology · doi:10.1016/0042-6822(79)90173-9 · Cited by 273

C. elegans lin-45 raf gene participates in let-60 ras-stimulated vulval differentiation

Han, M., Golden, A., Han, Y., & Sternberg, P. W. (1993) · Nature · doi:10.1038/363133a0 · Cited by 271

Oncogenes in human tumor cell lines: molecular cloning of a transforming gene from human bladder carcinoma cells.

Pulciani, S., Santos, E., Lauver, A. V., Long, L. K., Robbins, K. C., & Barbacid, M. (1982) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.79.9.2845 · Cited by 268

Identification of the guanine nucleotide dissociation stimulator for Ral as a putative effector molecule of R-ras, H-ras, K-ras, and Rap.

Spaargaren, M., & Bischoff, J. R. (1994) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.91.26.12609 · Cited by 265

Pancreatic neoplasia induced by ras expression in acinar cells of transgenic mice

Quaife, C. J., Pinkert, C. A., Ornitz, D. M., Palmiter, R. D., & Brinster, R. L. (1987) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(87)90710-0 · Cited by 264

Crystal structures at 2.2 Å resolution of the catalytic domains of normal ras protein and an oncogenic mutant complexed with GDP

Tong, L., de Vos, A. M., Milburn, M. V., & Kim, S. (1991) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/0022-2836(91)90753-s · Cited by 261

ralGDS family members interact with the effector loop of ras p21.

Kikuchi, A., Demo, S. D., Ye, Z. H., Chen, Y. W., & Williams, L. T. (1994) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.14.11.7483 · Cited by 259

Studies on the Nucleic Acid Sequences of Kirsten Sarcoma Virus: a Model for Formation of a Mammalian RNA-Containing Sarcoma Virus

Scolnick, E. M., Rands, E., Williams, D., & Parks, W. P. (1973) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.12.3.458-463.1973 · Cited by 251

Structural basis for the interaction of Ras with RaIGDS

Huang, L., Hofer, F., Martin, G. S., & Kim, S. (1998) · Nature Structural Biology · doi:10.1038/nsb0698-422 · Cited by 250

Activating mutations of the c-Ha-ras protooncogene in chemically induced hepatomas of the male B6C3 F1 mouse.

Wiseman, R. W., Stowers, S. J., Miller, E. C., Anderson, M. W., & MILLER, J. A. (1986) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.83.16.5825 · Cited by 248

Inhibition of human tumor xenograft growth by treatment with the farnesyl transferase inhibitor B956.

Nagasu, T., Yoshimatsu, K., Rowell, C., Lewis, M. D., & Garcia, A. M. (1995) · PubMed · Cited by 238

The murine N-ras gene is not essential for growth and development.

Umanoff, H., Edelmann, W., Pellicer, À., & Kucherlapati, R. (1995) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.92.5.1709 · Cited by 234

CDC25 : a Component of the RAS -Adenylate Cyclase Pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Robinson, L. C., Gibbs, W. W., Marshall, M. S., Sigal, I. S., & Tatchell, K. (1987) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.3547648 · Cited by 234

Cloning by functional complementation of a mouse cDNA encoding a homologue of CDC25, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae RAS activator.

Martegani, E., Vanoni, M., Zippel, R., Coccetti, P., Brambilla, R., Ferrari, C., Sturani, E., & Alberghina, L. (1992) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1992.tb05274.x · Cited by 225

A Cytosolic Protein Catalyzes the Release of GDP from p21 ras

Wolfman, A., & Macara, I. G. (1990) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.2181667 · Cited by 223

Epidermal growth factor stimulates guanine nucleotide binding activity and phosphorylation of ras oncogene proteins

Kamata, T., & Feramisco, J. R. (1984) · Nature · doi:10.1038/310147a0 · Cited by 199

A molecular approach to leukemogenesis: mouse lymphomas contain an activated c-ras oncogene.

Guerrero, I., Calzada, P., Mayer, A. J., & Pellicer, À. (1984) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.81.1.202 · Cited by 188

Receptor tyrosine kinases and their targets

Kazlauskas, A. (1994) · Current Opinion in Genetics & Development · doi:10.1016/0959-437x(94)90085-x · Cited by 182

Association of p21ras with phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase.

Sjölander, A., Yamamoto, K., Huber, B. E., & Lapetina, E. G. (1991) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.88.18.7908 · Cited by 177

Activated Proto-onc Genes: Sufficient or Necessary for Cancer?

DUESBERG, P. H. (1985) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.3992240 · Cited by 175

Enzymatic Coupling of Cholesterol Intermediates to a Mating Pheromone Precursor and to the Ras Protein

Schafer, W. R., Trueblood, C. E., Yang, C.-C., Mayer, M. P., Rosenberg, S., Poulter, C. D., Kim, S., & Rine, J. (1990) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.2204115 · Cited by 172

Cloning of ASH, a ubiquitous protein composed of one Src homology region (SH) 2 and two SH3 domains, from human and rat cDNA libraries.

Matuoka, K., Shibata, M., Yamakawa, A., & Takenawa, T. (1992) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.89.19.9015 · Cited by 165

Guanosine triphosphatase stimulation of oncogenic Ras mutants

Ahmadian, M. R., Zor, T., Vogt, D., Kabsch, W., Selinger, Z., Wittinghofer, A., & Scheffzek, K. (1999) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.96.12.7065 · Cited by 144

p21 of Kirsten murine sarcoma virus is thermolabile in a viral mutant temperature sensitive for the maintenance of transformation

Shih, T. Y., Weeks, M. O., Young, H. A., & Scolnick, E. M. (1979) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.31.2.546-546.1979 · Cited by 142

Identification of a nucleotide exchange-promoting activity for p21ras.

Downward, J., Riehl, R., Wu, L., & Weinberg, R. A. (1990) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.87.15.5998 · Cited by 142

Ras pathway signaling on endomembranes

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Targeted deletion of the H-ras gene decreases tumor formation in mouse skin carcinogenesis

伊勢, 和., Nakamura, K., Nakao, K., Shimizu, S., Harada, H., Ichise, T., Miyoshi, J., Gondo, Y., Ishikawa, T., Aiba, A., et al. (2000) · Oncogene · doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1203600 · Cited by 132

Molecular cloning of the Harvey sarcoma virus closed circular DNA intermediates: initial structural and biological characterization

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Three-dimensional structure of the Ras-interacting domain of RalGDS

Huang, L., Weng, X., Hofer, F., Martin, G. S., & Kirn, S.-H. (1997) · Nature Structural Biology · doi:10.1038/nsb0897-609 · Cited by 98

Identification of a mammalian gene structurally and functionally related to the CDC25 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

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In vitro isolation of stable rat sarcoma viruses

Rasheed, S., Gardner, M. B., & Huebner, R. J. (1978) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.75.6.2972 · Cited by 74

Presence of a Kirsten murine sarcoma virus ras oncogene in cells transformed by 3-methylcholanthrene.

Parada, L. F., & Weinberg, R. A. (1983) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.3.12.2298 · Cited by 65

Structure and Functions of the Kirsten Murine Sarcoma Virus Genome: Molecular Cloning of Biologically Active Kirsten Murine Sarcoma Virus DNA

Tsuchida, N., & Uesugi, S. (1981) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.38.2.720-727.1981 · Cited by 56

Mice deficient for N-ras: impaired antiviral immune response and T-cell function.

de Castro, I. P., Diaz, R., Malumbres, M., Hernández, M. I., Jagirdar, J. S., Jiménez, M., Ahn, D., & Pellicer, À. (2003) · PubMed · Cited by 53

Generation of oncogenic mouse type C viruses: in vitro selection of carcinoma-inducing variants.

Rapp, U. R., & Todaro, G. J. (1980) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.77.1.624 · Cited by 48

Naturally occurring sarcoma virus of the BALB/cCr mouse.

Peters, R. L., Rabstein, L. S., VanVleck, R., Kelloff, G. J., & Huebner, R. J. (1974) · PubMed · Cited by 40

In vitro translation of Harvey murine sarcoma virus RNA

Parks, W. P., & Scolnick, E. M. (1977) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.22.3.711-719.1977 · Cited by 25

RAS Is Regulated by the let-7 MicroRNA Family

Johnson, S., Großhans, H., Shingara, J., Byrom, M., JARVIS, R., Cheng, A., Labourier, E., Reinert, K. L., Brown, D., & Slack, F. J. (2005) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2005.01.014 · Cited by 3,699

Wild-Type KRAS Is Required for Panitumumab Efficacy in Patients With Metastatic Colorectal Cancer

Amado, R. G., Wolf, M., Peeters, M., Van Cutsem, E., Siena, S., Freeman, D. J., Juan, T., Sikorski, R., Suggs, S., Radinsky, R., et al. (2008) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.2007.14.7116 · Cited by 3,207

Mechanism of Activation of the RAF-ERK Signaling Pathway by Oncogenic Mutations of B-RAF

Wan, P., Garnett, M. J., Roe, S. M., Lee, S., Niculescu‐Duvaz, D., Good, V. M., Cancer Genome Project, Jones, C. M., Marshall, C. J., Springer, C. J., et al. (2004) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(04)00215-6 · Cited by 2,863

Targeting the Raf-MEK-ERK mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade for the treatment of cancer

Roberts, P. J., & Der, C. J. (2007) · Oncogene · doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1210422 · Cited by 2,788

A landscape of driver mutations in melanoma

Hodis, E., Watson, I. R., Kryukov, G. V., Arold, S. T., Imielinski, M., Theurillat, J.-P., Nickerson, E., Auclair, D., Li, L., Place, C., et al. (2012) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2012.06.024 · Cited by 2,610

40 Years of RAS—A Historic Overview

Fernández‐Medarde, A., Rivas, J. D. L., & Santos, E. (2021) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes12050681 · Cited by 57

Ras Stories: The State of the Art

Roberts, P. J., & Der, C. J. (2006) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/1-4020-4708-8_1

The Discovery of ras and Its Biological Importance

Weinberg, R. A. (1993) · Handbook of experimental pharmacology · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-78267-1_17 · Cited by 1

Oncogenic RAS: From Its Activation to Its Direct Targeting

Zaravinos, A. (2017) · Critical Reviews™ in Oncogenesis · doi:10.1615/critrevoncog.2017024695 · Cited by 3

Flashback in the history of Ras research

Chaldaiopoulou, G., Γουλιελμάκη, Μ., Khoury, N., Ζουμπουρλής, Β., & Zoumpourlis (2017) · National Hellenic Research Foundation Helios Repository (National Hellenic Research Foundation)