Student or educator? Sign up with your school email and get 6 months of Pro free.
Cited by 955

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 96 of the 96 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Snakebite envenoming

Gutiérrez, José María, Calvete, Juan J., Habib, Abdulrazaq G., Harrison, Robert A., Williams, David J., Warrell, David A.·2017·Nature Reviews Disease Primers

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1038/nrdp.2017.63

Cites

96 of 96 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 96 references

Research works printed but not linked: 61

  1. Chippaux, J. P. Snake-bites: appraisal of the global situation. Bull. World Health Organ. 76, 515–524 (1998).
  2. Sankar, J., Nabeel, R., Sankar, M. J., Priyambada, L. & Mahadevan, S. Factors affecting outcome in children with snake envenomation: a prospective observational study. Arch. Dis. Child. 98, 596–601 (2013). · doi:10.1136/archdischild-2012-303025
  3. Stahel, E. Epidemiological aspects of snake bites on a Liberian rubber plantation. Acta Trop. 37, 367–374 (1980).
  4. Warrell, D. A. et al. Randomized comparative trial of three monospecific antivenoms for bites by the Malayan pit viper (Calloselasma rhodostoma) in southern Thailand: clinical and laboratory correlations. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 35, 1235–1247 (1986). · doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1986.35.1235
  5. Pierini, S. V., Warrell, D. A., De Paulo, A. & Theakston, R. D. G. High incidence of bites and stings by snakes and other animals among rubber tappers and Amazonian Indians of the Juruá Valley, Acre State, Brazil. Toxicon 34, 225–236 (1996). · doi:10.1016/0041-0101(95)00125-5
  6. Warrell, D. A. in Venomous Reptiles of the Western Hemisphere (eds Campbell, J. R. & Lamar, W. W. ) 709–761 (Cornell Univ. Press, 2004).
  7. Myint-Lwin et al. Bites by Russell's viper (Vipera russelli siamensis) in Burma: haemostatic, vascular, and renal disturbances and response to treatment. Lancet 326, 1259–1264 (1985). · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(85)91550-8
  8. Habib, A. G. et al. Envenoming after carpet viper (Echis ocellatus) bite during pregnancy: timely use of effective antivenom improves maternal and foetal outcomes. Trop. Med. Int. Health 13, 1172–1175 (2008). · doi:10.1111/j.1365-3156.2008.02122.x
  9. Warrell, D. A. & Arnett, C. The importance of bites by the saw-scaled or carpet viper (Echis carinatus): epidemiological studies in Nigeria and a review of the world literature. Acta Trop. 33, 307–341 (1976).
  10. Williams, D., Jensen, S., Nimorakiotakis, B. & Winkel, K. D. Venomous Bites and Stings in Papua New Guinea (Australian Venom Research Unit, 2005).
  11. Smith, J. et al. Malignancy in chronic ulcers and scars of the leg (Marjolin's ulcer): a study of 21 patients. Skeletal Radiol. 30, 331–337 (2001). · doi:10.1007/s002560100355
  12. Olivera, B. M. Conus peptides: biodiversity-based discovery and exogenomics. J. Biol. Chem. 281, 31173–31177 (2006).
  13. Pla, D., Gutiérrez, J. M. & Calvete, J. J. Second generation antivenomics: comparing immunoaffinity and immunodepletion protocols. Toxicon 60, 213–214 (2012). · doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.04.232
  14. Gutiérrez, J. M. et al. Assessing the preclinical efficacy of antivenoms: from the lethality neutralization assay to antivenomics. Toxicon 69, 168–179 (2013). · doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.11.016
  15. Dixon, R. W. & Harris, J. B. Myotoxic activity of the toxic phospholipase, notexin, from the venom of the Australian tiger snake. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 55, 1230–1237 (1996). · doi:10.1097/00005072-199612000-00006
  16. Dubovskii, P. V. & Utkin, Y. N. Cobra cytotoxins: structural organization and antibacterial activity. Acta Naturae 6, 11–18 (2014). · doi:10.32607/20758251-2014-6-3-11-18
  17. Zhang, C., Medzihradszky, K. F., Sánchez, E. E., Basbaum, A. I. & Julius, D. Lys49 myotoxin from the Brazilian lancehead pit viper elicits pain through regulated ATP release. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 114, E2524–E2532 (2017).
  18. Prasarnpun, S., Walsh, J. & Harris, J. B. β-Bungarotoxin-induced depletion of synaptic vesicles at the mammalian neuromuscular junction. Neuropharmacology 47, 304–314 (2004). · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2004.04.012
  19. Del Brutto, O. H. & Del Brutto, V. J. Neurological complications of venomous snake bites: a review. Acta Neurol. Scand. 125, 363–372 (2011). · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0404.2011.01593.x
  20. Rucavado, A. et al. Thrombocytopenia and platelet hypoaggregation induced by Bothrops asper snake venom: toxins involved and their contribution to metalloproteinase-induced pulmonary hemorrhage. Thromb. Haemost. 94, 123–131 (2005). · doi:10.1160/th05-02-0112
  21. Du, X. Y. & Clemetson, K. J. in Handbook of Venoms and Toxins of Reptiles (ed. Mackessy, S. P. ) 359–375 (CRC Press, 2010).
  22. Resiere, D., Mégarbane, B., Valentino, R., Mehdaoui, H. & Thomas, L. Bothrops lanceolatus bites: guidelines for severity assessment and emergent management. Toxins (Basel) 2, 163–173 (2010). · doi:10.3390/toxins2010163
  23. Höjer, J., Tran Hung, H. & Warrell, D. Life-threatening hyponatremia after krait bite envenoming — a new syndrome. Clin. Toxicol. 48, 956–957 (2010). · doi:10.3109/15563650.2010.533677
  24. Warrell, D. A. in Venomous Snakes. Ecology, Evolution and Snakebite (eds Thorpe, R. S., Wuster, W. & Malhotra, A. ) 189–203 (Clarendon Press, 1997).
  25. Harris, J. B. et al. Snake bite in Chittagong division, Bangladesh: a study of bitten patients who developed no signs of systemic envenoming. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 104, 320–327 (2010). · doi:10.1016/j.trstmh.2009.12.006
  26. Sutherland, S. K. & Tibballs, J. Australian Animal Toxins: The Creatures, their Toxins and Care of the Poisoned Patient2nd edn (Oxford Univ. Press, 2001).
  27. White, J. A Clinician's Guide to Australian Venomous Bites and Stings (bioCSL, 2013).
  28. Weinstein, S., Warrell, D. A., White, J. & Keyler, D. ‘Venomous’ Bites from Non-Venomous Snakes: A Critical Analysis of Risk and Management of ‘Colubrid’ Snake Bites (Elsevier, 2011).
  29. Weinstein, S. A., White, J., Keyler, D. E. & Warrell, D. A. Non-front-fanged colubroid snakes: a current evidence-based analysis of medical significance. Toxicon 69, 103–113 (2013). · doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.02.003
  30. Warrell, D. A. et al. Severe neurotoxic envenoming by the Malayan krait Bungarus candidus (Linnaeus): response to antivenom and anticholinesterase. BMJ 286, 678–680 (1983). · doi:10.1136/bmj.286.6366.678
  31. Ariaratnam, C. A., Sheriff, M. H. R., Theakston, R. D. G. & Warrell, D. A. Distinctive epidemiologic and clinical features of common krait (Bungarus caeruleus) bites in Sri Lanka. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 79, 458–462 (2008). · doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2008.79.458
  32. Russell, F. E. Snake Venom Poisoning (JB Lippincott, 1980).
  33. Ariaratnam, C. A., Sheriff, M. H. R., Arambepola, C., Theakston, R. D. G. & Warrell, D. A. Syndromic approach to treatment of snake bite in Sri Lanka based on results of a prospective national hospital-based survey of patients envenomed by identified snakes. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 81, 725–731 (2009). · doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2009.09-0225
  34. Warrell, D. A. et al. Poisoning by bites of the saw-scaled or carpet viper (Echis carinatus) in Nigeria. QJ Med. 46, 33–62 (1977).
  35. Sano-Martins, I. S. et al. Reliability of the simple 20 minute whole blood clotting test (WBCT20) as an indicator of low plasma fibrinogen concentration in patients envenomed by Bothrops snakes. Toxicon 32, 1045–1050 (1994). · doi:10.1016/0041-0101(94)90388-3
  36. Wood, D., Sartorius, B. & Hift, R. Ultrasound findings in 42 patients with cytotoxic tissue damage following bites by South African snakes. Emerg. Med. J. 33, 477–481 (2016). · doi:10.1136/emermed-2015-205279
  37. Ho, M., Warrell, M. J., Warrell, D. A., Bidwell, D. & Voller, A. A critical reappraisal of the use of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays in the study of snake bite. Toxicon 24, 211–221 (1986). · doi:10.1016/0041-0101(86)90147-9
  38. Dong, L. Immunogenicity of venoms from four common snakes in the south of Vietnam and development of ELISA kit for venom detection. J. Immunol. Methods 282, 13–31 (2003). · doi:10.1016/s0022-1759(03)00277-1
  39. Kulawickrama, S. et al. Development of a sensitive enzyme immunoassay for measuring taipan venom in serum. Toxicon 55, 1510–1518 (2010). · doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2010.03.003
  40. Sutherland, S. K. Rapid venom identification: availability of kits. Med. J. Aust. 2, 602–603 (1979). · doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1979.tb127210.x
  41. Chen, T. et al. Unmasking venom gland transcriptomes in reptile venoms. Anal. Biochem. 311, 152–156 (2002). · doi:10.1016/s0003-2697(02)00404-9
  42. Sharma, S. K. et al. Use of molecular diagnostic tools for the identification of species responsible for snakebite in Nepal: a pilot study. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 10, e0004620 (2016). · doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0004620
  43. Tun-Pe et al. in Management of Snakebite and Research (ed. WHO) 7–11 (WHO, 2002).
  44. Chappuis, F., Sharma, S. K., Jha, N., Loutan, L. & Bovier, P. A. Protection against snake bites by sleeping under a bed net in southeastern Nepal. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 77, 197–199 (2007). · doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2007.77.197
  45. Tun-Pe, Aye-Aye-Myint, Khin-Ei-Han, Thi-Ha & Tin-Nu-Swe . Local compression pads as a first-aid measure for victims of bites by Russell's viper (Daboia russelii siamensis) in Myanmar. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 89, 293–295 (1995). · doi:10.1016/0035-9203(95)90547-2
  46. Watt, G., Theakston, R. D. G., Padre, L., Laughlin, L. W. & Tuazon, M. L. Tourniquet application after cobra bite: delay in the onset of neurotoxicity and the dangers of sudden release. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 38, 618–622 (1988). · doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1988.38.618
  47. Audebert, F., Sorkine, M. & Bon, C. Envenoming by viper bites in France: clinical gradation and biological quantification by ELISA. Toxicon 30, 599–609 (1992). · doi:10.1016/0041-0101(92)90854-x
  48. Bucher, B. et al. Clinical indicators of envenoming and serum levels of venom antigens in patients bitten by Bothrops lanceolatus in Martinique. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 91, 186–190 (1997). · doi:10.1016/s0035-9203(97)90219-4
  49. Habib, A. G. & Warrell, D. A. Antivenom therapy of carpet viper (Echis ocellatus) envenoming: effectiveness and strategies for delivery in West Africa. Toxicon 69, 82–89 (2013). · doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.01.002
  50. Cardoso, J. L. et al. Randomized comparative trial of three antivenoms in the treatment of envenoming by lance-headed vipers (Bothrops jararaca) in São Paulo, Brazil. QJ Med. 86, 315–325 (1993).
  51. Abubakar, S. B. et al. Pre-clinical and preliminary dose-finding and safety studies to identify candidate antivenoms for treatment of envenoming by saw-scaled or carpet vipers (Echis ocellatus) in northern Nigeria. Toxicon 55, 719–723 (2010). · doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.10.024
  52. Watt, G. et al. Positive response to edrophonium in patients with neurotoxic envenoming by cobras (Naja naja philippinensis). N. Engl. J. Med. 315, 1444–1448 (1986). · doi:10.1056/nejm198612043152303
  53. Golnik, K. C., Pena, R., Lee, A. G. & Eggenberger, E. R. An ice test for the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis. Ophthalmology 106, 1282–1286 (1999). · doi:10.1016/s0161-6420(99)00709-5
  54. Jorge, M. T. et al. Failure of chloramphenicol prophylaxis to reduce the frequency of abscess formation as a complication of envenoming by Bothrops snakes in Brazil: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 98, 529–534 (2004). · doi:10.1016/j.trstmh.2003.12.009
  55. Jayawardana, S., Gnanathasan, A., Arambepola, C. & Chang, T. Chronic musculoskeletal disabilities following snake envenoming in Sri Lanka: a population-based study. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 10, e0005103 (2016). · doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0005103
  56. Hasan, S. M. K., Basher, A., Molla, A. A., Sultana, N. K. & Faiz, M. A. The impact of snake bite on household economy in Bangladesh. Trop. Doct. 42, 41–43 (2012). · doi:10.1258/td.2011.110137
  57. Krishnamurthy, S., Gunasekaran, K., Mahadevan, S., Bobby, Z. & Kumar, A. P. Russell's viper envenomation-associated acute kidney injury in children in southern India. Indian Pediatr. 52, 583–586 (2015). · doi:10.1007/s13312-015-0679-x
  58. Pawade, B. S. et al. Rapid and selective detection of experimental snake envenomation — use of gold nanoparticle based lateral flow assay. Toxicon 119, 299–306 (2016). · doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.06.023
  59. Maduwage, K., O’Leary, M. A. & Isbister, G. K. Diagnosis of snake envenomation using a simple phospholipase A2 assay. Sci. Rep. 4, 4827 (2014). · doi:10.1038/srep04827
  60. Ramos, H. R. et al. A heterologous multiepitope DNA prime/recombinant protein boost immunisation strategy for the development of an antiserum against Micrurus corallinus (coral snake) venom. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 10, e0004484 (2016). · doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0004484
  61. Lancet, T. Snake bite — the neglected tropical disease. Lancet 386, 1110 (2015).

Cited by

See all 955

Metadata

Authors
Gutiérrez, J. M., Calvete, J. J., Habib, A. G., Harrison, R. A., Williams, D. J., & Warrell, D. A.
Venue
Nature Reviews Disease Primers
Published
2017-09-14
Volume
3
Issue
1
Pages
17063-17063
ISSN
2056-676X (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W4211091111
Cited by
955
References
96
FWCI
6.69
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

How to cite

Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.

This page
CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Snakebite envenoming. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1038/nrdp.2017.63
The paper
Gutiérrez, J. M., Calvete, J. J., Habib, A. G., Harrison, R. A., Williams, D. J., & Warrell, D. A. (2017). Snakebite envenoming. Nature Reviews Disease Primers. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrdp.2017.63

Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.