The DOI matches its Crossref record; 155 of the 157 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Repeat instability: mechanisms of dynamic mutations
Abstract
Disease-causing repeat instability is an important and unique form of mutation that is linked to more than 40 neurological, neurodegenerative and neuromuscular disorders. DNA repeat expansion mutations are dynamic and ongoing within tissues and across generations. The patterns of inherited and tissue-specific instability are determined by both gene-specific cis-elements and trans-acting DNA metabolic proteins. Repeat instability probably involves the formation of unusual DNA structures during DNA replication, repair and recombination. Experimental advances towards explaining the mechanisms of repeat instability have broadened our understanding of this mutational process. They have revealed surprising ways in which metabolic pathways can drive or protect from repeat instability.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“By a process that is poorly understood, a small number of specific normal-length STRs undergo somatic or germline expansion and transition to intermediate, pre-mutation, and mutation (affected) repeat unit tract lengths (Mirkin, 2007; Pearson et al., 2005).”
From Disease-Associated Short Tandem Repeats Co-localize with Chromatin Domain Boundaries (2018) · cites this paper as Pearson et al., 2005
In the citing paper
“Notably, a large number of daSTRs known to undergo paternal instability (McMurray, 2010; Pearson et al., 2005) co-localized to boundaries in mouse sperm and not in mouse oocytes (Du et al., 2017), suggesting that daSTRs could be at boundaries when germ line expansion takes place (Figure S3).”
From Disease-Associated Short Tandem Repeats Co-localize with Chromatin Domain Boundaries (2018) · cites this paper as Pearson et al., 2005
Citations
Cites
Comparative aspects of the brain growth spurt
Dobbing, J., & Sands, J. (1979) · Early Human Development · doi:10.1016/0378-3782(79)90022-7 · Cited by 2,506
Chamberlain, N. L., Driver, E. D., & Miesfeld, R. L. (1994) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/22.15.3181 · Cited by 1,149
DNA methylation represses FMR-1 transcription in fragile X syndrome
Sutcliffe, J. S., Nelson, D. L., Zhang, F., Pieretti, M., Caskey, C. T., Saxe, D., & Warren, S. T. (1992) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/1.6.397 · Cited by 680
Increased cell proliferation and neurogenesis in the adult human Huntington's disease brain
Curtis, M., Penney, E., Pearson, A. G., van Roon-Mom, W. V., Butterworth, N., Dragunow, M., Connor, B., & Faull, R. (2003) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · doi:10.1073/pnas.1532244100 · Cited by 559
MANLEY, K. M., Shirley, T. L., Flaherty, L. A., & Messer, A. C. (1999) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/70598 · Cited by 415
Expansion and Length-Dependent Fragility of CTG Repeats in Yeast
Freudenreich, C. H., Kantrow, S. M., & Zakian, V. A. (1998) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.279.5352.853 · Cited by 410
Mismatch repair and DNA damage signalling
Stojic, L., Brun, R., & Jiricny, J. (2004) · DNA Repair · doi:10.1016/j.dnarep.2004.06.006 · Cited by 396
Kennedy, L. (2003) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddg352 · Cited by 384
Polyglutamine expansion down-regulates specific neuronal genes before pathologic changes in SCA1
Lin, X., Antalffy, B., Kang, D., Orr, H. T., & Zoghbi, H. Y. (2000) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/72101 · Cited by 374
Mhatre, A. N., Trifiro, M. A., Kaufman, M., Kazemi‐Esfarjani, P., Figlewicz, D. A., Rouleau, G. A., & Pinsky, L. (1993) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng1093-184 · Cited by 357
Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 157 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 8
- Taylor, A. K. et al. Tissue heterogeneity of the FMR1 mutation in a high-functioning male with fragile X syndrome. Am. J. Med. Genet. 84, 233–239 (1999). Together with reference 13, this study contributed to the understanding of the timing and tissue-specificity of germline and somatic mosaicism and CpG methylation mosaicism. It indicates a role of CpG methylation in CGG instability. · DOI
- Maciel, P., Lopes-Cendes, I., Kish, S., Sequeiros, J. & Rouleau, G. A. Mosaicism of the CAG repeat in CNS tissue in relation to age at death in spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 and Machado–Joseph disease patients. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 60, 993–996 (1997).
- Tassone, F., Hagerman, R. J., Gane, L. W. & Taylor, A. K. Strong similarities of the FMR1 mutation in multiple tissues: postmortem studies of a male with a full mutation and a male carrier of a premutation. Am. J. Med. Genet. 84, 240–244 (1999). · DOI
- Gourdon, G., Dessen, P., Lia, A. S., Junien, C. & Hofmann-Radvanyi, H. Intriguing association between disease associated unstable trinucleotide repeat and CpG island. Ann. Genet. 40, 73–77 (1997).
- Cleary J. D., Nichol Edamura, K. & Pearson C. E. The complex nature of trinucleotide repeat instability. Chemtracts Biochem. Mol. Biol. 17, 663–676 (2004).
- Lee, G. S., Brandt, V. L. & Roth, D. B. B cell development leads off with a base hit: dU:dG mismatches in class switching and hypermutation. Mol. Cell 16, 505–508 (2004).
- Strachan, T. & Read, A. P. Human Molecular Genetics 2 2nd edn (John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1999).
- Nichol Edamura, K. & Pearson, C. E. DNA methylation and replication: implications for the 'deletion hotspot' region of FMR1. Hum. Genet. (in the press).
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 901–926 of 926
Whan, V., Hobbs, M., McWilliam, S., Lynn, D. J., Lutzow, Y. S., Khatkar, M., Barendse, W., Raadsma, H., & Tellam, R. L. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14434402
Whan, V., Hobbs, M., McWilliam, S. M., Lynn, D. J., Lutzow, Y. S., Khatkar, M., Barendse, W., Raadsma, H., & Tellam, R. L. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14434372
Whan, V., Hobbs, M., McWilliam, S., Lynn, D. J., Lutzow, Y. S., Khatkar, M., Barendse, W., Raadsma, H., & Tellam, R. L. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14434396
Whan, V., Hobbs, M., McWilliam, S., Lynn, D. J., Lutzow, Y. S., Khatkar, M., Barendse, W., Raadsma, H., & Tellam, R. L. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14434405
Whan, V., Hobbs, M., McWilliam, S., Lynn, D. J., Lutzow, Y. S., Khatkar, M., Barendse, W., Raadsma, H., & Tellam, R. L. (2010) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14434393
Lu, J., Toro, C., Adams, D. R., Moreno, C. A. M., Lee, W.-P., Leung, Y. Y., Harms, M. B., Vardarajan, B. N., & Heinzen, E. L. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26673282
Lu, J., Toro, C., Adams, D. R., Moreno, C. A. M., Lee, W.-P., Leung, Y. Y., Harms, M. B., Vardarajan, B. N., & Heinzen, E. L. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26673288
Additional file 2 of Context dependency of nucleotide probabilities and variants in human DNA
Liang, Y., Grønbæk, C., Fariselli, P., & Krogh, A. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.19101794
Lu, J., Toro, C., Adams, D. R., Moreno, C. A. M., Lee, W.-P., Leung, Y. Y., Harms, M. B., Vardarajan, B. N., & Heinzen, E. L. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26673267
Recent Advances in Therapeutic Strategies for Myotonic Dystrophy Type 1
Choi, B. J., Kim, S., Choi, Y., & Park, H. J. (2025) · Annals of CardioPulmonary Rehabilitation · doi:10.53476/acpr.2025.5.2.44
Wise, L., Pfanner, M., Duck, E., & Yang, W.-Y. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.6160530
Wang, H., Shan, D., Li, J., Zhao, Y., Yan, C., & Liu, F. (2026) · The Cerebellum · doi:10.1007/s12311-026-01980-w
MASTR-seq enables multiplexed analysis of short tandem repeats with sequencing
Chuanbin, S., Ryu, H.-S., Chandradoss, K. R., Malachowski, T., Boya, R., Zhou, L., Nguyen, H. E., Mazzoni, E. O., Brennand, K., & Phillips‐Cremins, J. E. (2026) · Cell Reports Methods · doi:10.1016/j.crmeth.2026.101341
Novel Y-STRs with elevated mutation rates further improve male relative differentiation
Zandstra, D., Ralf, A., van der Gaag, K. J., Ghanbari, M., Sijen, T., & Kayser, M. (2026) · Forensic Science International Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2026.103497
Tubeuf, H. (2019) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/e62a0ca5z7722z4c72z9d57z726ae2bc0e42
Etude des éléments régulateurs de l'expression des gènes chez l'humain
Bessière, C. (2018) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/0b26676ez90bfz4f47zba59z90853f19d510
“Ces variations sont retrouvées chez de nombreux mammifères et les CNVs les mieux caractérisés sont les répétitions de trinucléotides (trinucleotide repeats, TNRs) [200].”
BackgroundGene editing approaches of microsatellite disorders : shortening expanded repeats
Poggi, L. (2020) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/741f0470z28a0z4c3bz9e75ze578bdc49074 · Cited by 1
The role of the serum response factor in the pathogenesis of Huntington's disease
Awada, A. (2021) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/fabef4b5z9d78z440bz99f2z9be7d0814a03
Using statistical profiling to decipher hidden chromatin contacts resulting from repeated sequences
Gradit, S. (2024) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/69764e0dzf30ez41f5zb9a8z8e784eda5453
Epigenetic reactivation in Friedreich’s ataxia from benzamides to gene‑targeted chimeras
Ansari, F. U. R., Rojsajjakul, T., Liu, J., Nageshwaran, S., & Blair, I. A. (2026) · Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery · doi:10.1080/17460441.2026.2689723
“…for repeat expansion disorders driven by epigenetic repression; establishing sustained, tissue-relevant FXN reactivation with an acceptable safety profile would provide a transferable model for precision epigenetic therapies in conditions such as fragile X syndrome and myotonic dystrophy [76].”
Trinucleotide Repeat (TNR) expansions mining algorithm based on the Apriori algorithm
Alaqeeli, O. (2026) · Journal of Biological Research - Bollettino della Società Italiana di Biologia Sperimentale · doi:10.4081/jbr.2026.14607
Garcia, N. A. (2026) · Computational and Structural Biotechnology Reports · doi:10.34133/csbr.0012
BindingDB (2025) · UC San Diego · doi:10.7270/q2k078tm
The Interactome at the N17 Domain of Huntingtin
Sequeira, L. A. (2014) · MacSphere (McMaster University) · doi:10.71548/21114
Metadata
- Authors
- Pearson, C. E., Edamura, K. N., & Cleary, J. D.
- Affiliations
- University of Toronto (CA)
- Hospital for Sick Children (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Pearson, Christopher E.
- Venue
- Nature Reviews Genetics
- Published
- 2005-10
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 729-742
- ISSN
- 1471-0056 (ISSN-L)
- 1471-0064
- OpenAlex
- W2087505473
- Cited by
- 924
- References
- 157
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 45 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 54 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 38 · 2018: 53 · 2017: 45 · 2016: 58 · 2015: 41 · 2014: 55 · 2013: 46 · 2012: 56
- FWCI
- 3.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature Reviews Genetics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Genetic Neurodegenerative Diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Genetic factors in colorectal cancer
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › DNA Repair Mechanisms
- Keywords
- repeat instability, dynamic mutation, trinucleotide repeat disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, neuromuscular disorders, cis-regulatory elements, trans-acting proteins, DNA replication, DNA repair, DNA recombination, DNA secondary structure
- MeSH terms
- DNA Repair, DNA Replication, Humans, Models, Genetic, Mutation, Recombination, Genetic, Trinucleotide Repeat Expansion, Heredodegenerative Disorders, Nervous System, DNA Repeat Expansion, Genomic Instability
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review