The DOI matches its Crossref record; 257 of the 257 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
T cell responses in the central nervous system
Open accessAbstract
T cells are required for immune surveillance of the central nervous system (CNS); however, they can also induce severe immunopathology in the context of both viral infections and autoimmunity. The mechanisms that are involved in the priming and recruitment of T cells to the CNS are only partially understood, but there has been renewed interest in this topic since the 'rediscovery' of lymphatic drainage from the CNS. Moreover, tissue-resident memory T cells have been detected in the CNS and are increasingly recognized as an autonomous line of host defence. In this Review, we highlight the main mechanisms that are involved in the priming and CNS recruitment of CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells and regulatory T cells. We also consider the plasticity of T cell responses in the CNS, with a focus on viral infection and autoimmunity.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“CD4+ cells are present in the brain (Korn and Kallies, 2017)”
From Distinct characteristics of hippocampal pathogenic th17 cells in a mouse model of depression (2018) · cites this paper as Korn and Kallies, 2017
Citations
Cites
Mosmann, T. R., Cherwinski, H. M., Bond, M. W., Giedlin, M. A., & Coffman, R. L. (1986) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.136.7.2348 · Cited by 7,553
Bettelli, E., Carrier, Y., Gao, W., Korn, T., Strom, T. B., Oukka, M., Weiner, H. L., & Kuchroo, V. K. (2006) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature04753 · Cited by 6,992
Self-citationThe amyloid hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease at 25 years
Selkoe, D. J., & Hardy, J. (2016) · EMBO Molecular Medicine · doi:10.15252/emmm.201606210 · Cited by 6,164
Sleep Drives Metabolite Clearance from the Adult Brain
Xie, L., Kang, H., Xu, Q., Chen, M. J., Liao, Y., Thiyagarajan, M., O’Donnell, J., Christensen, D. J., Nicholson, C., Iliff, J. J., et al. (2013) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1241224 · Cited by 5,411
Structure and function of the blood–brain barrier
Abbott, N. J., Patabendige, A. A. K., Dolman, D. E. M., Yusof, S. R., & Begley, D. J. (2010) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2009.07.030 · Cited by 5,185
Ivanov, I. I., McKenzie, B. S., Zhou, L., Tadokoro, C. E., Lepelley, A., Lafaille, J. J., Cua, D. J., & Littman, D. R. (2006) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.07.035 · Cited by 5,145
Korn, T., Bettelli, E., Oukka, M., & Kuchroo, V. K. (2009) · Annual Review of Immunology · doi:10.1146/annurev.immunol.021908.132710 · Cited by 4,873
Self-citationHarrington, L. E., Hatton, R. D., Mangan, P. R., Turner, H., Murphy, T. L., Murphy, K. M., & Weaver, C. T. (2005) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni1254 · Cited by 4,742
Structural and functional features of central nervous system lymphatic vessels
Louveau, A., Smirnov, I., Keyes, T. J., Eccles, J. D., Rouhani, S. J., Peske, J. D., Derecki, N. C., Castle, D., Mandell, J. W., Lee, K. S., et al. (2015) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature14432 · Cited by 4,413
A distinct lineage of CD4 T cells regulates tissue inflammation by producing interleukin 17
Park, H., Li, Z., Yang, X. O., Chang, S. H., Nurieva, R., Wang, Y.-H., Wang, Y., Hood, L., Zhu, Z., Tian, Q., et al. (2005) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni1261 · Cited by 4,265
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–268 of 268
Co-signaling Molecules in Neurological Diseases
Kivisäkk, P., & Khoury, S. J. (2019) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-981-32-9717-3_9 · Cited by 4
Pharmaceutical-mediated neuroimmune modulation in psychiatric/psychological adverse events
Marques, S. I., Sá, S. I., Carmo, H., Carvalho, F. D., & Silva, J. P. (2024) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2024.111114 · Cited by 5
Tracing Antiviral CD8+ T Cell Responses Using In Vivo Imaging
Malo, C. S., & Hickman, H. D. (2019) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1900232 · Cited by 4
Burmistrova, A. L., & Filippova, Y. Y. (2020) · Medical Immunology (Russia) · doi:10.15789/1563-0625-cap-1968 · Cited by 4
VLA-4 as a Central Target for Modulating Neuroinflammatory Disorders
Jurberg, A. D., Chaves, B., Pinho, L. G., da Silva, J. H. M., Savino, W., & Cotta-de-Almeida, V. (2021) · NeuroImmunoModulation · doi:10.1159/000518721 · Cited by 4
Neurological complications during HIV infection
Martinez-Navío, J. M. (2021) · Exploration of Neuroprotective Therapy · doi:10.37349/ent.2021.00004 · Cited by 4
Mroz, N. M., Ciesielska, A., Ewing-Crystal, N. A., Dorman, L. C., Han, R. T., Barron, J. J., Silva, N. J., Magsig, A., Molofsky, A. V., Molofsky, A. B., et al. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.12.28.630606 · Cited by 4
Lima, A. D. D. R., de Oliveira, M. G., Ferrari, B. B., Fonseca, R. C., Beauchamp, L. C., Rosa, A. C., Pradella, F. M., Lanser, T. B., Matheus, V. A., Kaul, M., et al. (2025) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1093/jimmun/vkaf289 · Cited by 3
Antigen presentation by CD40+MHC-II+ astrocytes promotes CNS autoimmunity
Lee, J.-H., Li, Z., Soto, J. S., Kim, A., Illouz, T., Polonio, C. M., Kilian, M., Kenison, J. E., Schüle, A. M., Akl, C. F., et al. (2026) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-026-10860-6 · Cited by 5
Brain and immune system: KURU disease a toxicological process?
Luisetto, M., Nili-Ahmadabadi, B., Mashori, G. R., Yesvi, A., Sahu, R. K., Nasser, H., Luca, C., & Khan, F. A. (2018) · Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Disorders · doi:10.29328/journal.jnnd.1001010 · Cited by 3
Sharbafshaaer, M., Pepe, R., Notariale, R., Canale, F., Tessitore, A., Tedeschi, G., & Trojsi, F. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms26157644 · Cited by 4
Mao, G., & Cong, W. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-17606-w · Cited by 2
Iyengar, A. S., Dunkley, P. R., & Dickson, P. W. (2025) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2025.578755 · Cited by 3
Li, H., Yu, H., Zhao, X., & Xu, J. (2025) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2025.578773 · Cited by 2
Spilling the T: T cells in tauopathy mechanisms, disease progression, and therapeutic horizons
Bosch, M. E., & Ulrich, J. D. (2026) · Molecular Neurodegeneration Advances · doi:10.1186/s44477-026-00020-5 · Cited by 3
CD4+T cell metabolic reprogramming as therapeutic targets in neurodegenerative diseases
Barnie, P. A., Pomeyie, K., Amoani, B., Kyei, F., Ussif, A. M., Afrifa, J., Essien‐Baidoo, S., & Boison, D. (2026) · Molecular Brain · doi:10.1186/s13041-026-01282-6 · Cited by 2
Immunity in the brain and surrounding tissues
Kanamori, M., & Ito, M. (2023) · The Journal of Biochemistry · doi:10.1093/jb/mvad010 · Cited by 2
Immune dysbalance in childhood multiple sclerosis: a ‘chicken or the egg’ conundrum
Hohlfeld, R. (2019) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awz008 · Cited by 2
Shevela, Е. Y., Markova, E. V., Knyazheva, M. A., Proskurina, A. S., Efremov, Y. R., Молодцов, В. В., Seledtsov, I. A., Ostanin, A. A., Bogachev, S. S., Kolchanov, N. A., et al. (2020) · Mathematical Biology and Bioinformatics · doi:10.17537/2020.15.357 · Cited by 2
Assis, M. A., Díaz, D., Ferrado, R., Ávila-Zarza, C. A., Weruaga, E., & Ambrosio, E. (2020) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2020.11.039 · Cited by 3
Chapter 9: Immunology of TBEV infection
Gredmark‐Russ, S., & Varnaitė, R. (2023) · Tick-borne encephalitis - The Book · doi:10.33442/26613980_9-6 · Cited by 1
EEG-Based Cognitive Impairment Classification using Support Vector Machine Algorithm
Karuppathal, E., Kalpana, R., Deepsika, D., & Senthil Nadhan, J. (2024) · International Conference on Bio Signals, Images, and Instrumentation (ICBSII) · doi:10.1109/icbsii61384.2024.10564031 · Cited by 1
White Blood Cells in Neurodegenerative Diseases in the Context of Neuroinflammation
Wełnicka, A., & Gołąb-Janowska, M. (2025) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-025-05476-2 · Cited by 1
Menéndez, S. G., Inserra, F., de Cavanagh, E. M. V., Ferder, L., & Manucha, W. A. (2026) · World Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.5493/wjem.v16.i1.113259 · Cited by 1
Korn, T. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-823848-6.00004-x · Cited by 1
Self-citationImmunologische Grundlagen neurologischer Erkrankungen
Schild, H., & Bopp, T. (2024) · Der Nervenarzt · doi:10.1007/s00115-024-01696-4 · Cited by 1
Association of the soluble CTLA4 with schizophrenia: an observational study
Cai, L., Yang, X., Kang, Y., Wen, W., Zhang, F., Yue, W., Zhang, Q., Chen, F., Cao, W., Yue, J., et al. (2020) · Journal of Bio-X Research · doi:10.1097/jbr.0000000000000070 · Cited by 1
Adoptive cell therapy for glioma
Hoang-Minh, L., & Mitchell, D. A. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-819755-4.00011-4 · Cited by 1
Immunological Intolerance and Tolerance by Antigenic Co-Stimulation
Machado, A. P., Albuquerque, G. D. P., Santana, L. S., & Gompertz, O. F. (2017) · Open Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4236/oji.2017.74006
Chapter 9: Immunology of TBEV-Infection
Gredmark‐Russ, S., & Varnaitė, R. (2019) · Tick-borne encephalitis - The Book · doi:10.33442/978-981-14-0914-1_9
Genes conferring immunity against viral infections
Pal, A., & CHAKRAVARTY, A. K. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-816406-8.00010-3 · Cited by 1
Public Relations Management Strategy for the Kalamazoo Institute of Arts
Locke, S. K. (1997)
Characterization of the immune response in neuroimmune disorders in children
Chiriboga, N., Jennifer, M.-P., & Irazuzta, J. E. (2021) · Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Disorders · doi:10.29328/journal.jnnd.1001046
Cao, L., Chen, W., Na, D., Huang, H., Li, Q., Zhu, X., & Wang, L. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-265573/v1
Molofsky, A. V. (2021) · Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature · doi:10.3410/f.739313709.793583799
Die Rolle des ko-stimulatorischen Moleküls CD28 in verschiedenen Phasen der EAE
Hufschmidt, J. (2018) · eDiss (Georg-August-Universität Göttingen) · doi:10.53846/goediss-6671
Smith, M. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-821913-3.00012-3
Chapter 9: Immunology of TBEV-Infection
Gredmark‐Russ, S., & Varnaitė, R. (2021) · Tick-borne encephalitis - The Book · doi:10.33442/26613980_9-4
Chapter 9: Immunology of TBEV-Infection
Gredmark‐Russ, S., & Varnaitė, R. (2022) · Tick-borne encephalitis - The Book · doi:10.33442/26613980_9-5
IFI30 Modulates Immune Microenvironment And Improves Prognosis In GlioblastomaPreprint
Huang, J., You, G., Song, J., Xue, L., & Lin, C. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1997886/v1
Brief Overview about Correlation between CD8 and Multiple Sclerosis: Review Article
Ghaffar, A. S. A. E., Mohamed, H. S., Zidan, A. A., Alhadi, W. Y., & Emad, E. M. (2023) · The Egyptian Journal of Hospital Medicine · doi:10.21608/ejhm.2023.286404
Epstein-Barr virus and neuroinflammation
Hassani, A., & Khan, G. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-85841-0.00013-4
Bond, K. M., Curtin, L. A., Hawkins-Daarud, A. J., Urcuyo, J. C., Leon, G. D., Singleton, K., Afshari, A. E., Paulson, L. E., Sereduk, C., Smith, K. A., et al. (2023) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2023.07.13.23292619
Su, X., Zhao, L., Ma, D., You, J., Feng, L., Wang, J., Hao, Y., Wang, X., & Feng, J. (2023) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2023.10.16.23297078
Chang, A. (2024) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108917339.003
Modulation of neuroinflammation by natural molecules
Maurya, S. K., & Mishra, R. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-23763-8.00008-7
Pianese, V., Álvarez‐Torres, D., Gémez-Mata, J., García‐Rosado, E., Moreno, P., Fausto, A. M., Taddei, A. R., Picchietti, S., & Scapigliati, G. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4812363
Antigen presenting cells in multiple sclerosis
Waisman, A., & Johann, L. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-823848-6.00008-7
Overview of Mechanisms Underlying Neuroimmune Diseases
Sonar, S. A., & Lal, G. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-24297-7_1-1
Overview of Mechanisms Underlying Neuroimmune Diseases
Sonar, S. A., & Lal, G. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-60006-7_1
Seo, J., Nguyen, T. T. H., Won, J., Jeon, C., Baek, S. H., Park, J., Seong, J. B., Yeo, H.-G., Kim, K. W., Gwon, L. W., et al. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-5388540/v1
Zhang, C., Wang, J., Dang, P., Wei, Y., Wang, X., Brothwell, J. A., Sun, Y., Zhu, H., So, K., Liu, J., et al. (2025) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-5629379/v1
Wininger, K. M., Ayasoufi, K., Wolf, D. M., Hinson, D. T., Jin, F., Hansen, M. J., & Johnson, A. J. (2025) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.202501045r · Cited by 1
Qin, R., Hua, M., Wang, Y., Zhang, Q., Cao, Y., Dai, Y., Ma, C., Zheng, X., Ge, K., Zhang, H., et al. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms26209920 · Cited by 1
Loos, J., Schmaul, S., Noll, T. M., Paterka, M., Schillner, M., Löffel, J. T., Zipp, F., & Bittner, S. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13294651
Yin, C., Han, C., Wei, S., Ma, H., Li, X., Xu, J., & Zhou, H. (2026) · Cell Communication and Signaling · doi:10.1186/s12964-025-02540-1
Immune dysfunction contributes to comorbid depression in patients with multiple sclerosis
Zhang, Y., Wang, X., Chen, H., Shi, Z., Wang, R., Du, Q., Kong, L., Zhang, N., Zhang, Y., Mou, Z., et al. (2026) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2026.121253
Wang, D., Gan, H. K., Wu, Y., Yang, B., Xiao, H., Tang, H., Zhou, Y., Zou, B., Kang, K., Zhai, X., et al. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-9165812/v1
Along-tract and across-plexus propagation of tissue damage in multiple sclerosis
Ricigliano, V. A. G. (2021) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/d9e05903zbf45z4f3cz9290z50f80f3e4ead
Extracellular vesicles in neurodegenerative diseases
Singh, G., Prasad, S., Singh, C., & Singh, A. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-36641-3.00008-5
He, Z., & Sun, J. (2026) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-026-03849-5
Bao, Y., Yang, S., Ding, Y., Zhou, J., Zheng, X., Chen, R., Jiang, Z., Meng, N., Pan, D., Lu, J., et al. (2026) · Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.ajps.2026.101175
Harnessing Regulatory T Cells to Modulate Acute Brain Injury: From Mechanisms to Therapy
Ansari, J., Sasannia, S., Matsyuk, M., Jackson, C., & Nyquist, P. (2026) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-026-06011-7 · Cited by 1
Concussion is associated with multiple sclerosis if it occurs before infectious mononucleosis
Montgomery, S., Smıth, D. J., Alfredsson, L. S., Piehl, F., Olsson, T. P., & Hiyoshi, A. (2026) · Brain Communications · doi:10.1093/braincomms/fcag234
The Neuroimmune Duality of CD4⁺ T Cells: Drivers of Damage and Repair in the Brain
Kumar, N., Mir, P. A., Bhutia, G. T., Uppal, J., Kaur, A., Kaur, G., & Gupta, S. K. (2026) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-026-06138-7
Wu, X., Du, B., Chen, Q., Hang, R., Cui, C., & Li, M. (2026) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2026.1931370
Metadata
- Authors
- Korn, T., & Kallies, A.
- Affiliations
- TUM Klinikum (DE)
- The University of Melbourne (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Korn, Thomas
- Kallies, Axel
- Venue
- Nature Reviews Immunology
- Published
- 2017-01-31
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 179-194
- ISSN
- 1474-1733 (ISSN-L)
- 1474-1741
- OpenAlex
- W2585996473
- Cited by
- 268
- References
- 257
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 44 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 35 · 2017: 19
- FWCI
- 2.92
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- zenodo.org
- Licence
- other-oa
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature reviews. Immunology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- mediaTUM – the media and publications repository of the Technical University Munich (Technical University Munich) (submittedVersion)
- Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Multiple Sclerosis Research Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Keywords
- T cell response, central nervous system, regulatory T cells, effector T cells, memory T cells, tissue-resident memory T cells, T cell priming, T cell recruitment, lymphatic drainage, viral infection, autoimmunity, immunopathology, CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, T cell plasticity
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Central Nervous System, Humans, Lymphocyte Activation, Virus Diseases, CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes, Autoimmunity, CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
