The DOI matches its Crossref record; 213 of the 215 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Kynurenines in the mammalian brain: when physiology meets pathology
Open accessAbstract
The essential amino acid tryptophan is not only a precursor of serotonin but is also degraded to several other neuroactive compounds, including kynurenic acid, 3-hydroxykynurenine and quinolinic acid. The synthesis of these metabolites is regulated by an enzymatic cascade, known as the kynurenine pathway, that is tightly controlled by the immune system. Dysregulation of this pathway, resulting in hyper-or hypofunction of active metabolites, is associated with neurodegenerative and other neurological disorders, as well as with psychiatric diseases such as depression and schizophrenia. With recently developed pharmacological agents, it is now possible to restore metabolic equilibrium and envisage novel therapeutic interventions.
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“Kynurenine and its metabolites, including kynurenic acid and quinolinic acid, have been implicated in mental health (Cervenka et al., 2017;Schwarcz et al., 2012).”
From The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis (2019) · cites this paper as Schwarcz et al., 2012
In the citing paper
“Mounting evidence suggests that the GM modulates the tryptophan and kynurenine pathways and is a humoral route through which the GM may influence cognition at the level of the CNS (206–210).”
From Signalling cognition: The gut microbiota and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (2023) · cites this paper as [209]
In the citing paper
“Other metabolites of tryptophan metabolism, kynurenines, have also been implicated in a range of neurobiological functions (392).”
From Diet and the Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health (2021) · cites this paper as [392]
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Cites
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Blockade of N -Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptors May Protect Against Ischemic Damage in the Brain
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Microglia in neurodegenerative disease
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Self-citationLesion of striatal neurons with kainic acid provides a model for Huntington's chorea
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Self-citationSubanesthetic Doses of Ketamine Stimulate Psychosis in Schizophrenia
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Cryan, J. F., O'Riordan, K. J., Cowan, C. S. M., Sandhu, K. V., Bastiaanssen, T. F. S., Boehme, M., Codagnone, M. G., Cussotto, S., Fulling, C., Golubeva, A. V., et al. (2019) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00018.2018 · Cited by 5,286
Gut Microbiota Regulation of Tryptophan Metabolism in Health and Disease
Agus, A., Planchais, J., & Sokol, H. (2018) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2018.05.003 · Cited by 3,180
“In this context, IDO1 activation in the periphery, notably in the case of inflammation, may remotely impact these cerebral processes, although the mechanisms involved remain unclear (Schwarcz et al., 2012).”
Slavich, G. M., & Irwin, M. R. (2014) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0035302 · Cited by 2,206
Serotonin, tryptophan metabolism and the brain-gut-microbiome axis
O’Mahony, S. M., Clarke, G., Borre, Y. E., Dinan, T. G., & Cryan, J. F. (2015) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2014.07.027 · Cited by 2,012
Kelly, J. R., Borre, Y., O' Brien, C., Patterson, E., El Aidy, S., Deane, J., Kennedy, P. J., Beers, S., Scott, K., Moloney, G., et al. (2016) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.07.019 · Cited by 1,683
Metadata
- Authors
- Schwarcz, R., Bruno, J. P., Muchowski, P. J., & Wu, H.-Q.
- Affiliations
- University of Maryland, Baltimore (US)
- The Ohio State University (US)
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Corresponding author
- Schwarcz, Robert
- Venue
- Nature Reviews Neuroscience
- Published
- 2012-06-08
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 465-477
- ISSN
- 1471-003X (ISSN-L)
- 1471-0048
- PMC
- PMC3681811
- OpenAlex
- W2060050678
- Cited by
- 1,530
- References
- 215
- Citations by year
- 2026: 157 · 2025: 137 · 2024: 124 · 2023: 98 · 2022: 118 · 2021: 145 · 2020: 132 · 2019: 95 · 2018: 83 · 2017: 96 · 2016: 98 · 2015: 105 · 2014: 64 · 2013: 63 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 5.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature reviews. Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH083729)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS057715)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biochemistry › Amino Acid Enzymes and Metabolism
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Keywords
- kynurenine pathway, tryptophan metabolism, kynurenic acid, 3-hydroxykynurenine, quinolinic acid, neuroactive metabolites, neurodegenerative diseases, depression, schizophrenia, therapeutic targeting
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Brain, Humans, Kynurenine, Nervous System Diseases, Signal Transduction
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