Cited by 432Alzheimer's disease research and treatmentsPluripotent Stem Cells ResearchDementia and Cognitive Impairment Research

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Modeling amyloid beta and tau pathology in human cerebral organoids

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Gonzalez, Cesar, Armijo, Enrique, Bravo-Alegria, Javiera, Becerra-Calixto, Andrea, Mays, Charles E., Soto, Claudio·2018·Molecular Psychiatry

DOI 10.1038/s41380-018-0229-8PMC PMC6594704

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Abstract

The typical abnormalities observed in the brain of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients include synaptic alterations, neuronal death, brain inflammation, and the accumulation of protein aggregates in the form of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Despite the development of many animal and in vitro models for AD, there is a lack of an experimental approach that fully recapitulates essential aspects of the disease in human cells. Here, we report the generation of a new model to study AD, consisting of cerebral organoids (COs) produced from human-induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Under our experimental conditions, COs grow to form three-dimensional (3D) structures containing neural areas with cortical-like organization. Analysis of COs by histological and biochemical methods revealed that organoids produced from iPSCs derived from patients affected by familial AD or Down syndrome (DS) spontaneously develop over time pathological features of AD, including accumulation of structures highly reminiscent to amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. These pathological abnormalities were not observed in COs generated from various controls, including human iPSCs from healthy individuals, human iPSCs from patients affected by Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs), or mouse iPSCs. These findings enable modeling genetic AD in a human cellular context in a 3D cortical-like tissue developed in vitro from patient-specific stem cells. This system provides a more relevant disease model compared to pre-existing methods and offers a new platform for discovery of novel targets and screening of drugs for therapeutic intervention.

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Additional file 11 of Neuronal excitatory-to-inhibitory balance is altered in cerebral organoid models of genetic neurological diseases
Foliaki, S. T., Schwarz, B. H., Groveman, B. R., Walters, R. O., Ferreira, N. C., Orru, C. D., Smith, A., Wood, A. R., Schmit, O. M., Freitag, P., et al. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.16786657
Additional file 19 of Neuronal excitatory-to-inhibitory balance is altered in cerebral organoid models of genetic neurological diseases
Foliaki, S. T., Schwarz, B. H., Groveman, B. R., Walters, R. O., Ferreira, N. C., Orru, C. D., Smith, A., Wood, A. R., Schmit, O. M., Freitag, P., et al. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.16786681
Additional file 10 of Neuronal excitatory-to-inhibitory balance is altered in cerebral organoid models of genetic neurological diseases
Foliaki, S. T., Schwarz, B. H., Groveman, B. R., Walters, R. O., Ferreira, N. C., Orru, C. D., Smith, A., Wood, A. R., Schmit, O. M., Freitag, P., et al. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.16786651
Additional file 16 of Neuronal excitatory-to-inhibitory balance is altered in cerebral organoid models of genetic neurological diseases
Foliaki, S. T., Schwarz, B. H., Groveman, B. R., Walters, R. O., Ferreira, N. C., Orru, C. D., Smith, A., Wood, A. R., Schmit, O. M., Freitag, P., et al. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.16786672
Additional file 2 of Microglial inclusions and neurofilament light chain release follow neuronal α-synuclein lesions in long-term brain slice cultures
Barth, M., Bacioglu, M., Schwarz, N., Novotny, R., Brandes, J., Welzer, M., Mazzitelli, S., Häsler, L. M., Schweighauser, M., Wuttke, T. V., et al. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.15153935
Additional file 6 of Simple modeling of familial Alzheimer’s disease using human pluripotent stem cell-derived cerebral organoid technology
Choe, M. S., Yeo, H. C., Kim, J. S., Lee, J., Lee, H. J., Kim, H.-R., Baek, K. M., Jung, N.-Y., Choi, M., & Lee, M. Y. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26711492
Additional file 14 of Neuronal excitatory-to-inhibitory balance is altered in cerebral organoid models of genetic neurological diseases
Foliaki, S. T., Schwarz, B. H., Groveman, B. R., Walters, R. O., Ferreira, N. C., Orru, C. D., Smith, A., Wood, A. R., Schmit, O. M., Freitag, P., et al. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.16786666
Additional file 4 of Simple modeling of familial Alzheimer’s disease using human pluripotent stem cell-derived cerebral organoid technology
Choe, M. S., Yeo, H. C., Kim, J. S., Lee, J., Lee, H. J., Kim, H.-R., Baek, K. M., Jung, N.-Y., Choi, M., & Lee, M. Y. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26711486
Additional file 10 of Simple modeling of familial Alzheimer’s disease using human pluripotent stem cell-derived cerebral organoid technology
Choe, M. S., Yeo, H. C., Kim, J. S., Lee, J., Lee, H. J., Kim, H.-R., Baek, K. M., Jung, N.-Y., Choi, M., & Lee, M. Y. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26711504
Additional file 4 of Microglial inclusions and neurofilament light chain release follow neuronal α-synuclein lesions in long-term brain slice cultures
Barth, M., Bacioglu, M., Schwarz, N., Novotny, R., Brandes, J., Welzer, M., Mazzitelli, S., Häsler, L. M., Schweighauser, M., Wuttke, T. V., et al. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.15153941
Additional file 8 of Simple modeling of familial Alzheimer’s disease using human pluripotent stem cell-derived cerebral organoid technology
Choe, M. S., Yeo, H. C., Kim, J. S., Lee, J., Lee, H. J., Kim, H.-R., Baek, K. M., Jung, N.-Y., Choi, M., & Lee, M. Y. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26711498
Additional file 2 of Sporadic Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease infected human cerebral organoids retain the original human brain subtype features following transmission to humanized transgenic mice
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Additional file 11 of Simple modeling of familial Alzheimer’s disease using human pluripotent stem cell-derived cerebral organoid technology
Choe, M. S., Yeo, H. C., Kim, J. S., Lee, J., Lee, H. J., Kim, H.-R., Baek, K. M., Jung, N.-Y., Choi, M., & Lee, M. Y. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26711507
Additional file 5 of Microglial inclusions and neurofilament light chain release follow neuronal α-synuclein lesions in long-term brain slice cultures
Barth, M., Bacioglu, M., Schwarz, N., Novotny, R., Brandes, J., Welzer, M., Mazzitelli, S., Häsler, L. M., Schweighauser, M., Wuttke, T. V., et al. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.15153944
Additional file 7 of Simple modeling of familial Alzheimer’s disease using human pluripotent stem cell-derived cerebral organoid technology
Choe, M. S., Yeo, H. C., Kim, J. S., Lee, J., Lee, H. J., Kim, H.-R., Baek, K. M., Jung, N.-Y., Choi, M., & Lee, M. Y. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26711495
Additional file 3 of Microglial inclusions and neurofilament light chain release follow neuronal α-synuclein lesions in long-term brain slice cultures
Barth, M., Bacioglu, M., Schwarz, N., Novotny, R., Brandes, J., Welzer, M., Mazzitelli, S., Häsler, L. M., Schweighauser, M., Wuttke, T. V., et al. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.15153938
Additional file 1 of Neuronal excitatory-to-inhibitory balance is altered in cerebral organoid models of genetic neurological diseases
Foliaki, S. T., Schwarz, B. H., Groveman, B. R., Walters, R. O., Ferreira, N. C., Orru, C. D., Smith, A., Wood, A. R., Schmit, O. M., Freitag, P., et al. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.16786687
Additional file 13 of Neuronal excitatory-to-inhibitory balance is altered in cerebral organoid models of genetic neurological diseases
Foliaki, S. T., Schwarz, B. H., Groveman, B. R., Walters, R. O., Ferreira, N. C., Orru, C. D., Smith, A., Wood, A. R., Schmit, O. M., Freitag, P., et al. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.16786663
Additional file 9 of Neuronal excitatory-to-inhibitory balance is altered in cerebral organoid models of genetic neurological diseases
Foliaki, S. T., Schwarz, B. H., Groveman, B. R., Walters, R. O., Ferreira, N. C., Orru, C. D., Smith, A., Wood, A. R., Schmit, O. M., Freitag, P., et al. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.16786717
Additional file 15 of Neuronal excitatory-to-inhibitory balance is altered in cerebral organoid models of genetic neurological diseases
Foliaki, S. T., Schwarz, B. H., Groveman, B. R., Walters, R. O., Ferreira, N. C., Orru, C. D., Smith, A., Wood, A. R., Schmit, O. M., Freitag, P., et al. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.16786669
Additional file 17 of Neuronal excitatory-to-inhibitory balance is altered in cerebral organoid models of genetic neurological diseases
Foliaki, S. T., Schwarz, B. H., Groveman, B. R., Walters, R. O., Ferreira, N. C., Orru, C. D., Smith, A., Wood, A. R., Schmit, O. M., Freitag, P., et al. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.16786675
Stem cell-based organoid culture system as an innovative model of the central nervous system development and disease system
Dutta, M., Chowdhury, M. M., Kazi, M., & Khandaker, M. U. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-27414-5.00001-4
Additional file 8 of Neuronal excitatory-to-inhibitory balance is altered in cerebral organoid models of genetic neurological diseases
Foliaki, S. T., Schwarz, B. H., Groveman, B. R., Walters, R. O., Ferreira, N. C., Orru, C. D., Smith, A., Wood, A. R., Schmit, O. M., Freitag, P., et al. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.16786714
Additional file 9 of Simple modeling of familial Alzheimer’s disease using human pluripotent stem cell-derived cerebral organoid technology
Choe, M. S., Yeo, H. C., Kim, J. S., Lee, J., Lee, H. J., Kim, H.-R., Baek, K. M., Jung, N.-Y., Choi, M., & Lee, M. Y. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26711501
Additional file 1 of Microglial inclusions and neurofilament light chain release follow neuronal α-synuclein lesions in long-term brain slice cultures
Barth, M., Bacioglu, M., Schwarz, N., Novotny, R., Brandes, J., Welzer, M., Mazzitelli, S., Häsler, L. M., Schweighauser, M., Wuttke, T. V., et al. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.15153929
Additional file 3 of Simple modeling of familial Alzheimer’s disease using human pluripotent stem cell-derived cerebral organoid technology
Choe, M. S., Yeo, H. C., Kim, J. S., Lee, J., Lee, H. J., Kim, H.-R., Baek, K. M., Jung, N.-Y., Choi, M., & Lee, M. Y. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26711483
Additional file 1 of Sporadic Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease infected human cerebral organoids retain the original human brain subtype features following transmission to humanized transgenic mice
Groveman, B. R., Race, B., Foliaki, S. T., Williams, K., Hughson, A. G., Baune, C., Zanusso, G., & Haigh, C. L. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26568664
Additional file 1 of Simple modeling of familial Alzheimer’s disease using human pluripotent stem cell-derived cerebral organoid technology
Choe, M. S., Yeo, H. C., Kim, J. S., Lee, J., Lee, H. J., Kim, H.-R., Baek, K. M., Jung, N.-Y., Choi, M., & Lee, M. Y. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26711477
Additional file 3 of Sporadic Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease infected human cerebral organoids retain the original human brain subtype features following transmission to humanized transgenic mice
Groveman, B. R., Race, B., Foliaki, S. T., Williams, K., Hughson, A. G., Baune, C., Zanusso, G., & Haigh, C. L. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26568670
Additional file 4 of Sporadic Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease infected human cerebral organoids retain the original human brain subtype features following transmission to humanized transgenic mice
Groveman, B. R., Race, B., Foliaki, S. T., Williams, K., Hughson, A. G., Baune, C., Zanusso, G., & Haigh, C. L. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26568673
Additional file 18 of Neuronal excitatory-to-inhibitory balance is altered in cerebral organoid models of genetic neurological diseases
Foliaki, S. T., Schwarz, B. H., Groveman, B. R., Walters, R. O., Ferreira, N. C., Orru, C. D., Smith, A., Wood, A. R., Schmit, O. M., Freitag, P., et al. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.16786678
Additional file 5 of Simple modeling of familial Alzheimer’s disease using human pluripotent stem cell-derived cerebral organoid technology
Choe, M. S., Yeo, H. C., Kim, J. S., Lee, J., Lee, H. J., Kim, H.-R., Baek, K. M., Jung, N.-Y., Choi, M., & Lee, M. Y. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26711489
Additional file 12 of Neuronal excitatory-to-inhibitory balance is altered in cerebral organoid models of genetic neurological diseases
Foliaki, S. T., Schwarz, B. H., Groveman, B. R., Walters, R. O., Ferreira, N. C., Orru, C. D., Smith, A., Wood, A. R., Schmit, O. M., Freitag, P., et al. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.16786660
Additional file 2 of Simple modeling of familial Alzheimer’s disease using human pluripotent stem cell-derived cerebral organoid technology
Choe, M. S., Yeo, H. C., Kim, J. S., Lee, J., Lee, H. J., Kim, H.-R., Baek, K. M., Jung, N.-Y., Choi, M., & Lee, M. Y. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26711480
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells: A Unique Model for Studying the Human Brain in Health and Disease
Novosadova, E. V., & Grivennikov, I. A. (2025) · Neurochemical Journal · doi:10.1134/s1819712425700692
Glial and Neuronal Alzheimer's Disease-Related Alterations Reproduced in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells With Presenilin-1 MutationPreprint
Comolli, D., Murari, E., Cerovic, M., Soltuzu, L., Liao, W., Bianchi, A., Seminara, S., Craparotta, I., Fumagalli, S., Balducci, C., et al. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-8549806/v1
Spatial Neurobiology in Brain Organoids Using Mass Spectrometry Imaging-Based Multiomics Approach
Phulara, N. R., Lissit, K., Huang, Y., Xu, J.-C., & Seneviratne, H. K. (2026) · ACS Chemical Neuroscience · doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.5c00971
Mapping the Cerebral Organoid Landscape: A Systematic Review of Preclinical 3D Models in Neuroscience
Wolfram, A., Arnold, V., Wolfram-Schauerte, M., Moskalchuk, A., Caroline M. Trust, Vontz, M., Scheurenbrand, M., Sampath‐Kumar, V., Ahari, S. H., Romero‐Nieto, C., et al. (2026) · Advanced Healthcare Materials · doi:10.1002/adhm.202504889 · Cited by 1

Authors: Gonzalez, C., Armijo, E., Bravo-Alegria, J., Becerra-Calixto, A., Mays, C. E., & Soto, C.
Affiliations: Universidad de Los Andes, Chile (CL)
Universidad de Antioquia (CO)
The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (US)
Corresponding author: Soto, Claudio
ORCID: Bravo-Alegria, Javiera
Becerra-Calixto, Andrea
Soto, Claudio
Venue: Molecular Psychiatry
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2018-08-31
Volume: 23
Issue: 12
Pages: 2363-2374
ISSN: 1359-4184 (ISSN-L)
1476-5578
DOI: 10.1038/s41380-018-0229-8
PMC: PMC6594704
OpenAlex: W2889449128
Cited by: 430
References: 33
Citations by year: 2026: 43 · 2025: 55 · 2024: 63 · 2023: 60 · 2022: 56 · 2021: 78 · 2020: 48 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 2
FWCI: 26.30
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Molecular Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institute on Aging (R01AG061069)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Pluripotent Stem Cells Research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
Keywords: Alzheimer's disease, brain organoids, amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, tau pathology, amyloid-beta, induced pluripotent stem cells, familial Alzheimer's disease, Down syndrome, patient-specific disease modeling, drug screening
MeSH terms: Aged, Alzheimer Disease, Brain, Cerebral Cortex, Female, Humans, Infant, Male, Middle Aged, Neurons, Organoids, Phosphorylation, Amyloid beta-Peptides, Neurofibrillary Tangles, tau Proteins, Cell Culture Techniques, Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells, Plaque, Amyloid

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Modeling amyloid beta and tau pathology in human cerebral organoids

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