Tubeimoside-1, a triterpenoid saponin, induces cytoprotective autophagy in human breast cancer cells in vitro via Akt-mediated pathway
Open accessAbstract
Autophagy, a form of cellular self-digestion by lysosome, is associated with various disease processes including cancers, and modulating autophagy has shown promise in the treatment of various malignancies. A number of natural products display strong antitumor activity, yet their mechanisms of action remain unclear. To gain a better understanding of how traditional Chinese medicine agents exert antitumor effects, we screened 480 natural compounds for their effects on autophagy using a high content screening assay detecting GFP-LC3 puncta in HeLa cells. Tubeimoside-1 (TBMS1), a triterpenoid saponin extracted from Bolbostemma paniculatum (Maxim) Franquet (Cucurbitaceae), was identified as a potent activator of autophagy. The activation of autophagy by TBMS1 was evidenced by increased LC3-II amount and GFP-LC3 dots, observation of autophagosomes under electron microscopy, and enhanced autophagic flux. To explore the mechanisms underlying TBMS1-activated autophagy, we performed cheminformatic analyses and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) binding assay that showed a higher likelihood of the binding between Akt protein and TBMS1. In three human breast cancer cell lines, we demonstrated that Akt-mTOR-eEF-2K pathway was involved in TBMS1-induced activation of autophagy, while Akt-mediated downregulations of Mcl-1, Bcl-xl, and Bcl-2 led to the activation of apoptosis of the breast cancer cells. Inhibition of autophagy enhanced the cytotoxic effect of TBMS1 via promoting apoptosis. Our results demonstrate the role and mechanism of TBMS1 in activating autophagy, suggesting that inhibition of cytoprotective autophagy may act as a therapeutic strategy to reinforce the activity of TBMS1 against cancers.
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Our prior work successfully discovered the target of Ixabepilone, Mitoxantrone, and Tubeimoside-1 are Bcl-2, eEF2K, and AKT, respectively.
“and successfully discovered the target of Ixabepilone, Mitoxantrone, and Tubeimoside-1 are Bcl-2, eEF2K, and AKT, respectively12,41,42.”
From Harnessing artificial intelligence to identify Bufalin as a molecular glue degrader of estrogen receptor alpha (2025) · cites this paper as [41]
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- Authors
- Jiang, S.-L., Guan, Y.-D., Chen, X.-S., Ge, P., Wang, X.-L., Lao, Y.-Z., Xiao, S.-S., Zhang, Y., Yang, J.-M., Xu, X.-J., Cao, D.-S., & Cheng, Y.
- Affiliations
- Central South University (CN)
- Soochow University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Cheng, Yan
- Venue
- Acta Pharmacologica Sinica
- Published
- 2018-10-12
- Volume
- 40
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 919-928
- ISSN
- 0253-9756 (ISSN-L)
- 1671-4083
- 1745-7254
- PMC
- PMC6786367
- OpenAlex
- W2896935164
- Cited by
- 37
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 3.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Acta Pharmacologica Sinica (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (81472593, 81422051)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Autophagy in Disease and Therapy
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Natural product bioactivities and synthesis
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Natural Compounds in Disease Treatment
- Keywords
- triterpenoid saponins, autophagy, cytoprotective autophagy, breast cancer, Akt signaling, mTOR, eEF2K, apoptosis, Bcl-2 family proteins, Mcl-1, Bcl-xL, LC3, autophagic flux, Bolbostemma paniculatum, traditional Chinese medicine, anticancer natural products
- MeSH terms
- Antineoplastic Agents, Autophagy, Breast Neoplasms, Humans, Saponins, Triterpenes, Signal Transduction, Apoptosis, Cell Line, Tumor, Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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