Extramedullary disease in multiple myeloma: a systematic literature review
Open accessAbstract
Extramedullary involvement (or extramedullary disease, EMD) represents an aggressive form of multiple myeloma (MM), characterized by the ability of a clone and/or subclone to thrive and grow independent of the bone marrow microenvironment. Several different definitions of EMD have been used in the published literature. We advocate that true EMD is restricted to soft-tissue plasmacytomas that arise due to hematogenous spread and have no contact with bony structures. Typical sites of EMD vary according to the phase of MM. At diagnosis, EMD is typically found in skin and soft tissues; at relapse, typical sites involved include liver, kidneys, lymph nodes, central nervous system (CNS), breast, pleura, and pericardium. The reported incidence of EMD varies considerably, and differences in diagnostic approach between studies are likely to contribute to this variability. In patients with newly diagnosed MM, the reported incidence ranges from 0.5% to 4.8%, while in relapsed/refractory MM the reported incidence is 3.4 to 14%. Available data demonstrate that the prognosis is poor, and considerably worse than for MM without soft-tissue plasmacytomas. Among patients with plasmacytomas, those with EMD have poorer outcomes than those with paraskeletal involvement. CNS involvement is rare, but prognosis is even more dismal than for EMD in other locations, particularly if there is leptomeningeal involvement. Available data on treatment outcomes for EMD are derived almost entirely from retrospective studies. Some agents and combinations have shown a degree of efficacy but, as would be expected, this is less than in MM patients with no extramedullary involvement. The paucity of prospective studies makes it difficult to justify strong recommendations for any treatment approach. Prospective data from patients with clearly defined EMD are important for the optimal evaluation of treatment outcomes.
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Patients with advanced disease stage (R-ISS stage III) have consistently shown poorer outcomes irrespective of the therapy received.
“Similarly, patients with advanced disease stage (R-ISS stage III) have consistently shown poorer outcomes irrespective of the therapy received4–6,19–22.”
From Elranatamab in relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma: phase 2 MagnetisMM-3 trial results (2023) · cites this paper as [20]
The Results > Incidence section mentions revised stage III only as a reason to suspect extramedullary disease and consider PET/CT. Results > Treatment outcomes discusses poorer outcomes for patients with extramedullary disease, but does not compare outcomes by R-ISS stage or establish that stage III patients fare worse regardless of therapy. Searches for “R-ISS,” “stage III,” and therapy-independent outcomes found no supporting passage. (LLM, conf=0.76)
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- Authors
- Bladé, J., Beksac, M., Caers, J., Jurczyszyn, A., von Lilienfeld-Toal, M., Moreau, P., Rasche, L., Rosiñol, L., Usmani, S. Z., Zamagni, E., & Richardson, P.
- Affiliations
- Hospital Clínic de Barcelona (ES)
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège (BE)
- Jagiellonian University (PL)
- Nantes Université (FR)
- Universitätsklinikum Würzburg (DE)
- Levine Cancer Institute (US)
- Istituto di Ematologia di Bologna (IT)
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Bladé, Joan
- ORCID
- Venue
- Blood Cancer Journal
- Published
- 2022-03-21
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 45-45
- ISSN
- 2044-5385 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8938478
- OpenAlex
- W4220896277
- Cited by
- 319
- References
- 56
- Citations by year
- 2026: 79 · 2025: 107 · 2024: 73 · 2023: 44 · 2022: 14 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 10.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Blood Cancer Journal (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Dipòsit Digital de la Universitat de Barcelona (Universitat de Barcelona) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Jagiellonian University Repository (Jagiellonian University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- ORBi (University of Liège) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Multiple Myeloma Research and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Management of metastatic bone disease
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Lymphoma Diagnosis and Treatment
- Keywords
- extramedullary disease, multiple myeloma, soft tissue plasmacytoma, hematogenous spread, relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma, central nervous system involvement, leptomeningeal involvement, prognosis, treatment outcomes
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Multiple Myeloma, Neoplasm Recurrence, Local, Plasmacytoma, Prospective Studies, Retrospective Studies, Tumor Microenvironment
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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