The DOI matches its Crossref record; 64 of the 64 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Source sector and fuel contributions to ambient PM2.5 and attributable mortality across multiple spatial scales
Open accessAbstract
Ambient fine particulate matter (PM 2.5) is the world’s leading environmental health risk factor. Reducing the PM 2.5 disease burden requires specific strategies that target dominant sources across multiple spatial scales. We provide a contemporary and comprehensive evaluation of sector- and fuel-specific contributions to this disease burden across 21 regions, 204 countries, and 200 sub-national areas by integrating 24 global atmospheric chemistry-transport model sensitivity simulations, high-resolution satellite-derived PM 2.5 exposure estimates, and disease-specific concentration response relationships. Globally, 1.05 (95% Confidence Interval: 0.74–1.36) million deaths were avoidable in 2017 by eliminating fossil-fuel combustion (27.3% of the total PM 2.5 burden), with coal contributing to over half. Other dominant global sources included residential (0.74 [0.52–0.95] million deaths; 19.2%), industrial (0.45 [0.32–0.58] million deaths; 11.7%), and energy (0.39 [0.28–0.51] million deaths; 10.2%) sectors. Our results show that regions with large anthropogenic contributions generally had the highest attributable deaths, suggesting substantial health benefits from replacing traditional energy sources.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Murray, C. J. L., Aravkin, A. Y., Zheng, P., Abbafati, C., Abbas, K. M., Abbasi-Kangevari, M., Abd-Allah, F., Abdelalim, A., Abdollahi, M., Abdollahpour, I., et al. (2020) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30752-2 · Cited by 9,854
Self-citationForouzanfar, M. H., Afshin, A., Alexander, L. T., Anderson, H. R., Bhutta, Z. A., Biryukov, S., Brauer, M., Burnett, R., Cercy, K., Charlson, F. J., et al. (2016) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31679-8 · Cited by 7,698
Self-citationThe contribution of outdoor air pollution sources to premature mortality on a global scale
Lelieveld, J., Evans, J. S., Fnais, M., Giannadaki, D., & Pozzer, A. (2015) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature15371 · Cited by 5,977
Stanaway, J. D., Afshin, A., Gakidou, E., Lim, S. S., Abate, D., Abate, K. H., Abbafati, C., Abbasi, N., Abbastabar, H., Abd-Allah, F., et al. (2018) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(18)32225-6 · Cited by 4,943
Self-citationTrends in China's anthropogenic emissions since 2010 as the consequence of clean air actions
Zheng, B., Tong, D., Li, M., Liu, F., Hong, C., Geng, G., Li, H., Li, X., Peng, L., Qi, J., et al. (2018) · Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics · doi:10.5194/acp-18-14095-2018 · Cited by 2,916
Chawanpaiboon, S., Vogel, J. P., Moller, A.-B., Lumbiganon, P., Petzold, M., Hogan, D., Landoulsi, S., Jampathong, N., Kongwattanakul, K., Laopaiboon, M., et al. (2019) · The Lancet Global Health · doi:10.1016/s2214-109x(18)30451-0 · Cited by 2,572
Global estimates of mortality associated with long-term exposure to outdoor fine particulate matter
Burnett, R., Chen, H., Szyszkowicz, M., Fann, N., Hubbell, B., Pope, C. A., Apte, J. S., Brauer, M., Cohen, A., Weichenthal, S., et al. (2018) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1803222115 · Cited by 2,504
Self-citationGlobal fire emissions estimates during 1997–2016
(2017) · doi:10.5194/essd-9-697-2017 · Cited by 2,493
Bey, I., Jacob, D. J., Yantosca, R. M., Logan, J. A., Field, B. D., Fiore, A. M., Li, Q., Liu, H. Y., Mickley, L. J., & Schultz, M. G. (2001) · Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/2001jd000807 · Cited by 2,486
Climate-induced variations in global wildfire danger from 1979 to 2013
Jolly, W. M., Cochrane, M. A., Freeborn, P. H., Holden, Z. A., Brown, T. J., Williamson, G. J., & Bowman, D. M. J. S. (2015) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms8537 · Cited by 2,200
Cited by
Global air pollution exposure and poverty
Rentschler, J., & Leonova, N. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-39797-4 · Cited by 538
Air pollution deaths attributable to fossil fuels: observational and modelling study
Lelieveld, J., Haines, A., Burnett, R., Tonne, C., Klingmüller, K., Münzel, T., & Pozzer, A. (2023) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj-2023-077784 · Cited by 289
Self-citationYu, W., Ye, T., Zhang, Y., Xu, R., Lei, Y., Chen, Z., Yang, Z., Zhang, Y., Song, J., Yue, X., et al. (2023) · The Lancet Planetary Health · doi:10.1016/s2542-5196(23)00008-6 · Cited by 215
Zhang, B., Weuve, J., Langa, K. M., D’Souza, J., Szpiro, A., Faul, J., Mendes de Leon, C., Gao, J., Kaufman, J. D., Sheppard, L., et al. (2023) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2023.3300 · Cited by 164
Pathways to a healthy net-zero future: report of the Lancet Pathfinder Commission
Whitmee, S., Green, R., Belesova, K., Hassan, S., Cuevas, S., Murage, P., Picetti, R., Clercq-Roques, R., Murray, K., Falconer, J., et al. (2024) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(23)02466-2 · Cited by 112
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- McDuffie, E. E., Martin, R. V., Spadaro, J. V., Burnett, R., Smith, S. J., O’Rourke, P., Hammer, M. S., van Donkelaar, A., Bindle, L., Shah, V., Jaeglé, L., Luo, G., Yu, F., Adeniran, J. A., Lin, J., & Brauer, M.
- Venue
- Nature Communications
- Published
- 2021-06-14
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 3594-3594
- ISSN
- 2041-1723 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3169718540
- Cited by
- 629
- References
- 64
- FWCI
- 32.98
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Source sector and fuel contributions to ambient PM2.5 and attributable mortality across multiple spatial scales. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1038/s41467-021-23853-y
- The paper
- McDuffie, E. E., Martin, R. V., Spadaro, J. V., Burnett, R., Smith, S. J., O’Rourke, P., Hammer, M. S., van Donkelaar, A., Bindle, L., Shah, V., Jaeglé, L., Luo, G., Yu, F., Adeniran, J. A., Lin, J., & Brauer, M. (2021). Source sector and fuel contributions to ambient PM2.5 and attributable mortality across multiple spatial scales. Nature Communications. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-23853-y
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.