The juxtamembrane linker of synaptotagmin 1 regulates Ca2+ binding via liquid-liquid phase separation
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Abstract
Synaptotagmin (syt) 1, a Ca 2+ sensor for synaptic vesicle exocytosis, functions in vivo as a multimer. Syt1 senses Ca 2+ via tandem C2-domains that are connected to a single transmembrane domain via a juxtamembrane linker. Here, we show that this linker segment harbors a lysine-rich, intrinsically disordered region that is necessary and sufficient to mediate liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS). Interestingly, condensate formation negatively regulates the Ca 2+ -sensitivity of syt1. Moreover, Ca 2+ and anionic phospholipids facilitate the observed phase separation, and increases in [Ca 2+ ] i promote the fusion of syt1 droplets in living cells. Together, these observations suggest a condensate-mediated feedback loop that serves to fine-tune the ability of syt1 to trigger release, via alterations in Ca 2+ binding activity and potentially through the impact of LLPS on membrane curvature during fusion reactions. In summary, the juxtamembrane linker of syt1 emerges as a regulator of syt1 function by driving self-association via LLPS.
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Mondal, S., & Shakhnovich, E. I. (2026) · Communications Chemistry · doi:10.1038/s42004-026-02011-9 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationSynaptotagmin-1 in phase: Condensate biology reveals new insights into the synaptic calcium sensor
Tromm, J. V., & Milovanović, D. (2024) · The Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.202408073 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Investigating the Context‐Dependent Phase Separation of Human HOX Transcription Factors
Karmakar, S., Manglam, J., Kant, K., & De, S. (2025) · Proteins Structure Function and Bioinformatics · doi:10.1002/prot.70009 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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Alternative splicing of synaptotagmin 7 regulates oligomerization and short-term synaptic plasticity
Mehta, N., Larson, D. T., Wozney, M., Mishra, S., Subramani, S., Kaur, S., Jain, A., & Chapman, E. R. (2026) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2601714123 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationRedox-dependent synaptic clustering of gephyrin
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Self-citationPhase separation drives SNARE complexes formationPreprint
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Unleashed condensation by recurrent mutations of an epigenetic regulator promotes cancerPreprint
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Biomolecular Condensates in Metabolic Regulation: Phase-Separated Organization of Glycolytic Enzymes
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- Authors
- Mehta, N., Mondal, S., Watson, E. T., Cui, Q., & Chapman, E. R.
- Affiliations
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (US)
- Boston University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Chapman, Edwin R.
- Venue
- Nature Communications
- Published
- 2024-01-04
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 262-262
- ISSN
- 2041-1723 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC10766989
- OpenAlex
- W4390587663
- Cited by
- 28
- References
- 77
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 4
- FWCI
- 6.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Nature Communications (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health (MH061876)
- U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NS097362)
- NSF | Directorate for Mathematical & Physical Sciences | Division of Chemistry (2154804)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Cellular transport and secretion
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Lipid Membrane Structure and Behavior
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA Research and Splicing
- Keywords
- synaptotagmin-1, liquid-liquid phase separation, intrinsically disordered regions, calcium binding, synaptic vesicle exocytosis, C2 domain, condensate, anionic phospholipids, membrane curvature, droplet fusion, calcium sensor
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