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How does spaceflight affect the acquired immune system?
Open accessAbstract
The impact of spaceflight on the immune system has been investigated extensively during spaceflight missions and in model experiments conducted on Earth. Data suggest that the spaceflight environment may affect the development of acquired immunity, and immune responses. Herein we summarize and discuss the influence of the spaceflight environment on acquired immunity. Bone marrow and the thymus, two major primary lymphoid organs, are evidently affected by gravitational change during spaceflight. Changes in the microenvironments of these organs impair lymphopoiesis, and thereby may indirectly impinge on acquired immunity. Acquired immune responses may also be disturbed by gravitational fluctuation, stressors, and space radiation both directly and in a stress hormone-dependent manner. These changes may affect acquired immune responses to pathogens, allergens, and tumors.
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“Spaceflight has been shown to have differential inflammatory effects on crew and experimental systems in missions of duration of few months (Akiyama et al., 2020;Gueguinou et al., 2009), and thus the influence of NTE related to immune response and synergies with other flight factors should be a concern for long-term missions.”
From A proposed change to astronaut exposures limits is a giant leap backwards for radiation protection (2021) · cites this paper as Akiyama et al., 2020
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“Likewise, while in space, astronauts experience fluctuations of gravity that can cause dysregulation of CD8+ T cell infiltration in ganglions.”
From Key points for the development of antioxidant cocktails to prevent cellular stress and damage caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) during manned space missions (2021) · cites this paper as [101]
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“Additionally, these hostile spaceflight environments impair lymphopoiesis in lymphoid organs, mainly the thymus, impairing the acquired immune system even further and increasing susceptibility to infection101.”
From Key points for the development of antioxidant cocktails to prevent cellular stress and damage caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) during manned space missions (2021) · cites this paper as [101]
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“This dysregulation can permit reactivation and/or shedding of latent viruses like herpes simplex virus (HSV), varicella zoster virus, Epstein–Barr virus, and human cytomegalovirus101 that would otherwise be easily kept at bay by a functional adaptive immune system.”
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Wide range applications of spirulina: from earth to space missions
Fais, G., Manca, A., Bolognesi, F., Borselli, M., Concas, A., Busutti, M., Broggi, G., Sanna, P., Castillo-Aleman, Y. M., Rivero-Jiménez, R. A., et al. (2022) · Marine Drugs · doi:10.3390/md20050299 · Cited by 98
Gómez, X., Sanon, S., Zambrano, K., Asquel, S., Bassantes, M., Morales, J. E., Otáñez, G., Pomaquero, C., Villarroel, S., Zurita, A., et al. (2021) · npj Microgravity · doi:10.1038/s41526-021-00162-8 · Cited by 92
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Metadata
- Authors
- Akiyama, T., Horie, K., Hinoi, E., Hiraiwa, M., Kato, A., Maekawa, Y., Takahashi, A., & Furukawa, S.
- Affiliations
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (JP)
- Gifu Pharmaceutical University (JP)
- Kanazawa University (JP)
- Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo (JP)
- Gifu University (JP)
- Gunma University (JP)
- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JP)
- Corresponding author
- Akiyama, Taishin
- ORCID
- Venue
- npj Microgravity
- Published
- 2020-05-07
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 14-14
- ISSN
- 2373-8065 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7206142
- OpenAlex
- W3022626511
- Cited by
- 132
- References
- 102
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 9
- FWCI
- 1.98
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- npj Microgravity (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (JP15H05935, JP15K21745, 16H01631, 18H04989, JP15H05945, 18H04968)
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (19K21582, 15H05935, 15K21745, 20H03478, 20H03441)
- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JP15K21745)
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (JP15K21745, JP15H05943, JP15H05945, JP15H05935)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Spaceflight effects on biology
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immunotoxicology and immune responses
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Keywords
- spaceflight, adaptive immunity, immune system, microgravity, bone marrow, thymus, lymphocyte development, stress hormones, space radiation, immune response to pathogens, antitumor immunity, allergen response
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