CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 98Seaweed-derived Bioactive CompoundsAlgal biology and biofuel productionFood Science and Nutritional Studies

Wide range applications of spirulina: from earth to space missions

Open access
Fais, Giacomo, Manca, Alessia, Bolognesi, Federico, Borselli, Massimiliano, Concas, Alessandro, Busutti, Marco, Broggi, Giovanni, Sanna, Pierdanilo +10 more·2022·Marine Drugs
DOI 10.3390/md20050299PMC PMC9143897
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

Spirulina is the most studied cyanobacterium species for both pharmacological applications and the food industry. The aim of the present review is to summarize the potential benefits of the use of Spirulina for improving healthcare both in space and on Earth. Regarding the first field of application, Spirulina could represent a new technology for the sustainment of long-duration manned missions to planets beyond the Lower Earth Orbit (e.g., Mars); furthermore, it could help astronauts stay healthy while exposed to a variety of stress factors that can have negative consequences even after years. As far as the second field of application, Spirulina could have an active role in various aspects of medicine, such as metabolism, oncology, ophthalmology, central and peripheral nervous systems, and nephrology. The recent findings of the capacity of Spirulina to improve stem cells mobility and to increase immune response have opened new intriguing scenarios in oncological and infectious diseases, respectively.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3390/md20050299

Cites

29 of 29 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 182

  1. [3]Hoseini S.M. Khosravi-Darani K. Mozafari M.R. Nutritional and Medical Applications of Spirulina Microalgae Mini-Rev. Med. Chem. 2013 13 1231 1237 10.2174/1389557511313080009 23544470 · DOI · Paper page
  2. [4]Banji D. Banji O.J.F. Pratusha N.G. Annamalai A.R. Investigation on the role of Spirulina platensis in ameliorating behavioural changes, thyroid dysfunction and oxidative stress in offspring of pregnant rats exposed to fluoride Food Chem. 2013 140 321 331 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.02.076 23578649 · DOI · Paper page
  3. [5]Rasmussen B. Fletcher I.R. Brocks J.J. Kilburn M.R. Reassessing the first appearance of eukaryotes and cyanobacteria Nature 2008 455 1101 1104 10.1038/nature07381 18948954 · DOI · Paper page
  4. [6]Gaysina L.A. Saraf A. Singh P. Cyanobacteria in Diverse Habitats Elsevier Inc. Amsterdam, The Netherlands 2018 9780128146682
  5. [8]Pyne S.K. Bhattacharjee P. Srivastav P.P. Microalgae (Spirulina Platensis) and Its Bioactive Molecules: Review Indian J. Nutr. 2017 4 160
  6. [10]Colla L.M. Oliveira Reinehr C. Reichert C. Costa J.A.V. Production of biomass and nutraceutical compounds by Spirulina platensis under different temperature and nitrogen regimes Bioresour. Technol. 2007 98 1489 1493 10.1016/j.biortech.2005.09.030 17070035 · DOI · Paper page
  7. [11]Vaz B.S. Moreira J.B. Morais M.G. Costa J.A.V. Microalgae as a new source of bioactive compounds in food supplement Curr. Opin. Food Sci. 2016 7 73 77 10.1016/j.cofs.2015.12.006 · DOI
  8. [12]De Morais M.G. da Silva Vaz B. Greque de Morais E. Vieira Costa J.A. Biologically Active Metabolites Synthesized by Microalgae BioMed Res. Int. 2015 2015 835761 10.1155/2015/835761 26339647 PMC4538420 · DOI
  9. [13]Ciferri O. Spirulina, the edible microorganism Microbiol. Rev. 1983 47 551 10.1128/mr.47.4.551-578.1983 6420655 PMC283708 · DOI · Paper page
  10. [14]Dillon J.C. Phuc A.P. Dubacq J.P. Nutritional Value of the Alga Spirulina World Rev. Nutr. Diet. 1995 77 32 46 10.1159/000424464 7732699 · DOI
  11. [15]Dillon J.C. Phan P.A. Spirulina as a source of proteins in human nutrition Bulletin de l’Institut Océanographique 1993 12 103 107
  12. [16]Braune S. Krüger-Genge A. Kammerer S. Jung F. Küpper J.H. Phycocyanin from arthrospira platensis as potential anti-cancer drug: Review of in vitro and in vivo studies Life 2021 11 91 10.3390/life11020091 33513794 PMC7911896 · DOI
  13. [17]Wu Q. Liu L. Miron A. Klímová B. Wan D. Kuča K. The antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory activities of Spirulina: An overview Arch. Toxicol. 2016 90 1817 1840 10.1007/s00204-016-1744-5 27259333 · DOI · Paper page
  14. [18]Liu H. Blankenship R.E. On the interface of light-harvesting antenna complexes and reaction centers in oxygenic photosynthesis Biochim. Biophys. Acta-Bioenerg. 2019 1860 148079 10.1016/j.bbabio.2019.148079 31518567 · DOI
  15. [19]Mata T.M. Martins A.A. Oliveira O. Oliveira S. Mendes A.M. Caetano N.S. Lipid content and productivity of arthrospira platensis and chlorella vulgaris under mixotrophic conditions and salinity stress Chem. Eng. Trans. 2016 49 187 192 10.3303/CET1649032 · DOI
  16. [20]Ramadan M.F. Asker M.M.S. Ibrahim Z.K. Functional bioactive compounds and biological activities of spirulina platensis lipids Czech J. Food Sci. 2008 26 211 222 10.17221/2567-CJFS · DOI
  17. [21]Kulshreshtha A. Anish J.Z. Jarouliya U. Bhadauriya P. Prasad G. Bisen P. Spirulina in Health Care Management Curr. Pharm. Biotechnol. 2008 9 400 405 10.2174/138920108785915111 18855693 · DOI
  18. [22]Mühling M. Belay A. Whitton B.A. Variation in fatty acid composition of Arthrospira (Spirulina) strains J. Appl. Phycol. 2005 17 137 146 10.1007/s10811-005-7213-9 · DOI
  19. [24]Diraman H. Koru E. Dibeklioglu H. Fatty acid profile of Spirulina platensis used as a food supplement Isr. J. Aquac.-Bamidgeh 2009 61 134 142 10.46989/001c.20548 · DOI
  20. [28]Sukenik A. Hadas O. Kaplan A. Quesada A. Invasion of Nostocales (cyanobacteria) to subtropical and temperate freshwater lakes—physiological, regional, and global driving forces Front. Microbiol. 2012 3 86 10.3389/fmicb.2012.00086 22408640 PMC3297820 · DOI
  21. [29]Huisman J. Codd G.A. Paerl H.W. Ibelings B.W. Verspagen J.M.H. Visser P.M. Cyanobacterial blooms Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2018 16 471 483 10.1038/s41579-018-0040-1 29946124 · DOI
  22. [30]Zahra Z. Choo D.H. Lee H. Parveen A. Cyanobacteria: Review of current potentials and applications Environments 2020 7 13 10.3390/environments7020013 · DOI · Paper page
  23. [31]Abdulqader G. Barsanti L. Tredici M.R. Harvest of Arthrospira platensis from Lake Kossorom (Chad) and its household usage among the Kanembu J. Appl. Phycol. 2000 12 493 498 10.1023/A:1008177925799 · DOI
  24. [33]Salazar M. Chamorro G.A. Salazar S. Steele C.E. Effect of Spirulina maxima consumption on reproduction and peri- and postnatal development in rats Food Chem. Toxicol. 1996 34 353 359 10.1016/0278-6915(96)00000-2 8641661 · DOI
  25. [34]Chamorro G. Salazar S. Steele C. Salazar M. Reproduction and peri- and postnatal evaluation of Spirulina maxima in mice Toxicol. Lett. 1996 88 67 10.1016/S0378-4274(96)80242-6 8641661 · DOI
  26. [35]Salazar M. Martínez E. Madrigal E. Ruiz L.E. Chamorro G.A. Subchronic toxicity study in mice fed Spirulina maxima J. Ethnopharmacol. 1998 62 235 241 10.1016/S0378-8741(98)00080-4 9849634 · DOI
  27. [40]Milia M. Corrias F. Addis P. Zitelli G.C. Cicchi B. Torzillo G. Andreotti V. Angioni A. Influence of Different Light Sources on the Biochemical Composition of Arthrospira spp. Grown in Model Systems Foods 2022 11 399 10.3390/foods11030399 35159549 PMC8834439 · DOI
  28. [41]Çelekli A. Yavuzatmaca M. Bozkurt H. Modeling of biomass production by Spirulina platensis as function of phosphate concentrations and pH regimes Bioresour. Technol. 2009 100 3625 3629 10.1016/j.biortech.2009.02.055 19329296 · DOI · Paper page
  29. [42]Mathur M. Molécules bioactives de la spiruline: Un complément alimentaire Bioactive Molecules in Food Mérillon J.M. Ramawat K. Série de Référence en Phytochimie Springer Cham, Switzerland 2018 1621 1642
  30. [43]Hernández Lepe M.A. Wall-Medrano A. Juárez-Oropeza M.A. Ramos-Jiménez A. Hernández-Torres R.P. Spirulina Y Su Efecto Hipolipemiante Y Antioxidante En Humanos: Una Revisión Sistemática [Spirulina and Its Hypolipidemic And Antioxidant Effects In Humans: A Systematic Review] (in Spanish) Nutr. Hosp. 2015 32 494 500 26268076
  31. [44]Mysliwa-Kurdziel B. Solymosi K. Phycobilins and Phycobiliproteins Used in Food Industry and Medicine Mini-Rev. Med. Chem. 2017 17 1173 1193 10.2174/1389557516666160912180155 27633748 · DOI
  32. [45]Karkos P.D. Leong S.C. Karkos C.D. Sivaji N. Assimakopoulos D.A. Spirulina in clinical practice: Evidence-based human applications. Evidence-based Complement Altern. Med. 2011 2011 4 7 10.1093/ecam/nen058 PMC3136577 18955364 · DOI
  33. [46]Tranquille N. Emeis J.J. de Chambure D. Binot R. Tamponnet C. Spirulina acceptability trials in rats. A study for the “Melissa” life-support system Adv. Sp. Res. 1994 14 167 170 10.1016/0273-1177(94)90293-3 11540177 · DOI
  34. [47]Soni R.A. Sudhakar K. Rana R.S. Baredar P. Food Supplements Formulated with Spirulina Algae 2021 201 226 10.1007/978-981-15-7518-1_9 · DOI
  35. [48]Jung F. Krüger-Genge A. Waldeck P. Küpper J.H. Spirulina platensis, a super food? J. Cell. Biotechnol. 2019 5 43 54 10.3233/JCB-189012 · DOI · Paper page
  36. [49]Ciani M. Lippolis A. Fava F. Rodolfi L. Niccolai A. Tredici M.R. Microbes: Food for the Future Foods 2021 10 971 10.3390/foods10050971 33925123 PMC8145633 · DOI
  37. [50]Ramírez-Rodrigues M.M. Estrada-Beristain C. Metri-Ojeda J. Pérez-Alva A. Baigts-Allende D.K. Spirulina platensis protein as sustainable ingredient for nutritional food products development Sustainability 2021 13 6849 10.3390/su13126849 · DOI · Paper page
  38. [51]Afshinnekoo E. Scott R.T. MacKay M.J. Pariset E. Cekanaviciute E. Barker R. Gilroy S. Hassane D. Smith S.M. Zwart S.R. Fundamental Biological Features of Spaceflight: Advancing the Field to Enable Deep-Space Exploration Cell 2020 183 1162 1184 10.1016/j.cell.2020.10.050 33242416 PMC8441988 · DOI
  39. [52]Garrett-Bakelman F.E. Darshi M. Green S.J. Gur R.C. Lin L. Macias B.R. McKenna M.J. Meydan C. Mishra T. Nasrini J. The NASA twins study: A multidimensional analysis of a year-long human spaceflight Science 2019 364 eaau8650 10.1126/science.aau8650 30975860 PMC7580864 · DOI · Paper page
  40. [53]Stein T.P. Leskiw M.J. Oxidant damage during and after spaceflight Am. J. Physiol.-Endocrinol. Metab. 2000 278 375 382 10.1152/ajpendo.2000.278.3.E375 10710490 · DOI
  41. [54]Tominaga H. Kodama S. Matsuda N. Suzuki K. Watanabe M. Involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the induction of genetic instability by radiation J. Radiat. Res. 2004 45 181 188 10.1269/jrr.45.181 15304958 · DOI
  42. [55]Yatagai F. Honma M. Dohmae N. Ishioka N. Biological effects of space environmental factors: A possible interaction between space radiation and microgravity Life Sci. Sp. Res. 2019 20 113 123 10.1016/j.lssr.2018.10.004 30797428 · DOI
  43. [56]Concas A. Corrias G. Orrù R. Licheri R. Pisu M. Cao G. Remarks on ISRU and ISFR technologies for manned missions on moon and mars Eurasian Chem. J. 2012 14 243 248 10.18321/ectj120 · DOI
  44. [58]Alemany L. Peiro E. Arnau C. Garcia D. Poughon L. Cornet J.F. Dussap C.G. Gerbi O. Lamaze B. Lasseur C. Continuous controlled long-term operation and modeling of a closed loop connecting an air-lift photobioreactor and an animal compartment for the development of a life support system Biochem. Eng. J. 2019 151 107323 10.1016/j.bej.2019.107323 · DOI · Paper page
  45. [59]Verseux C. Baqué M. Lehto K. De Vera J.P.P. Rothschild L.J. Billi D. Sustainable life support on Mars—The potential roles of cyanobacteria Int. J. Astrobiol. 2016 15 65 92 10.1017/S147355041500021X · DOI · Paper page
  46. [60]Verseux C. Heinicke C. Ramalho T.P. Determann J. Duckhorn M. Smagin M. Avila M. A Low-Pressure, N2/CO2 Atmosphere Is Suitable for Cyanobacterium-Based Life-Support Systems on Mars Front. Microbiol. 2021 12 611798 10.3389/fmicb.2021.611798 33664714 PMC7920872 · DOI · Paper page
  47. [62]Deng R. Chow T.-J. Hypolipidemic, Antioxidant, and Antiinflammatory Activities of Microalgae Spirulina Cardiovasc. Ther. 2010 28 e33 e45 10.1111/j.1755-5922.2010.00200.x 20633020 PMC2907180 · DOI · Paper page
  48. [63]Yousefi R. Saidpour A. Mottaghi A. The effects of Spirulina supplementation on metabolic syndrome components, its liver manifestation and related inflammatory markers: A systematic review Complement. Ther. Med. 2019 42 137 144 10.1016/j.ctim.2018.11.013 30670232 · DOI
  49. [65]Parada J.L. Zulpa de Caire G. Zaccaro de Mulé M.C. Storni de Cano M.M. Lactic acid bacteria growth promoters from Spirulina platensis Int. J. Food Microbiol. 1998 45 225 228 10.1016/S0168-1605(98)00151-2 9927000 · DOI · Paper page
  50. [66]Davis C.D. The Gut Microbiome and Its Role in Obesity Nutr. Today 2016 51 167 174 10.1097/NT.0000000000000167 27795585 PMC5082693 · DOI · Paper page
  51. [67]Schroeder Bjoern O. Bäckhed F. Signals from the gut microbiota to distant organs in physiology and disease Nat. Med. 2016 22 1079 1089 10.1038/nm.4185 27711063 · DOI · Paper page
  52. [68]Wang Z.K. Yang Y.S. Chen Y. Yuan J. Sun G. Peng L.H. Intestinal microbiota pathogenesis and fecal microbiota transplantation for inflammatory bowel disease World J. Gastroenterol. 2014 20 14805 14820 10.3748/wjg.v20.i40.14805 25356041 PMC4209544 · DOI
  53. [69]Dhalla N.S. Temsah R.M. Netticadan T. Role of oxidative stress in cardiovascular diseases J. Hypertens. 2000 18 655 673 10.1097/00004872-200018060-00002 10872549 · DOI · Paper page
  54. [70]Steinberg D. Low density lipoprotein oxidation and its pathobiological significance J. Biol. Chem. 1997 272 20963 20966 10.1074/jbc.272.34.20963 9261091 · DOI
  55. [71]Chisolm G.M. Steinberg D. The oxidative modification hypothesis of atherogenesis: An overview Free. Radic. Biol. Med. 2000 28 1815 1826 10.1016/S0891-5849(00)00344-0 10946223 · DOI
  56. [72]Lusis A.J. Atherosclerosis Nature 2000 407 233 241 10.1038/35025203 11001066 PMC2826222 · DOI
  57. [73]Glass C.K. Witztum J.L. Atherosclerosis. the road ahead Cell 2001 104 503 516 10.1016/S0092-8674(01)00238-0 11239408 · DOI
  58. [74]Arthur-Ataam J. Bideaux P. Charrabi A. Sicard P. Fromy B. Liu K. Eddahibi S. Pasqualin C. Jouy N. Richard S. Dietary supplementation with silicon-enriched spirulina improves arterial remodeling and function in hypertensive rats Nutrients 2019 11 2574 10.3390/nu11112574 PMC6893466 31731463 · DOI
  59. [75]Romay C. Delgado R. Remirez D. González R. Rojas A. Effects of phycocyanin extract on tumor necrosis factor-alpha and nitrite levels in serum of mice treated with endotoxin Arzneimittel-Forschung 2001 51 733 736 10.1055/s-0031-1300107 11642005 · DOI
  60. [76]Schafer F.Q. Wang H.P. Kelley E.E. Cueno K.L. Martin S.M. Buettner G.R. Comparing beta-carotene, vitamin E and nitric oxide as membrane antioxidants Biol. Chem. 2002 383 671 681 10.1515/BC.2002.069 12033456 · DOI
  61. [77]Yung L.M. Leung F.P. Yao X. Chen Z.Y. Huang Y. Reactive oxygen species in vascular wall Cardiovasc. Hematol. Disord. Drug Targets 2006 6 1 19 10.2174/187152906776092659 16724932 · DOI
  62. [78]Dartsch P.C. Antioxidant potential of selected Spirulina platensis preparations Phytother. Res. PTR 2008 22 627 633 10.1002/ptr.2310 18398928 · DOI
  63. [80]Mao T.K. van de Water J. Gershwin M.E. Effects of a Spirulina-based dietary supplement on cytokine production from allergic rhinitis patients J. Med. Food 2005 8 27 30 10.1089/jmf.2005.8.27 15857205 · DOI · Paper page
  64. [81]Jeong Y. Choi W.Y. Park A. Lee Y.J. Lee Y. Park G.H. Lee S.J. Lee W.K. Ryu Y.K. Kang D.H. Marine cyanobacterium Spirulina maxima as an alternate to the animal cell culture medium supplement Sci. Rep. 2021 11 4906 10.1038/s41598-021-84558-2 33649424 PMC7921123 · DOI
  65. [82]Abd El-Baky H.H. El-Baroty G.S. Spirulina maxima L-asparaginase: Immobilization, Antiviral and Antiproliferation Activities Recent Pat Biotechnol. 2020 14 154 163 10.2174/1872208313666191114151344 31724520 · DOI
  66. [83]Ratha S.K. Renuka N. Rawat I. Bux F. Prospective options of algae-derived nutraceuticals as supplements to combat COVID-19 and human coronavirus diseases Nutrition 2021 83 111089 10.1016/j.nut.2020.111089 33412367 PMC7680017 · DOI
  67. [85]Vo T.S. Ngo D.H. Kang K.H. Park S.J. Kim S.K. The role of peptides derived from Spirulina maxima in downregulation of FcεRI-mediated allergic responses Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 2014 58 2226 2234 10.1002/mnfr.201400329 25164681 · DOI
  68. [86]Yang L. Wang Y. Zhou Q. Chen P. Wang Y. Wang Y. Liu T. Xie L. Inhibitory effects of polysaccharide extract from Spirulina platensis on corneal neovascularization Mol. Vis. 2009 15 1951 1961 19784394 PMC2751803
  69. [87]Yang L.L. Zhou Q.J. Wang Y. Gao Y. Wang Y.Q. Comparison of the therapeutic effects of extracts from Spirulina platensis and amnion membrane on inflammation-associated corneal neovascularization Int. J. Ophthalmol. 2012 5 32 37 10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2012.01.07 22553751 PMC3340837 · DOI
  70. [88]Atilgan H.I. Akbulut A. Yazihan N. Yumusak N. Singar E. Koca G. Korkmaz M. The Cytokines-Directed Roles of Spirulina for Radioprotection of Lacrimal Gland Ocul. Immunol. Inflamm. 2022 1 6 10.1080/09273948.2022.2026409 35050831 · DOI
  71. [89]Okamoto T. Kawashima H. Osada H. Toda E. Homma K. Nagai N. Imai Y. Tsubota K. Ozawa Y. Dietary spirulina supplementation protects visual function from photostress by suppressing retinal neurodegeneration in mice Transl. Vis. Sci. Technol. 2019 8 20 10.1167/tvst.8.6.20 31788349 PMC6871545 · DOI
  72. [90]Amato R. Canovai A. Melecchi A. Pezzino S. Corsaro R. Dal Monte M. Rusciano D. Bagnoli P. Cammalleri M. Dietary Supplementation of Antioxidant Compounds Prevents Light-Induced Retinal Damage in a Rat Model Biomedicines 2021 9 1177 10.3390/biomedicines9091177 34572363 PMC8472009 · DOI
  73. [91]Cho H.M. Jo Y.D. Choung S.Y. Protective Effects of Spirulina maxima against Blue Light-Induced Retinal Damages in A2E-Laden ARPE-19 Cells and Balb/c Mice Nutrients 2022 14 401 10.3390/nu14030401 35276761 PMC8840079 · DOI
  74. [92]Kefayat A. Ghahremani F. Safavi A. Hajiaghababa A. Moshtaghian J. Spirulina extract enriched for Braun-type lipoprotein (Immulina®) for inhibition of 4T1 breast tumors’ growth and metastasis Phyther. Res. 2020 34 368 378 10.1002/ptr.6527 31691383 · DOI
  75. [93]Jiang L. Wang Y. Liu G. Liu H. Zhu F. Ji H. Li B. C-Phycocyanin exerts anti-cancer effects via the MAPK signaling pathway in MDA-MB-231 cells Cancer Cell Int. 2018 18 12 10.1186/s12935-018-0511-5 29416441 PMC5785878 · DOI
  76. [94]Subramaiam H. Chu W.L. Radhakrishnan A.K. Chakravarthi S. Selvaduray K.R. Kok Y.Y. Evaluating anticancer and immunomodulatory effects of spirulina (Arthrospira) platensis and gamma-tocotrienol supplementation in a syngeneic mouse model of breast cancer Nutrients 2021 13 2320 10.3390/nu13072320 34371830 PMC8308567 · DOI
  77. [95]Mahmoud Y.I. Shehata A.M.M. Fares N.H. Mahmoud A.A. Spirulina inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma through activating p53 and apoptosis and suppressing oxidative stress and angiogenesis Life Sci. 2021 265 118827 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118827 33253720 · DOI
  78. [96]Czerwonka A. Kaławaj K. Sławińska-Brych A. Lemieszek M.K. Bartnik M. Wojtanowski K.K. Zdzisińska B. Rzeski W. Anticancer effect of the water extract of a commercial Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) product on the human lung cancer A549 cell line Biomed. Pharmacother. 2018 106 292 302 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.06.116 29966973 · DOI
  79. [97]Kennedy D.O. B vitamins and the brain: Mechanisms, dose and efficacy—A review Nutrients 2016 8 68 10.3390/nu8020068 26828517 PMC4772032 · DOI · Paper page
  80. [98]Rosa G.P. Tavares W.R. Sousa P.M.C. Pagès A.K. Seca A.M.L. Pinto D.C.G.A. Seaweed secondary metabolites with beneficial health effects: An overview of successes in in vivo studies and clinical trials Mar. Drugs 2020 18 8 10.3390/md18010008 31861879 PMC7024274 · DOI
  81. [99]Pereira L. Valado A. The Seaweed Diet in Prevention and Treatment of the Mar. Drugs 2021 19 128 10.3390/md19030128 33652930 PMC7996752 · DOI
  82. [100]Miranda M.S. Cintra R.G. Barros S.B.M. Mancini-Filho J. Antioxidant activity of the microalga Spirulina maxima Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res. 1998 31 1075 1079 10.1590/S0100-879X1998000800007 9777014 · DOI
  83. [101]Cornish M.L. Critchley A.T. Mouritsen O.G. Consumption of seaweeds and the human brain J. Appl. Phycol. 2017 29 2377 2398 10.1007/s10811-016-1049-3 · DOI
  84. [102]Makkar R. Behl T. Bungau S. Zengin G. Mehta V. Kumar A. Uddin M.S. Ashraf G.M. Abdel-Daim M.M. Arora S. Nutraceuticals in neurological disorders Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020 21 4424 10.3390/ijms21124424 32580329 PMC7352709 · DOI
  85. [104]Sorrenti V. Castagna D.A. Fortinguerra S. Buriani A. Scapagnini G. Willcox D.C. Spirulina microalgae and brain health: A scoping review of experimental and clinical evidence Mar. Drugs 2021 19 293 10.3390/md19060293 34067317 PMC8224803 · DOI
  86. [105]Hu J. Li Y. Pakpour S. Wang S. Pan Z. Liu J. Wei Q. She J. Cang H. Zhang R.X. Dose Effects of Orally Administered Spirulina Suspension on Colonic Microbiota in Healthy Mice Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol. 2019 9 243 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00243 31334136 PMC6624478 · DOI · Paper page
  87. [106]Neyrinck A.M. Taminiau B. Walgrave H. Daube G. Cani P.D. Bindels L.B. Delzenne N.M. Spirulina protects against hepatic inflammation in aging: An effect related to the modulation of the gut microbiota? Nutrients 2017 9 633 10.3390/nu9060633 PMC5490612 28632181 · DOI
  88. [107]Westfall S. Lomis N. Kahouli I. Dia S.Y. Singh S.P. Prakash S. Microbiome, probiotics and neurodegenerative diseases: Deciphering the gut brain axis Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 2017 74 3769 3787 10.1007/s00018-017-2550-9 28643167 PMC11107790 · DOI
  89. [109]Pabon M.M. Jernberg J.N. Morganti J. Contreras J. Hudson C.E. Klein R.L. Bickford P.C. A Spirulina-Enhanced Diet Provides Neuroprotection in an α-Synuclein Model of Parkinson’s Disease PLoS ONE 2012 7 e90972 10.1371/journal.pone.0045256 PMC3445455 23028885 · DOI · Paper page
  90. [110]Lima F.A.V. Joventino I.P. Joventino F.P. de Almeida A.C. Neves K.R.T. do Carmo M.R. Leal L.K.A.M. de Andrade G.M. de Barros Viana G.S. Neuroprotective Activities of Spirulina platensis in the 6-OHDA Model of Parkinson’s Disease Are Related to Its Anti-Inflammatory Effects Neurochem. Res. 2017 42 3390 3400 10.1007/s11064-017-2379-5 28861668 · DOI
  91. [111]Koh E.J. Kim K.J. Song J.H. Choi J. Lee H.Y. Kang D.H. Heo H.J. Lee B.Y. Spirulina maxima extract ameliorates learning and memory impairments via inhibiting GSK-3β phosphorylation induced by intracerebroventricular injection of amyloid-β 1-42 in mice Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2017 18 2401 10.3390/ijms18112401 PMC5713369 29137190 · DOI · Paper page
  92. [113]Park H.J. Lee Y.J. Ryu H.K. Kim M.H. Chung H.W. Kim W.Y. A randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled study to establish the effects of spirulina in elderly Koreans Ann. Nutr. Metab. 2008 52 322 328 10.1159/000151486 18714150 · DOI · Paper page
  93. [114]Reid S.N.S. Ryu J.K. Kim Y. Jeon B.H. The Effects of Fermented Laminaria japonica on Short-Term Working Memory and Physical Fitness in the Elderly. Evidence-based Complement Altern. Med. 2018 2018 8109621 10.1155/2018/8109621 PMC6020467 30008787 · DOI
  94. [115]Haskell-Ramsay C.F. Jackson P.A. Dodd F.L. Forster J.S. Bérubé J. Levinton C. Kennedy D.O. Acute post-prandial cognitive effects of Brown seaweed extract in humans Nutrients 2018 10 85 10.3390/nu10010085 PMC5793313 29342865 · DOI
  95. [116]Pentón-Rol G. Lagumersindez-Denis N. Muzio L. Bergami A. Furlan R. Fernández-Massó J.R. Nazabal-Galvez M. Llópiz-Arzuaga A. Herrera-Rolo T. Veliz-Rodriguez T. Comparative Neuroregenerative Effects of C-Phycocyanin and IFN-Beta in a Model of Multiple Sclerosis in Mice J. Neuroimmune Pharmacol. 2016 11 153 167 10.1007/s11481-015-9642-9 26556034 · DOI · Paper page
  96. [118]Takeuchi O. Akira S. Pattern Recognition Receptors and Inflammation Cell 2010 140 805 820 10.1016/j.cell.2010.01.022 20303872 · DOI · Paper page
  97. [119]Monk C. Georgieff M.K. Osterholm E.A. Research Review: Maternal prenatal distress and poor nutrition—Mutually influencing risk factors affecting infant neurocognitive development J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry Allied Discip. 2013 54 115 130 10.1111/jcpp.12000 PMC3547137 23039359 · DOI
  98. [121]Patro N. Sharma A. Kariaya K. Patro I. Spirulina platensis protects neurons via suppression of glial activation and peripheral sensitization leading to restoration of motor function in collagen-induced arthritic rats Indian J. Exp. Biol. 2011 49 739 748 22013740
  99. [122]Tzachor A. Rozen O. Khatib S. Jensen S. Avni D. Photosynthetically Controlled Spirulina, but Not Solar Spirulina, Inhibits TNF-α Secretion: Potential Implications for COVID-19-Related Cytokine Storm Therapy Mar. Biotechnol. 2021 23 149 155 10.1007/s10126-021-10020-z PMC7874025 33566210 · DOI
  100. [123]Baindara P. Chakraborty R. Holliday Z.M. Mandal S.M. Schrum A.G. Oral probiotics in coronavirus disease 2019: Connecting the gut-lung axis to viral pathogenesis, inflammation, secondary infection and clinical trials New Microbes New Infect. 2021 40 100837 10.1016/j.nmni.2021.100837 33425362 PMC7785423 · DOI
  101. [124]Arab S. Ghasemi S. Ghanbari A. Bahraminasab M. Satari A. Mousavi M. Dehcheshme H.G. Asgharzade S. Chemopreventive effect of spirulina microalgae on an animal model of glioblastoma via down-regulation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR and up-regulation of miR-34a/miR-125B expression Phyther. Res. 2021 35 6452 6461 10.1002/ptr.7298 34606108 · DOI
  102. [126]Ponce-Canchihuamán J.C. Pérez-Méndez O. Hernández-Mũoz R. Torres-Durán P.V. Juárez-Oropeza M.A. Protective effects of Spirulina maxima on hyperlipidemia and oxidative-stress induced by lead acetate in the liver and kidney Lipids Health Dis. 2010 9 35 10.1186/1476-511X-9-35 20353607 PMC2859351 · DOI
  103. [127]Oh S.H. Ahn J. Kang D.H. Lee H.Y. The Effect of Ultrasonificated Extracts of Spirulina maxima on the Anticancer Activity Mar. Biotechnol. 2011 13 205 214 10.1007/s10126-010-9282-2 20405153 · DOI · Paper page
  104. [129]Lee J. Park A. Kim M.J. Lim H.J. Rha Y.A. Kang H.G. Spirulina extract enhanced a protective effect in type 1 diabetes by anti-apoptosis and anti-ROS production Nutrients 2017 9 1363 10.3390/nu9121363 29244751 PMC5748813 · DOI
  105. [130]Bachstetter A.D. Jernberg J. Schlunk A. Vila J.L. Hudson C. Cole M.J. Shytle R.D. Tan J. Sanberg P.R. Sanberg C.D. Spirulina promotes stem cell genesis and protects against LPS induced declines in neural stem cell proliferation PLoS ONE 2010 5 e10496 10.1371/journal.pone.0010496 20463965 PMC2864748 · DOI · Paper page
  106. [131]Steffens D. Lersch M. Rosa A. Scher C. Crestani T. Morais M.G. Costa J.A.V. Pranke P. A new biomaterial of nanofibers with the microalga spirulina as scaffolds to cultivate with stem cells for use in tissue engineering J. Biomed. Nanotechnol. 2013 9 710 718 10.1166/jbn.2013.1571 23621033 · DOI
  107. [132]Bickford P.C. Tan J. Douglas Shytle R. Sanberg C.D. El-Badri N. Sanberg P.R. Nutraceuticals synergistically promote proliferation of human stem cells Stem Cells Dev. 2006 15 118 123 10.1089/scd.2006.15.118 16522169 · DOI
  108. [133]Jensen G.S. Hart A.N. Zaske L.A.M. Drapeau C. Gupta N. Schaeffer D.J. Cruickshank J.A. Mobilization of human CD34+CD133+ and CD34+CD133- stem cells in vivo by consumption of an extract from Aphanizomenon flos-aquae-related to modulation of CXCR4 expression by an L-selectin ligand? Cardiovasc Revascularization Med. 2007 8 189 202 10.1016/j.carrev.2007.03.004 17765649 · DOI
  109. [134]Kuhad A. Tirkey N. Pilkhwal S. Chopra K. Renoprotective effect of Spirulina fusiformis on cisplatin-induced oxidative stress and renal dysfunction in rats Ren. Fail. 2006 28 247 254 10.1080/08860220600580399 16703798 · DOI
  110. [135]Avdagić N. Ćosović E. Nakaš-Ičindič E. Mornjaković Z. Začiragić A. Hadžovič-Džuvo A. Spirulina platensis protects against renal injury in rats with gentamicin-induced acute tubular necrosis Bosn. J. Basic Med. Sci. 2008 8 331 336 10.17305/bjbms.2008.2892 19125703 PMC5677276 · DOI
  111. [136]Hamad E.M. Mousa H.M. Ashoush I.S. Abdel-Salam A.M. Nephroprotective effect of camel milk and spirulina platensis in gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats Int. J. Pharmacol. 2018 14 559 565 10.3923/ijp.2018.559.565 · DOI
  112. [137]Khan M. Shobha J.C. Mohan I.K. Rao Naidu M.U. Prayag A. Kutala V.K. Spirulina attenuates cyclosporine-induced nephrotoxicity in rats J. Appl. Toxicol. 2006 27 511 518 10.1002/jat.1159 16858688 · DOI
  113. [138]Paredes-Carbajal M.C. Torres-Duràn P.V. Dìaz-Zagoya J.C. Mascher D. Juárez-Oropeza M.A. Effects of dietary spirulina maxima on endothelium dependent vasomotor responses of rat aortic rings Life Sci. 1997 61 211 219 10.1016/S0024-3205(97)00715-7 9328235 · DOI
  114. [139]Memije-Lazaro I.N. Blas-Valdivia V. Franco-Colín M. Cano-Europa E. Arthrospira maxima (Spirulina) and C-phycocyanin prevent the progression of chronic kidney disease and its cardiovascular complications J. Funct. Foods 2018 43 37 43 10.1016/j.jff.2018.01.013 · DOI
  115. [140]Kovic M. Risks of space colonization Futures 2021 126 102638 10.1016/j.futures.2020.102638 · DOI
  116. [143]Belz S. Buchert M. Bretschneider J. Nathanson E. Fasoulas S. Physicochemical and biological technologies for future exploration missions Acta Astronaut. 2014 101 170 179 10.1016/j.actaastro.2014.04.023 · DOI
  117. [144]Cycil L.M. Hausrath E.M. Ming D.W. Adcock C.T. Raymond J. Remias D. Ruemmele W.P. Investigating the Growth of Algae Under Low Atmospheric Pressures for Potential Food and Oxygen Production on Mars Front. Microbiol. 2021 12 733244 10.3389/fmicb.2021.733244 34867849 PMC8633435 · DOI
  118. [145]Yang C. Liu H. Li M. Yu C. Yu G. Treating urine by Spirulina platensis Acta Astronaut. 2008 63 1049 1054 10.1016/j.actaastro.2008.03.008 · DOI
  119. [146]Rapp D. Use of Extraterrestrial Resources for Human Space Missions to Moon or Mars Elsevier Amsterdam, The Netherlands 2018 10.1007/978-3-319-72694-6 · DOI
  120. [147]De Man P. In-Situ Resource Utilization: Legal Aspects Promoting Productive Cooperation Between Space Lawyers and Engineers Pecujlic A.N. Tugnoli M. IGI Global Hershey, PA, USA 2019 211 224 10.4018/978-1-5225-7256-5.ch013 · DOI
  121. [149]Billi D. Gallego Fernandez B. Fagliarone C. Chiavarini S. Rothschild L.J. Exploiting a perchlorate-tolerant desert cyanobacterium to support bacterial growth for in situ resource utilization on Mars Int. J. Astrobiol. 2021 20 29 35 10.1017/S1473550420000300 · DOI
  122. [151]Nickerson C.A. Ott C.M. Wilson J.W. Ramamurthy R. Pierson D.L. Microbial Responses to Microgravity and Other Low-Shear Environments Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 2004 68 345 361 10.1128/MMBR.68.2.345-361.2004 15187188 PMC419922 · DOI
  123. [152]Wilson J.W. Ott C.M. Ramamurthy R. Quick L. Porwollik S. Cheng P. Mcclelland M. Ho K. Tsaprailis G. Radabaugh T. Space flight alters bacterial gene expression and virulence and reveals a role for global regulator Hfq Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2007 104 16299 16304 10.1073/pnas.0707155104 17901201 PMC2042201 · DOI
  124. [153]Wilson J.W. Ott C.M. Quick L. Davis R. zu Bentrup K.H. Crabbé A. Richter E. Sarker S. Barrila J. Porwollik S. Media ion composition controls regulatory and virulence response of Salmonella in spaceflight PLoS ONE 2008 3 e3923 10.1371/journal.pone.0003923 19079590 PMC2592540 · DOI
  125. [155]Bailey M.T. Dowd S.E. Galley J.D. Hufnagle A.R. Allen R.G. Lyte M. Exposure to a social stressor alters the structure of the intestinal microbiota: Implications for stressor-induced immunomodulation Brain. Behav. Immun. 2011 25 397 407 10.1016/j.bbi.2010.10.023 21040780 PMC3039072 · DOI · Paper page
  126. [156]Castro S.L. Nelman-Gonzalez M. Nickerson C.A. Ott C.M. Induction of attachment-independent biofilm formation and repression of hfq expression by low-fluid-shear culture of Staphylococcus aureus Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2011 77 6368 6378 10.1128/AEM.00175-11 21803898 PMC3187170 · DOI
  127. [157]Crabbé A. Schurr M.J. Monsieurs P. Morici L. Schurr J. Wilson J.W. Ott C.M. Tsaprailis G. Pierson D.L. Stefanyshyn-Piper H. Transcriptional and proteomic responses of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 to spaceflight conditions involve Hfq regulation and reveal a role for oxygen Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2011 77 1221 1230 10.1128/AEM.01582-10 21169425 PMC3067220 · DOI
  128. [158]Turroni S. Magnani M. KC P. Lesnik P. Vidal H. Heer M. Gut Microbiome and Space Travelers’ Health: State of the Art and Possible Pro/Prebiotic Strategies for Long-Term Space Missions Front. Physiol. 2020 11 553929 10.3389/fphys.2020.553929 33013480 PMC7505921 · DOI
  129. [159]Crucian B. Sams C. Immune system dysregulation during spaceflight: Clinical risk for exploration-class missions J. Leukoc. Biol. 2009 86 1017 1018 10.1189/jlb.0709500 19875627 · DOI · Paper page
  130. [160]Siddiqui R. Akbar N. Khan N.A. Gut microbiome and human health under the space environment J. Appl. Microbiol. 2021 130 14 24 10.1111/jam.14789 32692438 · DOI
  131. [161]Bradbury P. Wu H. Choi J.U. Rowan A.E. Zhang H. Poole K. Lauko J. Chou J. Modeling the Impact of Microgravity at the Cellular Level: Implications for Human Disease Front. Cell Dev. Biol. 2020 8 96 10.3389/fcell.2020.00096 32154251 PMC7047162 · DOI
  132. [163]Powers S.K. Ji L.L. Kavazis A.N. Jackson M.J. Reactive oxygen species: Impact on skeletal muscle Compr. Physiol. 2011 1 941 969 10.1002/cphy.c100054 23737208 PMC3893116 · DOI
  133. [165]Richter C. Reactive oxygen and DNA damage in mitochondria Mutat. Res. DNAging 1992 275 249 255 10.1016/0921-8734(92)90029-O 1383767 · DOI
  134. [167]Schimmerling W. Space and radiation protection: Scientific requirements for space research Radiat. Environ. Biophys. 1995 34 133 137 10.1007/BF01211538 7480626 · DOI
  135. [168]Belobrajdic B. Melone K. Diaz-Artiles A. Planetary extravehicular activity (EVA) risk mitigation strategies for long-duration space missions NPJ Microgravity 2021 7 16 10.1038/s41526-021-00144-w 33980866 PMC8115028 · DOI
  136. [169]Buonanno M. De Toledo S.M. Howell R.W. Azzam E.I. Low-dose energetic protons induce adaptive and bystander effects that protect human cells against DNA damage caused by a subsequent exposure to energetic iron ions J. Radiat. Res. 2015 56 502 508 10.1093/jrr/rrv005 25805407 PMC4426929 · DOI
  137. [170]Bigley A.B. Agha N.H. Baker F.L. Spielmann G. Kunz H.E. Mylabathula P.L. Rooney B.V. Laughlin M.S. Mehta S.K. Pierson D.L. NK cell function is impaired during long-duration spaceflight J. Appl. Physiol. 2019 126 842 853 10.1152/japplphysiol.00761.2018 30382809 · DOI
  138. [171]Crucian B. Stowe R.P. Mehta S. Quiriarte H. Pierson D. Sams C. Alterations in adaptive immunity persist during long-duration spaceflight NPJ Microgravity 2015 1 15013 10.1038/npjmgrav.2015.13 28725716 PMC5515498 · DOI
  139. [172]Martinez E.M. Yoshida M.C. Candelario T.L.T. Hughes-Fulford M. Spaceflight and simulated microgravity cause a significant reduction of key gene expression in early T-cell activation Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 2015 308 R480 R488 10.1152/ajpregu.00449.2014 25568077 PMC4360066 · DOI
  140. [173]Pecaut M.J. Mao X.W. Bellinger D.L. Jonscher K.R. Stodieck L.S. Ferguson V.L. Bateman T.A. Mohney R.P. Gridley D.S. Is spaceflight-induced immune dysfunction linked to systemic changes in metabolism? PLoS ONE 2017 12 e0174174 10.1371/journal.pone.0174174 28542224 PMC5443495 · DOI
  141. [174]Paul A.M. Cheng-Campbell M. Blaber E.A. Anand S. Bhattacharya S. Zwart S.R. Crucian B.E. Smith S.M. Meller R. Grabham P. Beyond Low-Earth Orbit: Characterizing Immune and microRNA Differentials following Simulated Deep Spaceflight Conditions in Mice iScience 2020 23 101747 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101747 33376970 PMC7756144 · DOI
  142. [175]Pavlakou P. Dounousi E. Roumeliotis S. Eleftheriadis T. Liakopoulos V. Oxidative Stress and the Kidney in the Space Environment Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2018 19 3176 10.3390/ijms19103176 PMC6214023 30326648 · DOI · Paper page
  143. [176]Roumelioti M.-E. Glew R.H. Khitan Z.J. Rondon-Berrios H. Argyropoulos C.P. Malhotra D. Raj D.S. Agaba E.I. Rohrscheib M. Murata G.H. Fluid balance concepts in medicine: Principles and practice World J. Nephrol. 2018 7 1 28 10.5527/wjn.v7.i1.1 29359117 PMC5760509 · DOI
  144. [177]Drummer C. Gerzer R. Baisch F. Heer M. Body fluid regulation in micro-gravity differs from that on Earth: An overview Pflugers Arch. 2000 441 R66 R72 10.1007/s004240000335 11200983 · DOI
  145. [178]Whitson P.A. Pietrzyk R.A. Jones J.A. Nelman-Gonzalez M. Hudson E.K. Sams C.F. Effect of potassium citrate therapy on the risk of renal stone formation during spaceflight J. Urol. 2009 182 2490 2496 10.1016/j.juro.2009.07.010 19765769 · DOI
  146. [179]Pietrzyk R.A. Jones J.A. Sams C.F. Whitson P.A. Renal stone formation among astronauts Aviat. Space. Environ. Med. 2007 78 (Suppl. S4) A9 A13 17511294
  147. [180]Liakopoulos V. Leivaditis K. Eleftheriadis T. Dombros N. The kidney in space Int. Urol. Nephrol. 2012 44 1893 1901 10.1007/s11255-012-0289-7 23001611 · DOI
  148. [181]Barcellos-Hoff M.H. Blakely E.A. Burma S. Fornace A.J. Gerson S. Hlatky L. Kirsch D.G. Luderer U. Shay J. Wang Y. Concepts and challenges in cancer risk prediction for the space radiation environment Life Sci. Sp. Res. 2015 6 92 103 10.1016/j.lssr.2015.07.006 26256633 · DOI
  149. [183]Patel S. The effects of microgravity and space radiation on cardiovascular health: From low-Earth orbit and beyond IJC Heart Vasc. 2020 30 100595 10.1016/j.ijcha.2020.100595 32775602 PMC7399104 · DOI
  150. [185]Meyers C.A. Neurocognitive dysfunction in cancer patients Oncology (Williston Park) 2000 14 75 85 10680150
  151. [186]Jandial R. Hoshide R. Waters J.D. Limoli C.L. Space-brain: The negative effects of space exposure on the central nervous system Surg. Neurol. Int. 2018 9 9 10.4103/sni.sni_250_17 29416906 PMC5791508 · DOI
  152. [187]Andersen B.L. Tewfik H.H. Psychological reactions to radiation therapy: Reconsideration of the adaptive aspects of anxiety J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 1985 48 1024 1032 10.1037/0022-3514.48.4.1024 3989671 PMC2740487 · DOI
  153. [188]Makale M.T. McDonald C.R. Hattangadi-Gluth J.A. Kesari S. Mechanisms of radiotherapy-associated cognitive disability in patients with brain tumours Nat. Rev. Neurol. 2017 13 52 64 10.1038/nrneurol.2016.185 27982041 PMC5805381 · DOI
  154. [189]Tang Y. Luo D. Rong X. Shi X. Peng Y. Psychological disorders, cognitive dysfunction and quality of life in nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients with radiation-induced brain injury PLoS ONE 2012 7 e36529 10.1371/journal.pone.0036529 22701557 PMC3372508 · DOI
  155. [190]Wellisch D.K. Kaleita T.A. Freeman D. Cloughesy T. Goldman J. Predicting major depression in brain tumor patients Psychooncology 2002 11 230 238 10.1002/pon.562 12112483 · DOI
  156. [192]Cherry J.D. Liu B. Frost J.L. Lemere C.A. Williams J.P. Olschowka J.A. O’Banion M.K. Galactic cosmic radiation leads to cognitive impairment and increased aβ plaque accumulation in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease PLoS ONE 2012 7 e53275 10.1371/journal.pone.0053275 23300905 PMC3534034 · DOI
  157. [193]Parihar V.K. Pasha J. Tran K.K. Craver B.M. Acharya M.M. Limoli C.L. Persistent changes in neuronal structure and synaptic plasticity caused by proton irradiation Brain Struct. Funct. 2015 220 1161 1171 10.1007/s00429-014-0709-9 24446074 PMC4105336 · DOI
  158. [194]Machida M. Lonart G. Britten R.A. Low (60 cGy) doses of (56)Fe HZE-particle radiation lead to a persistent reduction in the glutamatergic readily releasable pool in rat hippocampal synaptosomes Radiat. Res. 2010 174 618 623 10.1667/RR1988.1 20726706 · DOI
  159. [195]Gaboyard S. Blanchard M.-P. Travo C. Viso M. Sans A. Lehouelleur J. Weightlessness affects cytoskeleton of rat utricular hair cells during maturation in vitro Neuroreport 2002 13 2139 2142 10.1097/00001756-200211150-00030 12438942 · DOI
  160. [196]He J. Zhang X. Gao Y. Li S. Sun Y. Effects of altered gravity on the cell cycle, actin cytoskeleton and proteome in Physarum polycephalum Acta Astronaut. 2008 63 915 922 10.1016/j.actaastro.2008.03.004 · DOI
  161. [197]Huang Y. Dai Z.-Q. Ling S.-K. Zhang H.-Y. Wan Y.-M. Li Y.-H. Gravity, a regulation factor in the differentiation of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells J. Biomed. Sci. 2009 16 87 10.1186/1423-0127-16-87 19772591 PMC2754420 · DOI
  162. [198]Sarkar P. Sarkar S. Ramesh V. Hayes B.E. Thomas R.L. Wilson B.L. Kim H. Barnes S. Kulkarni A. Pellis N. Proteomic analysis of mice hippocampus in simulated microgravity environment J. Proteome Res. 2006 5 548 553 10.1021/pr050274r 16512669 PMC2748658 · DOI
  163. [199]Clément G.R. Boyle R.D. George K.A. Nelson G.A. Reschke M.F. Williams T.J. Paloski W.H. Challenges to the central nervous system during human spaceflight missions to Mars J. Neurophysiol. 2020 123 2037 2063 10.1152/jn.00476.2019 32292116 · DOI
  164. [200]Tauber S. Hauschild S. Paulsen K. Gutewort A. Raig C. Hürlimann E. Biskup J. Philpot C. Lier H. Engelmann F. Signal transduction in primary human T lymphocytes in altered gravity during parabolic flight and clinostat experiments Cell. Physiol. Biochem. 2015 35 1034 1051 10.1159/000373930 25661802 · DOI
  165. [201]Tauber S. Hauschild S. Crescio C. Secchi C. Paulsen K. Pantaleo A. Saba A. Buttron I. Thiel C.S. Cogoli A. Signal transduction in primary human T lymphocytes in altered gravity—Results of the MASER-12 suborbital space flight mission Cell Commun. Signal. 2013 11 32 10.1186/1478-811X-11-32 23651740 PMC3653714 · DOI
  166. [203]Cortés-Sánchez J.L. Callant J. Krüger M. Sahana J. Kraus A. Baselet B. Infanger M. Baatout S. Grimm D. Cancer studies under space conditions: Finding answers abroad Biomedicines 2022 10 25 10.3390/biomedicines10010025 35052703 PMC8773191 · DOI
  167. [204]Furukawa S. Nagamatsu A. Nenoi M. Fujimori A. Kakinuma S. Katsube T. Wang B. Tsuruoka C. Shirai T. Nakamura A.J. Space Radiation Biology for “Living in Space” Biomed Res. Int. 2020 2020 4703286 10.1155/2020/4703286 32337251 PMC7168699 · DOI
  168. [205]Jeggo P. Löbrich M. Radiation-induced DNA damage responses Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 2006 122 124 127 10.1093/rpd/ncl495 17351270 · DOI
  169. [206]Santivasi W.L. Xia F. Ionizing radiation-induced DNA damage, response, and repair Antioxid. Redox Signal. 2014 21 251 259 10.1089/ars.2013.5668 24180216 · DOI
  170. [207]Tajvidi E. Nahavandizadeh N. Pournaderi M. Pourrashid A.Z. Bossaghzadeh F. Khoshnood Z. Study the antioxidant effects of blue-green algae Spirulina extract on ROS and MDA production in human lung cancer cells Biochem. Biophys. Rep. 2021 28 101139 10.1016/j.bbrep.2021.101139 34604549 PMC8473669 · DOI
  171. [208]Leach C.S. Johnson P.C. Influence of spaceflight on erythrokinetics in man Science 1984 225 216 218 10.1126/science.6729477 6729477 · DOI
  172. [210]Mader T.H. Gibson C.R. Pass A.F. Kramer L.A. Lee A.G. Fogarty J. Tarver W.J. Dervay J.P. Hamilton D.R. Sargsyan A. Optic disc edema, globe flattening, choroidal folds, and hyperopic shifts observed in astronauts after long-duration space flight Ophthalmology 2011 118 2058 2069 10.1016/j.ophtha.2011.06.021 21849212 · DOI · Paper page
  173. [211]Zwart S.R. Gibson C.R. Mader T.H. Ericson K. Ploutz-Snyder R. Heer M. Smith S.M. Vision Changes after Spaceflight Are Related to Alterations in Folate– and Vitamin B-12–Dependent One-Carbon Metabolism J. Nutr. 2012 142 427 431 10.3945/jn.111.154245 22298570 · DOI · Paper page
  174. [212]Ata F. Bint I. Bilal A. Javed S. Shabir Chaudhry H. Sharma R. Fatima Malik R. Choudry H. Bhaskaran Kartha A. Optic neuropathy as a presenting feature of vitamin B-12 deficiency: A systematic review of literature and a case report Ann. Med. Surg. 2020 60 316 322 10.1016/j.amsu.2020.11.010 33204422 PMC7653199 · DOI
  175. [213]Beetstra S. Thomas P. Salisbury C. Turner J. Fenech M. Folic acid deficiency increases chromosomal instability, chromosome 21 aneuploidy and sensitivity to radiation-induced micronuclei Mutat. Res. 2005 578 317 326 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2005.05.012 16005909 · DOI
  176. [214]Moens A.L. Vrints C.J. Claeys M.J. Timmermans J.P. Champion H.C. Kass D.A. Mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets for folic acid in cardiovascular disease Am. J. Physiol.—Heart Circ. Physiol. 2008 294 1971 1977 10.1152/ajpheart.91503.2007 18375715 · DOI
  177. [215]Zwart S.R. Gibson C.R. Gregory J.F. Mader T.H. Stover P.J. Zeisel S.H. Smith S.M. Astronaut ophthalmic syndrome FASEB J. 2017 31 3746 3756 10.1096/fj.201700294 28546443 · DOI · Paper page
  178. [217]Makedonas G. Mehta S.K. Scheuring R.A. Haddon R. Crucian B.E. SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic Impacts on NASA Ground Operations to Protect ISS Astronauts J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Pract. 2020 8 3247 3250 10.1016/j.jaip.2020.08.064 32971311 PMC7503132 · DOI
  179. [218]Blaber E.A. Finkelstein H. Dvorochkin N. Sato K.Y. Yousuf R. Burns B.P. Globus R.K. Almeida E.A.C. Microgravity Reduces the Differentiation and Regenerative Potential of Embryonic Stem Cells Stem Cells Dev. 2015 24 2605 2621 10.1089/scd.2015.0218 26414276 PMC4652210 · DOI
  180. [219]Blaber E. Sato K. Almeida E.A.C. Stem cell health and tissue regeneration in microgravity Stem Cells Dev. 2014 23 73 78 10.1089/scd.2014.0408 25457968 PMC4235978 · DOI
  181. [221]Oguchi M. Nitta K. Hatayaina S. Technology S. Food production and gas exchange system using blue-green alga (Spirulina) for CELSS Adv. Space Res. 1987 7 7 10 10.1016/0273-1177(87)90026-3 11537273 · DOI
  182. [222]García J.L. de Vicente M. Galán B. Microalgae, old sustainable food and fashion nutraceuticals Microb. Biotechnol. 2017 10 1017 1024 10.1111/1751-7915.12800 28809450 PMC5609256 · DOI · Paper page

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Fais, G., Manca, A., Bolognesi, F., Borselli, M., Concas, A., Busutti, M., Broggi, G., Sanna, P., Castillo-Aleman, Y. M., Rivero-Jiménez, R. A., Bencomo-Hernandez, A. A., Ventura-Carmenate, Y., Altea, M., Pantaleo, A., Gabrielli, G., Biglioli, F., Cao, G., & Giannaccare, G.
Affiliations
  • University of Cagliari (IT)
  • University of Sassari (IT)
  • University of Milan (IT)
  • Magna Graecia University (IT)
  • University of Bologna (IT)
  • Abu Dhabi Stem Cells Center (AE)
  • Abu Dhabi Stem Cells Center, Al Misaha Street, Rowdhat, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
  • TOLO Green, Via San Damiano 2, 20122 Milan, Italy
Corresponding author
Giannaccare, Giuseppe
ORCID
Venue
Marine Drugs
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2022-04-28
Volume
20
Issue
5
Pages
299
ISSN
1660-3397 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/md20050299
PMC
PMC9143897
OpenAlex
W4225137484
Cited by
98
References
29
Citations by year
2026: 8 · 2025: 39 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 6
FWCI
1.85
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Marine Drugs (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • UnissResearch (Università degli Studi di Sassari) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • UNICA IRIS Institutional Research Information System (University of Cagliari) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Funders
  • Università degli Studi di Cagliari
  • Università degli Studi di Sassari
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Aquatic Science › Seaweed-derived Bioactive Compounds
  • Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › Algal biology and biofuel production
  • Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Food Science and Nutritional Studies
Keywords
Spirulina, cyanobacteria, space missions, astronaut health, long-duration spaceflight, metabolism, ophthalmology, nervous system, nephrology, stem cell mobilization, immune response, food industry, pharmacological applications
MeSH terms
Humans, Space Flight, Astronauts, Spirulina

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review