The DOI matches its Crossref record; 45 of the 45 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Key recommendations for primary care from the 2022 Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) update
Open accessAbstract
The Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) was established in 1993 by the World Health Organization and the US National Heart Lung and Blood Institute to improve asthma awareness, prevention and management worldwide. GINA develops and publishes evidence-based, annually updated resources for clinicians. GINA guidance is adopted by national asthma guidelines in many countries, adapted to fit local healthcare systems, practices, and resource availability. GINA is independent of industry, funded by the sale and licensing of its materials. This review summarizes key practical guidance for primary care from the 2022 GINA strategy report. It provides guidance on confirming the diagnosis of asthma using spirometry or peak expiratory flow. GINA recommends that all adults, adolescents and most children with asthma should receive inhaled corticosteroid (ICS)-containing therapy to reduce the risk of severe exacerbations, either taken regularly, or (for adults and adolescents with “mild” asthma) as combination ICS–formoterol taken as needed for symptom relief. For patients with moderate–severe asthma, the preferred regimen is maintenance-and-reliever therapy (MART) with ICS–formoterol. Asthma treatment is not “one size fits all”; GINA recommends individualized assessment, adjustment, and review of treatment. As many patients with difficult-to-treat or severe asthma are not referred early for specialist review, we provide updated guidance for primary care on diagnosis, further investigation, optimization and treatment of severe asthma across secondary and tertiary care. While the GINA strategy has global relevance, we recognize that there are special considerations for its adoption in low- and middle-income countries, particularly the current poor access to inhaled medications.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Asthma and Wheezing in the First Six Years of Life
Martinez, F. D., Wright, A. L., Taussig, L. M., Holberg, C. J., Halonen, M., & Morgan, W. J. (1995) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199501193320301 · Cited by 3,823
Low-Dose Inhaled Corticosteroids and the Prevention of Death from Asthma
Suissa, S., Ernst, P., Benayoun, S., Baltzan, M., & Cai, B. (2000) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm200008033430504 · Cited by 1,100
Inhaler mishandling remains common in real life and is associated with reduced disease control
Melani, A. S., Bonavia, M., Cilenti, V., Cinti, C., Lodi, M., Martucci, P., Serra, M., Scichilone, N., Sestini, P., Aliani, M., et al. (2011) · Respiratory Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2011.01.005 · Cited by 947
Brand, P. L. P., Baraldi, E., Bisgaard, H., Boner, A. L., Castro-Rodriguez, J. A., Custovic, A., de Blic, J., de Jongste, J. C., Eber, E., Everard, M. L., et al. (2008) · European Respiratory Journal · doi:10.1183/09031936.00002108 · Cited by 857
The prevalence of severe refractory asthma
Hekking, P.-P. W., Wener, R. R., Amelink, M., Zwinderman, A. H., Bouvy, M. L., & Bel, E. H. (2015) · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2014.08.042 · Cited by 813
Inhaled Combined Budesonide–Formoterol as Needed in Mild Asthma
O’Byrne, P. M., FitzGerald, J. M., Bateman, E. D., Barnes, P. J., Zhong, N., Keen, C., Jorup, C., Lamarca, R., Ivanov, S., & Reddel, H. K. (2018) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1715274 · Cited by 645
Self-citationGlobal Initiative for Asthma Strategy 2021: executive summary and rationale for key changes
Reddel, H. K., Bacharier, L. B., Bateman, E. D., Brightling, C. E., Brusselle, G. G., Buhl, R., Cruz, A. A., Duijts, L., Drazen, J. M., FitzGerald, J. M., et al. (2022) · European Respiratory Journal · doi:10.1183/13993003.02730-2021 · Cited by 537
Self-citationAs-Needed Budesonide–Formoterol versus Maintenance Budesonide in Mild Asthma
Bateman, E. D., Reddel, H. K., O’Byrne, P. M., Barnes, P. J., Zhong, N., Keen, C., Jorup, C., Lamarca, R., Siwek-Posluszna, A., & FitzGerald, J. M. (2018) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1715275 · Cited by 516
Self-citationPrice, D. B., Trudo, F., Voorham, J., Xu, X., Kerkhof, M., Ling Zhi Jie, J., & Tran, T. N. (2018) · Journal of Asthma and Allergy · doi:10.2147/jaa.s176026 · Cited by 492
Improving lung health in low-income and middle-income countries: from challenges to solutions
Meghji, J., Mortimer, K., Agusti, A., Allwood, B. W., Asher, I., Bateman, E. D., Bissell, K., Bolton, C. E., Bush, A., Celli, B., et al. (2021) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(21)00458-x · Cited by 470
Self-citation
Cited by
Evidence-based use of antihistamines for treatment of allergic conditions
Linton, S., Hossenbaccus, L., & Ellis, A. K. (2023) · Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.anai.2023.07.019 · Cited by 91
Dong, R., Sun, S., Sun, Y., Wang, Y., & Zhang, X. (2024) · Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy · doi:10.1016/j.sapharm.2023.12.002 · Cited by 12
Metadata
- Authors
- Levy, M. L., Bacharier, L. B., Bateman, E., Boulet, L.-P., Brightling, C., Buhl, R., Brusselle, G., Cruz, A. A., Drazen, J. M., Duijts, L., Fleming, L., Inoue, H., Ko, F. W. S., Krishnan, J. A., Mortimer, K., Pitrez, P. M., Sheikh, A., Yorgancıoğlu, A., & Reddel, H. K.
- Venue
- npj Primary Care Respiratory Medicine
- Published
- 2023-02-08
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 7-7
- ISSN
- 2055-1010 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4319596235
- Cited by
- 361
- References
- 45
- FWCI
- 52.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Key recommendations for primary care from the 2022 Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) update. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1038/s41533-023-00330-1
- The paper
- Levy, M. L., Bacharier, L. B., Bateman, E., Boulet, L.-P., Brightling, C., Buhl, R., Brusselle, G., Cruz, A. A., Drazen, J. M., Duijts, L., Fleming, L., Inoue, H., Ko, F. W. S., Krishnan, J. A., Mortimer, K., Pitrez, P. M., Sheikh, A., Yorgancıoğlu, A., & Reddel, H. K. (2023). Key recommendations for primary care from the 2022 Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) update. npj Primary Care Respiratory Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41533-023-00330-1
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
