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Relativistic Shapiro delay measurements of an extremely massive millisecond pulsar
Open accessAbstract
Despite its importance to our understanding of physics at supranuclear densities, the equation of state (EoS) of matter deep within neutron stars remains poorly understood. Millisecond pulsars (MSPs) are among the most useful astrophysical objects in the Universe for testing fundamental physics, and place some of the most stringent constraints on this high-density EoS. Pulsar timing—the process of accounting for every rotation of a pulsar over long time periods—can precisely measure a wide variety of physical phenomena, including those that allow the measurement of the masses of the components of a pulsar binary system1. One of these, called relativistic Shapiro delay2, can yield precise masses for both an MSP and its companion; however, it is only easily observed in a small subset of high-precision, highly inclined (nearly edge-on) binary pulsar systems. By combining data from the North American Nanohertz Observatory for Gravitational Waves (NANOGrav) 12.5-yr data set with recent orbital-phase-specific observations using the Green Bank Telescope, we have measured the mass of the MSP J0740+6620 to be 2.14-0.09+0.10\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${\mathbf{2}}{\mathbf{.14}}_{ - {\mathbf{0}}{\mathbf{.09}}}^{ + {\mathbf{0}}{\mathbf{.10}}}$$\end{document} M⊙ (68.3% credibility interval; the 95.4% credibility interval is 2.14-0.18+0.20\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${\mathbf{2}}{\mathbf{.14}}_{ - {\mathbf{0}}{\mathbf{.18}}}^{ + {\mathbf{0}}{\mathbf{.20}}}$$\end{document} M⊙). It is highly likely to be the most massive neutron star yet observed, and serves as a strong constraint on the neutron star interior EoS. Cromartie et al. have probably found the most massive neutron star discovered so far by combining NANOGrav 12.5-yr data with radio data from the Green Bank Telescope. Millisecond pulsar J0740+6620 has a mass of 2.14 M⊙, ~0.1 M⊙ more massive than the previous record holder, and very close to the upper limit on neutron star masses from Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory measurements.
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Citations
Cites
A two-solar-mass neutron star measured using Shapiro delay
Demorest, P. B., Pennucci, T., Ransom, S. M., Roberts, M. S. E., & Hessels, J. W. T. (2010) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature09466 · Cited by 3,905
Self-citationA Massive Pulsar in a Compact Relativistic Binary
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Self-citationMasses, Radii, and the Equation of State of Neutron Stars
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Fourth test of general relativity
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Constraining the Maximum Mass of Neutron Stars from Multi-messenger Observations of GW170817
Margalit, B., & Metzger, B. D. (2017) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/aa991c · Cited by 803
THE NANOGRAV NINE-YEAR DATA SET: MASS AND GEOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS OF BINARY MILLISECOND PULSARS
Fonseca, E., Pennucci, T. T., Ellis, J. A., Stairs, I. H., Nice, D. J., Ransom, S. M., Demorest, P. B., Arzoumanian, Z., Crowter, K., Dolch, T., et al. (2016) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/0004-637x/832/2/167 · Cited by 655
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Self-citationPeering into the Dark Side: Magnesium Lines Establish a Massive Neutron Star in PSR J2215+5135
Linares, M., Shahbaz, T., & Casares, J. (2018) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aabde6 · Cited by 329
On the nature and evolution of the unique binary pulsar J1903+0327: PSR J1903+0327
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Self-citationPrecision timing measurements of PSR J1012+5307
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Cited by
Population of Merging Compact Binaries Inferred Using Gravitational Waves through GWTC-3
Abbott, R., Abbott, T. D., Acernese, F., Ackley, K., Adams, C., Adhikari, N., Adhikari, R. X., Adya, V. B., Affeldt, C., Agarwal, D., et al. (2023) · Physical Review X · doi:10.1103/physrevx.13.011048 · Cited by 889
Observation of Gravitational Waves from Two Neutron Star-Black Hole Coalescences
Abbott, R., Abbott, T. D., Abraham, S., Acernese, F., Ackley, K., Adams, A., Adams, C., Adhikari, R. X., Adya, V. B., Affeldt, C., et al. (2021) · Institutional Repository of Leibniz Universität Hannover (Leibniz Universität Hannover) · doi:10.15488/11385 · Cited by 609
Astrophysics with the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna
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Teleparallel gravity: from theory to cosmology
Bahamonde, S., Dialektopoulos, K. F., Escamilla-Rivera, C., Farrugia, G., Gakis, V., Hendry, M., Hohmann, M., Levi Said, J., Mifsud, J., & Di Valentino, E. (2023) · Reports on Progress in Physics · doi:10.1088/1361-6633/ac9cef · Cited by 503
Neutron stars and the nuclear equation of state
Burgio, G. F., Schulze, H.-J., Vidaña, I., & Wei, J.-B. (2021) · Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics · doi:10.1016/j.ppnp.2021.103879 · Cited by 281
Metadata
- Authors
- Cromartie, H. T., Fonseca, E., Ransom, S. M., Demorest, P. B., Arzoumanian, Z., Blumer, H., Brook, P. R., DeCesar, M. E., Dolch, T., Ellis, J. A., Ferdman, R. D., Ferrara, E. C., Garver-Daniels, N., Gentile, P. A., Jones, M. L., Lam, M. T., Lorimer, D. R., Lynch, R. S., McLaughlin, M. A., Ng, C., Nice, D. J., Pennucci, T. T., Spiewak, R., Stairs, I. H., Stovall, K., Swiggum, J. K., & Zhu, W. W.
- Venue
- Nature Astronomy
- Published
- 2019-09-16
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 72-76
- ISSN
- 2397-3366 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2974725663
- Cited by
- 1,615
- References
- 17
- FWCI
- 118.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
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- Cromartie, H. T., Fonseca, E., Ransom, S. M., Demorest, P. B., Arzoumanian, Z., Blumer, H., Brook, P. R., DeCesar, M. E., Dolch, T., Ellis, J. A., Ferdman, R. D., Ferrara, E. C., Garver-Daniels, N., Gentile, P. A., Jones, M. L., Lam, M. T., Lorimer, D. R., Lynch, R. S., McLaughlin, M. A., . . . Zhu, W. W. (2019). Relativistic Shapiro delay measurements of an extremely massive millisecond pulsar. Nature Astronomy. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41550-019-0880-2
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