The DOI matches its Crossref record; 84 of the 84 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
A social–ecological perspective on climate anxiety in children and adolescents
Open accessOverview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Reported emotions include anxiety, guilt, hopelessness, depression, anger, grief, shame or powerlessness. 9-11”
From Understanding and managing psychological distress due to climate change (2023) · cites this paper as [10]
In the citing paper
“Climate-specific psychological responses include climate anxiety (worry, dread and fear evoked by awareness of climate change and its impacts) or eco-anxiety, 9-11 solastalgia (feelings of distress, loss and grief arising from environmental change affecting a person's sense of connection to place) 12 and ecological grief. 13”
From Understanding and managing psychological distress due to climate change (2023) · cites this paper as [10]
In the citing paper
“Additional drivers of declining youth mental health include climate change (Crandon et al., 2022), rising costs of living (Mission Australia, 2024) and gender-based violence (Maidment et al., 2024).”
From Will restricting the age of access to social media reduce mental illness in Australian youth? (2025) · cites this paper as Crandon et al., 2022
Citations
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
American Psychiatric Association (2013) · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596 · Cited by 116,369
The Ecology of Human Development: Experiments by Nature and Design
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979) · Harvard University Press eBooks · doi:10.4159/9780674028845 · Cited by 26,084
Childhood adversities and adult psychopathology in the WHO World Mental Health Surveys
Kessler, R. C., McLaughlin, K. A., Green, J. G., Gruber, M. J., Sampson, N. A., Zaslavsky, A. M., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Alhamzawi, A. O., Alonso, J., Angermeyer, M., et al. (2010) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.110.080499 · Cited by 2,640 · cited 2×
“As children grow, their understanding and concern about climate change may diverge on the basis of: (1) their values or temperament (individual); (2) their parents and peers (microsystem); (3) the type of education they receive, their community or their local physical environment (mesosystem); (4) the nature of their…”
BackgroundHickman, C., Marks, E., Pihkala, P., Clayton, S., Lewandowski, R. E., Mayall, E. E., Wray, B., Mellor, C., & van Susteren, L. (2021) · The Lancet Planetary Health · doi:10.1016/s2542-5196(21)00278-3 · Cited by 2,324
Identifying effective climate change education strategies: a systematic review of the research
Monroe, M. C., Plate, R. R., Oxarart, A., Bowers, A. W., & Chaves, W. A. (2017) · Environmental Education Research · doi:10.1080/13504622.2017.1360842 · Cited by 1,615
Climate anxiety: Psychological responses to climate change
Clayton, S. (2020) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102263 · Cited by 1,409
Development and validation of a measure of climate change anxiety
Clayton, S., & Karazsia, B. T. (2020) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2020.101434 · Cited by 1,196 · cited 2×
“As children grow, their understanding and concern about climate change may diverge on the basis of: (1) their values or temperament (individual); (2) their parents and peers (microsystem); (3) the type of education they receive, their community or their local physical environment (mesosystem); (4) the nature of their…”
BackgroundLa Greca, A. M., & Harrison, H. M. (2005) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp3401_5 · Cited by 1,136
Hope and climate change: the importance of hope for environmental engagement among young people
Ojala, M. (2012) · Environmental Education Research · doi:10.1080/13504622.2011.637157 · Cited by 988
The psychological impacts of global climate change
Doherty, T. J., & Clayton, S. (2011) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/a0023141 · Cited by 894
The relations between natural and civic place attachment and pro-environmental behavior
Scannell, L., & Gifford, R. (2010) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2010.01.010 · Cited by 700
Erskine, H. E., Moffitt, T. E., Copeland, W. E., Costello, E. J., Ferrari, A. J., Patton, G., Degenhardt, L., Vos, T., Whiteford, H. A., & Scott, J. G. (2015) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291714002888 · Cited by 688 · cited 2×
“As children grow, their understanding and concern about climate change may diverge on the basis of: (1) their values or temperament (individual); (2) their parents and peers (microsystem); (3) the type of education they receive, their community or their local physical environment (mesosystem); (4) the nature of their…”
BackgroundSelf-citationExploring youth activism on climate change: dutiful, disruptive, and dangerous dissent
O’Brien, K. L., Selboe, E., & Hayward, B. (2018) · Ecology and Society · doi:10.5751/es-10287-230342 · Cited by 516
Climate Change and Mental Health: A Scoping Review
Charlson, F., Ali, S., Benmarhnia, T., Pearl, M., Massazza, A., Augustinavicius, J., & Scott, J. G. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18094486 · Cited by 507
Self-citationGlobal climate change and children's health: threats and strategies for prevention
Sheffield, P. E., & Landrigan, P. J. (2011) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.1002233 · Cited by 502
Eco-Anxiety and Environmental Education
Pihkala, P. (2020) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su122310149 · Cited by 475
Mental health benefits of interactions with nature in children and teenagers: a systematic review
Tillmann, S., Tobin, D., Avison, W., & Gilliland, J. (2018) · Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech-2018-210436 · Cited by 441
The psychological effects of climate change on children
Burke, S. E. L., Sanson, A. V., & Van Hoorn, J. (2018) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-018-0896-9 · Cited by 391
The development of anxiety disorders in childhood: an integrative review
Murray, L., Creswell, C., & Cooper, P. J. (2009) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291709005157 · Cited by 367
Social impacts of climate change mitigation policies and their implications for inequality
Markkanen, S., & Anger-Kraavi, A. (2019) · Climate Policy · doi:10.1080/14693062.2019.1596873 · Cited by 347
Wullenkord, M. C., Tröger, J., Hamann, K. R. S., Loy, L. S., & Reese, G. (2021) · Climatic Change · doi:10.1007/s10584-021-03234-6 · Cited by 344
Children can foster climate change concern among their parents
Lawson, D. F., Stevenson, K. T., Peterson, M. N., Carrier, S., Strnad, R. L., & Seekamp, E. (2019) · Nature Climate Change · doi:10.1038/s41558-019-0463-3 · Cited by 341
Ojala, M. (2013) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su5052191 · Cited by 331
Responding to the impacts of the climate crisis on children and youth
Sanson, A. V., Van Hoorn, J., & Burke, S. E. L. (2019) · Child Development Perspectives · doi:10.1111/cdep.12342 · Cited by 320
Climate confusion among U.S. teachers
Plutzer, E., McCaffrey, M. S., Hannah, A. L., Rosenau, J., Berbeco, M., & Reid, A. H. (2016) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aab3907 · Cited by 310
Differentiating environmental concern in the context of psychological adaption to climate change
Helm, S. V., Pollitt, A., Barnett, M. A., Curran, M. A., & Craig, Z. R. (2018) · Global Environmental Change · doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2017.11.012 · Cited by 307
Youth perceptions of climate change: A narrative synthesis
Lee, K., Gjersoe, N. L., O’Neill, S. J., & Barnett, J. C. (2020) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Climate Change · doi:10.1002/wcc.641 · Cited by 282
The development of children’s environmental attitude and behavior
Otto, S., Evans, G. W., Moon, M. J., & Kaiser, F. G. (2019) · Global Environmental Change · doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2019.101947 · Cited by 278
Birch, J., Rishbeth, C., & Payne, S. R. (2020) · Health & Place · doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2020.102296 · Cited by 246
Olsson, D., & Gericke, N. (2015) · The Journal of Environmental Education · doi:10.1080/00958964.2015.1075464 · Cited by 238
Place attachment and flood preparedness
Mishra, S., Mazumdar, S., & Suar, D. (2009) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2009.11.005 · Cited by 228
Verplanken, B., & Roy, D. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0074708 · Cited by 223
Stevenson, K. T., Peterson, M. N., & Bondell, H. D. (2016) · Environmental Education Research · doi:10.1080/13504622.2016.1177712 · Cited by 192
Children's Environmental Concerns: Expressing Ecophobia
Strife, S. J. (2012) · The Journal of Environmental Education · doi:10.1080/00958964.2011.602131 · Cited by 190
Chen, S., Bagrodia, R., Pfeffer, C., Meli, L., & Bonanno, G. A. (2020) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102297 · Cited by 183
Gislason, M., Kennedy, A. M., & Witham, S. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18094573 · Cited by 179
Systematic review: Anxiety in children and adolescents with chronic medical conditions
Cobham, V. E., Hickling, A., Kimball, H., Thomas, H. J., Scott, J. G., & Middeldorp, C. M. (2020) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2019.10.010 · Cited by 175
Self-citationCutter‐Mackenzie, A., & Rousell, D. (2018) · Children s Geographies · doi:10.1080/14733285.2018.1467556 · Cited by 170
Wise, S. B. (2010) · Journal of Geoscience Education · doi:10.5408/1.3559695 · Cited by 161
Ruminative coping as avoidance
Stroebe, M., Boelen, P. A., van den Hout, M., Stroebe, W., Salemink, E., & van den Bout, J. (2007) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-007-0746-y · Cited by 157
Krettenauer, T., Wang, W., Jia, F., & Yao, Y. (2019) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2019.101348 · Cited by 152
Anxiety disorders, climate change, and the challenges ahead: Introduction to the special issue
Taylor, S. J. (2020) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102313 · Cited by 151
The Role of Verbal Threat Information in the Development of Childhood Fear. “Beware the Jabberwock!”
Muris, P., & Field, A. P. (2010) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-010-0064-1 · Cited by 146
Climate change and children’s health—A call for research on what works to protect children
Xu, Z., Sheffield, P. E., Hu, W., Su, H., Yu, W., Qi, X., & Tong, S. (2012) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph9093298 · Cited by 144
Scannell, L., Cox, R. S., Fletcher, S. C., & Heykoop, C. (2016) · American Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/ajcp.12069 · Cited by 132
Ojala, M. (2005) · Journal of Youth Studies · doi:10.1080/13676260500261934 · Cited by 126
Ruiz, C., & Hernández, B. (2014) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2014.03.008 · Cited by 123
Reshaping our world: Collaborating with children for community-based climate change action
Trott, C. D. (2019) · Action Research · doi:10.1177/1476750319829209 · Cited by 123
Implications of climate change for children in developing countries
Hanna, R., & Oliva, P. (2016) · The Future of Children · doi:10.1353/foc.2016.0006 · Cited by 115
Marino, E. K., & Lazrus, H. (2015) · Human Organization · doi:10.17730/0018-7259-74.4.341 · Cited by 104
Davenport, F., Grace, K. L., Funk, C. C., & Shukla, S. (2017) · Global Environmental Change · doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2017.04.009 · Cited by 103
Youth Engagement in Climate Change Action: Case Study on Indigenous Youth at COP24
MacKay, M., Parlee, B. L., & Karsgaard, C. (2020) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su12166299 · Cited by 100
Predicting children's anxiety from early attachment relationships
Bar‐Haim, Y., Dan, O., Eshel, Y., & Sagi‐Schwartz, A. (2007) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.10.013 · Cited by 99
Seasonal variation in the incidence of preeclampsia and eclampsia in tropical climatic conditions
Subramaniam, V. (2007) · BMC Women s Health · doi:10.1186/1472-6874-7-18 · Cited by 98
Gong, Y., Li, J., Xie, J., Zhang, L., & Lou, Q. (2021) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-021-04835-y · Cited by 97
Anxiety profiles and protective factors: A latent profile analysis in children
Mammarella, I. C., Donolato, E., Caviola, S., & Giofrè, D. (2017) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2017.12.017 · Cited by 93
Action, communication, and engagement: How parents “ACE” Children's pro-environmental behaviors
Jia, F., & Yu, H. (2021) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2021.101575 · Cited by 93
Climate Change, Conflict, and Children
Akresh, R. (2016) · The Future of Children · doi:10.1353/foc.2016.0003 · Cited by 90
Learning about Global Issues: Why most educators only make things worse
Hicks, D. L., & Bord, A. (2001) · Environmental Education Research · doi:10.1080/13504620120081287 · Cited by 86
Unpacking the power of place-based education in climate change communication
Khadka, A., Li, C. J., Stanis, S. A. W., & Morgan, M. (2020) · Applied Environmental Education & Communication · doi:10.1080/1533015x.2020.1719238 · Cited by 83
Local knowledge and climate change adaptation on Erub Island, Torres Strait
McNamara, K. E., & Westoby, R. (2011) · Local Environment · doi:10.1080/13549839.2011.615304 · Cited by 81
Costa, N. M., Weems, C. F., & Piña, A. (2009) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2009.06.002 · Cited by 78
Health professionals, the Paris agreement, and the fierce urgency of now
Maibach, E. W., Miller, J., Armstrong, F., Omrani, O. E., Zhang, Y., Philpott, N., Atkinson, S., Rudoph, L., Karliner, J., Wang, J., et al. (2020) · The Journal of Climate Change and Health · doi:10.1016/j.joclim.2020.100002 · Cited by 69
Sulistyawati, S., Mulasari, S. A., & Sukesi, T. W. (2018) · Journal of Environmental and Public Health · doi:10.1155/2018/9716831 · Cited by 67
The implications of climate change for children in lower-income countries
Bartlett, S. (2008) · Children Youth and Environments · doi:10.1353/cye.2008.0044 · Cited by 66
Youth Participation in Climate Change for Sustainable Engagement
Narksompong, J., & Limjirakan, S. (2015) · Review of European Comparative & International Environmental Law · doi:10.1111/reel.12121 · Cited by 62
Framing action in a youth climate change filmmaking program: hope, agency, and action across scales
Tayne, K., Littrell, M. K., Okochi, C., Gold, A. U., & Leckey, E. H. (2020) · Environmental Education Research · doi:10.1080/13504622.2020.1821870 · Cited by 59
The verbal information pathway to fear and subsequent causal learning in children
Field, A. P., & Lawson, J. (2008) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930801886532 · Cited by 55
Aune, T., Juul, E. M. L., Beidel, D., Nordahl, H., & Dvorak, R. (2020) · European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-020-01529-0 · Cited by 49
Young Children’s Ecological Footprint Awareness and Environmental Attitudes in Turkey
Simsar, A. (2021) · Child Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s12187-021-09810-7 · Cited by 44
Symptoms of Anxiety and Associated Risk and Protective Factors in Young Asian American Children
Huang, K., Cheng, S., Calzada, E. J., & Brotman, L. M. (2012) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-012-0295-0 · Cited by 37
Boyes, E., Stanisstreet, M., Skamp, K. R., Rodrı́guez, M., Malandrakis, G., Fortner, R. W., Kılınç, A., Taylor, N., Chhokar, K. B., Dua, S., et al. (2014) · International Research in Geographical and Environmental Education · doi:10.1080/10382046.2014.891425 · Cited by 37 · cited 2×
“As children grow, their understanding and concern about climate change may diverge on the basis of: (1) their values or temperament (individual); (2) their parents and peers (microsystem); (3) the type of education they receive, their community or their local physical environment (mesosystem); (4) the nature of their…”
BackgroundParents as Agents: Engaging Children in Environmental Literacy in China
Iwaniec, J., & Curdt‐Christiansen, X. L. (2020) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su12166605 · Cited by 36
Climate change on YouTube: A potential platform for youth learning
Duran-Becerra, B., Hillyer, G. C., Cosgrove, A., & Basch, C. H. (2020) · Health Promotion Perspectives · doi:10.34172/hpp.2020.42 · Cited by 29
Climate change from the lens of Malolos children: perception, impact and adaptation
Berse, K. B. (2017) · Disaster Prevention and Management An International Journal · doi:10.1108/dpm-10-2016-0214 · Cited by 26
An Analysis of Nepalese Youth Understanding Level on Climate Change
Devkota, N., & Phuyal, R. K. (2017) · Asian Journal of Economic Modelling · doi:10.18488/journal.8.2017.53.342.353 · Cited by 23
Gallay, E. E., Pykett, A. A., Smallwood, M., & Flanagan, C. A. (2020) · Sustainable Earth Reviews · doi:10.1186/s42055-020-00026-1 · Cited by 22
Chambers, I., Roberts, J. H., Suzy, U., Gibson, D., Graham, D., Cerini, B., Aman, M., Kamudu, B., Rees, B., Charles, N., et al. (2019) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su11205817 · Cited by 18
Cultivating Youth's Capacity to Address Climate Change in Uganda
Johnson, L. R., Johnson-Pynn, J. S., Lugumya, D., Kityo, R., & Drescher, C. F. (2013) · International Perspectives in Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0031053 · Cited by 17
Climate Change--the Greatest Crisis for Children?
Waterston, T. (2006) · Journal of Tropical Pediatrics · doi:10.1093/tropej/fml057 · Cited by 15
Thai Youths and Global Warming: Media Information, Awareness, and Lifestyle Activities
Chokriensukchai, K., & Tamang, R. (2010) · Applied Environmental Education & Communication · doi:10.1080/1533015x.2010.510028 · Cited by 13
Prudente, M. S., Aguja, S. E., & Anito, J. C. (2015) · Advanced Science Letters · doi:10.1166/asl.2015.6294 · Cited by 8
Security and Conflict: The Impact of Climate Change
Briggs, C. M., & Weissbecker, I. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-9742-5_6 · Cited by 4
Research works printed but not linked: 10
- Akachi, Y., Goodman, D. & Parker, D. Global climate change and child health: a review of pathways, impacts and measures to improve the evidence base. Innocenti Discussion Papers (2009).
- Chhokar, K., Dua, S., Taylor, N., Boyes, E. & Stanisstreet, M. Senior secondary Indian students’ views about global warming, and their implications for education. Sci. Educ. Int. 23, 133–149 (2012).
- Taber, F. & Taylor, N. Climate of concern: a search for effective strategies for teaching children about global warming. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Educ. 4, 97–116 (2009).
- Filkov, A. I., Ngo, T., Matthews, S., Telfer, S. & Penman, T. D. Impact of Australia’s catastrophic 2019/20 bushfire season on communities and environment. Retrospective analysis and current trends. J. Saf. Sci. Resil. 1, 44–56 (2020).
- Ratna Djuwita, C. & Benyamin, A. Teaching pro-environmental behavior: a challenge in Indonesian schools. Psychological Res. Urban Soc. 2, 142–149 (2019).
- Brown, M. in Education in Times of Environmental Crises (ed. Winograd, K.) 195–209 (Routledge, 2016).
- Amanchukwu, R., God, T. & Ololube, N. P. Climate change education in Nigeria: the role of curriculum review. Education 5, 71–79 (2015).
- Lori, P. Children and disasters: understanding vulnerability, developing capacities, and promoting resilience: an introduction. Child Youth Environ. 18, 1–29 (2008).
- Spyce, T. M. Disruption in Place Attachment: Insights of Young Aboriginal Adults on the Social and Cultural Impacts of Industrial Development in Northern Alberta. MSc thesis, Univ. Alberta (2009).
- Ojala, M. Regulating worry, promoting hope: how do children, adolescents, and young adults cope with climate change? Int. J. Environ. Sci. Educ. 7, 537–561 (2012). Identifies coping strategies used by Swedish young people (from late childhood to early adulthood) to regulate worry and manage emotions related to climate change.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Eco-anxiety: What it is and why it matters
Kurth, C., & Pihkala, P. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.981814 · Cited by 321
Clayton, S., Pihkala, P., Wray, B., & Marks, E. M. (2023) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su15043540 · Cited by 240
“A social-ecological perspective [25] discusses micro-, meso-, exo- and macro-level factors for climate anxiety.”
BackgroundThe Process of Eco-Anxiety and Ecological Grief: A Narrative Review and a New Proposal
Pihkala, P. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su142416628 · Cited by 256
Ma, T., Moore, J., & Anne, C. (2022) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.114888 · Cited by 195
Heeren, A., Mouguiama-Daouda, C., & Contreras, A. (2022) · Climatic Change · doi:10.1007/s10584-022-03402-2 · Cited by 182
“Encouraging school-based programs to build agency and facilitating family and community support may also help foster climate change resilience in youths (Crandon et al. 2022).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Crandon, T. J., Scott, J. G., Charlson, F. J., & Thomas, H. J.
- Affiliations
- The University of Queensland (AU)
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Crandon, Tara J.
- Venue
- Nature Climate Change
- Published
- 2022-01-13
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 123-131
- ISSN
- 1758-678X (ISSN-L)
- 1758-6798
- OpenAlex
- W4206205163
- Cited by
- 306
- References
- 84
- Citations by year
- 2026: 64 · 2025: 66 · 2024: 87 · 2023: 69 · 2022: 18
- FWCI
- 86.34
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- figshare.com
- Locations
- Nature Climate Change (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Deakin Research Online (Deakin University) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- T.C. is supported by the Child and Youth Mental Health Research Group PhD scholarship at QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute.
- H.T. is supported by the Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research which is funded by the Queensland Department of Health.
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Climate Change Communication and Perception
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Keywords
- climate anxiety, children, adolescents, socio-ecological framework, climate change vulnerability, protective factors, family influence, peer influence, school-community relations, media influence, cultural factors, youth mental health
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review