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A social–ecological perspective on climate anxiety in children and adolescents
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“Reported emotions include anxiety, guilt, hopelessness, depression, anger, grief, shame or powerlessness. 9-11”
From Understanding and managing psychological distress due to climate change (2023) · cites this paper as [10]
In the citing paper
“Climate-specific psychological responses include climate anxiety (worry, dread and fear evoked by awareness of climate change and its impacts) or eco-anxiety, 9-11 solastalgia (feelings of distress, loss and grief arising from environmental change affecting a person's sense of connection to place) 12 and ecological grief. 13”
From Understanding and managing psychological distress due to climate change (2023) · cites this paper as [10]
In the citing paper
“Additional drivers of declining youth mental health include climate change (Crandon et al., 2022), rising costs of living (Mission Australia, 2024) and gender-based violence (Maidment et al., 2024).”
From Will restricting the age of access to social media reduce mental illness in Australian youth? (2025) · cites this paper as Crandon et al., 2022
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Clayton, S., Pihkala, P., Wray, B., & Marks, E. M. (2023) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su15043540 · Cited by 240
“A social-ecological perspective [25] discusses micro-, meso-, exo- and macro-level factors for climate anxiety.”
BackgroundThe Process of Eco-Anxiety and Ecological Grief: A Narrative Review and a New Proposal
Pihkala, P. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su142416628 · Cited by 256
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“Encouraging school-based programs to build agency and facilitating family and community support may also help foster climate change resilience in youths (Crandon et al. 2022).”
BackgroundEco‐anxiety in youth: An integrative literature review
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Climate change anxiety in China, India, Japan, and the United States
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“36 The Transactional Model of Stress and Coping forms a foundational pillar, elucidating how individuals perceive and navigate heat stress through cognitive appraisals and coping mechanisms.”
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The clinical implications of climate change for mental health
Crandon, T. J., Dey, C., Scott, J. G., Thomas, H. J., Ali, S., & Charlson, F. J. (2022) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-022-01477-6 · Cited by 88
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Environmental knowledge is inversely associated with climate change anxiety
Zacher, H., & Rudolph, C. W. (2023) · Climatic Change · doi:10.1007/s10584-023-03518-z · Cited by 70
Climate change anxiety: A meta-analysis
Kühner, C., Gemmecke, C., Hüffmeier, J., & Zacher, H. (2025) · Global Environmental Change · doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2025.103015 · Cited by 81
Psychometric properties of the climate change anxiety scale
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“Ultimately, this could inform parents that, even if they do not talk about their climate-related apprehension with their children, eco-anxiety could implicitly be passed on to their children, as has been the case for anxiety in general [42, 93].”
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Asgarizadeh, Z., Gifford, R., & Colborne, L. (2023) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2023.102087 · Cited by 56
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“At the same time, messaging regarding adaptation may also have a negative impact on consumers who were previously focused on mitigation efforts, reducing their sense of self-efficacy or even creating paralyzing levels of fear and climate anxiety that prevent action (Crandon et al., 2022).”
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Perga, M., Sarrasin, O., Steinberger, J. K., Lane, S. N., & Butera, F. (2023) · Global Environmental Change · doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2023.102675 · Cited by 67
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A theoretical model of climate anxiety and coping
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“…conceptualized within a social-ecological framework, which illustrates how various nested contextual ‘systems’ within which an individual is embedded (e.g., family, peers, work or school, community, culture, the government) may shape whether and how that person experiences climate anxiety [86].”
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Eco-anxiety and climate-anxiety linked to indirect exposure: A scoping review of empirical research
Jarrett, J. A., Gauthier, S., Baden, D. A., Ainsworth, B., & Dorey, L. (2024) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2024.102326 · Cited by 55
“…of climate change on mental health (Aylward, Cunsolo, Vriezen, & Harper, 2022; Walinski et al., 2023), and reviewing the disproportionate impacts on children and young people (Crandon, Scott, Charlson, & Thomas, 2022; L ´ eger-Goodes et al., 2022; Ma, Moore, & Cleary, 2022; Ramadan et al., 2023).”
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“Nurturing well-being in the climate crisis involves attention to how meaning, purpose and hope are cultivated and sustained in young people (Crandon et al., 2022; Dupler, 2015; Kelsey, 2020; Li and Monroe, 2019; Ojala, 2016, 2017; Pihkala, 2017; Stevenson and Peterson, 2016).”
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“Eco-anxiety is related to numerous phenomena and factors because it is connected with reacting to the ecological crisis and all the related social complexity (Crandon et al. 2022).”
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“…of helplessness, despair, and anxious passivity (i.e., being incapable of responding to the problem in a productive capacity; Taylor, 2020), panic attacks, insomnia, obsessive thinking (Wu et al., 2020), restlessness, and sleep disturbance (Clayton and Karazsia, 2020; Crandon et al., 2022).”
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“People’s climate emotions and their attitudes toward emotions are shaped by personal opinion and experience, cultural norms, and various social and ecological factors (e.g., Norgaard, 2011; Crandon et al., 2022).”
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“However, teachers need to be enabled to guide students towards action competence and agency (Crandon et al. 2022) of which appropriate career choices could be part of, and instruction should include occasions for the reflection and discussion of values and worldviews (Libarkin et al.”
BackgroundInfluentialTesting an integrated model of climate change anxiety
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“In itself, eco-anxiety is ‘a rational response to a real, major and global threat’ and thus not pathological (Crandon et al. 2022, 123; Hurley, Dalglish, and Sacks 2022).”
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“To advance the field, there are calls to take a systems perspective to explore the relationships between young people’s experiences of the climate crisis and multiple outcomes of interest, including their mental health, psychological adaptation, and coping ( 28 ).”
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“…such direct consequences, awareness and concern about the climate crisis has been associated with increased stress and poorer mental health (Hickman et al., 2021; Ogunbode, 2022; Ogunbode et al., 2021), and results in a spectrum of responses including climate anxiety (Crandon et al., 2022).”
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“…accurate understanding of climate change has also been shown to be necessary to develop agency and empowerment and that without a clear understanding of issues related to climate change ‘misconceptions may fuel climate anxiety through increased uncertainty and confusion’ (Crandon et al. 2022, 27).”
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“…is based on the argument that climate change anxiety could be classified as a rational response to a global environmental threat and that the role of the media is to mediate representations of realities in a way that resonates with public consciousness (Crandon, Scott, Charlson, & Thomas, 2022).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSocio-ecological impacts of extreme weather events in two informal settlements in Nairobi, Kenya
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Understanding and managing psychological distress due to climate change
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“Adopting a social-ecological perspective, these authors highlight the need to consider factors at various levels: individual (e.g., age, gender, anxiety, school connectedness), family (e.g., family affluence), and school (e.g., public vs. private, rural vs. urban) [1].”
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“This type of community-building pedagogic approach has been identi fi ed as helping young people develop skills needed to shape behaviours but also mitigate the impacts of climate anxiety (Bingley et al., 2022; Crandon et al., 2022).”
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Will restricting the age of access to social media reduce mental illness in Australian youth?
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“Additional drivers of declining youth mental health include climate change (Crandon et al., 2022), rising costs of living (Mission Australia, 2024) and gender-based violence (Maidment et al., 2024).”
Self-citationGaleotti, F., Hopfensitz, A., & Mantilla, C. (2024) · Ecological Economics · doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2024.108338 · Cited by 26
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“A reference group that is particularly important to adolescents and young adults is a person or group of people who significantly influence another person’s behavior (Bearden & Etzel, 1982; Crandon et al., 2022).”
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“Scholars also note that with regards to climate change, excessive focus on solely negative narratives has been associated with detrimental effects on mental health, feelings of helplessness, and news avoidance (Betakova et al., 2024; Crandon et al., 2022; Reuters Institute, 2022).”
Nature Relatedness May Play a Protective Role and Contribute to Eco-Distress
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“Eco-distress is experienced by people across the lifespan, gender, and socioeconomic status, with women, children, and disadvantaged populations reporting higher levels of eco-distress (Clayton & Kar-azsia, 2020; Crandon, Scott, Charlson, & Thomas, 2022; Ekholm, 2020; Searle & Gow, 2010).”
Edwards, B., Taylor, M., & Gray, M. (2023) · SSM - Population Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2023.101576 · Cited by 15
“More broadly, climate change has also been associated with climate anxiety in youth which could have implications for depression, self-harm and suicide (Crandon, Scott, Charlson, & Thomas, 2022; Sanson, Van Hoorn, & Burke, 2019; Scribberas & Fernando, 2022).”
BackgroundVoltmer, K., & von Salisch, M. (2023) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su16010134 · Cited by 16
“Because of their physical vulnerability, youth will also experience more extreme effects on their health (including birth complications) and deaths due to disasters hitting their physical environment, especially in the global South [2].”
BackgroundChen, S.-Y., Lin, P.-H., Lai, Y.-H., & Liu, C. (2024) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su16135465 · Cited by 15
Asbrand, J., Spirkl, N., Reese, G., Spangenberg, L., Shibata, N., & Dippel, N. (2024) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2024.2388255 · Cited by 22
“Unsurprisingly then, young people worldwide express serious concerns about climate change (Hickman et al., 2021), which might further be fueled by increased exposure to environmental crises and updates via the news and social media (e.g., Crandon et al., 2022).”
The politics of eco-anxiety: Anthropocene dread from depoliticisation to repoliticisation
Davidson, J. P. L. (2023) · The Anthropocene Review · doi:10.1177/20530196231211854 · Cited by 15
“According to psychologists who have studied eco-anxiety, symptoms include insomnia, panic attacks, obsessive thinking, depressive episodes, loss of appetite and self-harm (Brophy et al., 2023; Crandon et al., 2022; Hickman, 2020; Wray, 2022).”
Stilita, G., & Charlson, F. (2024) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph21020218 · Cited by 11
“Awareness of natural degradation and the predicted impacts of climate change decreases mental well-being and increases the incidence of depressive and anxiety symptoms and pre-traumatic stress [4,5].”
BackgroundSelf-citationEcological grief as a crisis in dwelling
Velasco, P. F. (2024) · European Journal of Philosophy · doi:10.1111/ejop.12962 · Cited by 15
The role of parental identity in experiencing climate change anxiety and pro-environmental behaviors
Pinho, M. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1579893 · Cited by 16
Logie, C. H., Loutet, M. G., Mackenzie, F., Okumu, M., Leggett, R., Akinwande, S. F., Lukone, S. O., Kisubi, N., Kyambadde, P., Otika, L., et al. (2025) · Global Public Health · doi:10.1080/17441692.2025.2503863 · Cited by 13
“Our findings can guide climate-informed programmes that consider the interplay of social-ecological factors (Bernhardt & Amiri, 2024; Crandon et al., 2022; Krieger, 2001; Mcleroy & Bibeau, 1988), such as hazardous environments at ecologic (e.g. EWE), socio-political (e.g. insufficient funding for…”
Spitzer, J. E., Grapsas, S., Poorthuis, A. M. G., & Thomaes, S. C. E. (2023) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1177/01650254231190919 · Cited by 17
Braga, B. C., Nguyen, P. H., Tran, L. M., Hoang, N. T., Bannerman, B., Doyle, F., Folson, G. K., Gangupantulu, R., Karachiwalla, N., Kolt, B., et al. (2023) · Current Developments in Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.cdnut.2023.102063 · Cited by 13
“Participants may have followed the gami fi ed nudges to achieve the goals related to the ELDS so to have more sustainable diets [51].”
BackgroundAdolescent mental distress in the wake of climate disasters
Auchincloss, A. H., Ruggiero, D. A., Donnelly, M. T., Chernak, E. D., & Kephart, J. L. (2024) · Preventive Medicine Reports · doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2024.102651 · Cited by 13
Cooper, M., Cunsolo, A., Aylward, B., Yamamoto, S. S., & Harper, S. L. (2025) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2025.118002 · Cited by 13
Arnot, G., Pitt, H., McCarthy, S., Warner, E., & Thomas, S. L. (2024) · Health Promotion International · doi:10.1093/heapro/daae023 · Cited by 14
“There has been very limited qualitative research that has examined how children interpret and apply the information that they see and hear about climate risks and responsibilities (Crandon et al ., 2022).”
BackgroundWinterich, K. P., Reczek, R. W., & Bollinger, B. K. (2023) · Journal of the Association for Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/724997 · Cited by 13
“Although climate change concerns are growing, with some consumers even facing climate anxiety (Crandon et al. 2022), there are still many consumers who are not concerned about climate change and thus not motivated to engage in climate change mitigation behaviors.”
BackgroundHealth Consequences of Natural Disasters: An Overview of Recent Literature on Floods
Iqbal, J., Bux, H., & Sahitia, S. (2023) · Pakistan Journal of Public Health · doi:10.32413/pjph.v13i4.1287 · Cited by 12
Learning collective care to support young climate justice advocates
Wrigley, K., Beardman, G., Farrant, J. Y., Godden, N. J., Hill, C. F., Heyink, E., Collins, E. C., Davies, H., & Robinson, S. (2024) · Environmental Education Research · doi:10.1080/13504622.2024.2359457 · Cited by 12
“…climate activists (Godden et al. 2021, p. 1762) Emerging literature suggests that multi-layered support systems are necessary for young people to build their collective efficacy (Crandon et al. 2022) and transform feelings of climate distress into transformative collective action (Verlie 2021).”
Engaging with Climate Grief, Guilt, and Anger in Religious Communities
Pihkala, P. (2024) · Religions · doi:10.3390/rel15091052 · Cited by 13
A dual-continuum framework to evaluate climate change impacts on mental health
Vergunst, F., Smith, R. W., Massazza, A., Berry, H. L., & Olff, M. (2024) · Nature Mental Health · doi:10.1038/s44220-024-00326-x · Cited by 15
“…with increased distress in some studies, although results are correlational and may depend on the definitions of political activity and types of engagement 65 This burden lies primarily in the domain of lowered wellbeing, with potential overlap with mental disorders at the margins 102,103 .”
Marty, C., Amghar, S., Patlán, A. B., & Adams, A. M. (2025) · The Journal of Climate Change and Health · doi:10.1016/j.joclim.2025.100416 · Cited by 15
“This aligns with fi ndings by Crandon et al. (2022), which show that fi nancial strain can also weaken youth ’ s social connections at school [38].”
“Feels Like a Drop in the Ocean”: Parenting Children Amid the Climate Change Era
Tracchegiani, J., & Carone, N. (2026) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-026-03283-4 · Cited by 13
Coping with climate anxiety: impacts on functioning in Australian adolescents
Crandon, T., Scott, J. G., Charlson, F., & Thomas, H. J. (2024) · Australian Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00050067.2024.2404987 · Cited by 14
Self-citationClimate distress and social identity: bringing theory to clinical practice
Williams, M. O. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1126922 · Cited by 12
“Climate distress is experienced within enveloping layers of social, political, and ecological realities, whose influence ripples inward to the individual (Crandon et al., 2022).”
BackgroundDuhn, I. (2024) · Global Studies of Childhood · doi:10.1177/20436106241241337 · Cited by 10
“Climate change is increasingly changing the way in which children access natural environments, with growing concerns for children’s health, social, emotional and physical development due to climate anxiety (Crandon et al., 2022).”
‘I am really scared for the future’: climate distress among Brazilian youth
Schor, M., Clayton, S., Cardoso, M. C. V., Fernandes, M. N., Frota, M. A., & Surkan, P. J. (2024) · Environmental Education Research · doi:10.1080/13504622.2024.2409946 · Cited by 11
“Below, we present our findings at the micro-, meso-, and macro-levels of influence based on Crandon et al.’s framework (Crandon et al. 2022).”
InfluentialHow Western Buddhist climate activists negotiate climate emotions
Cairns, J., & Pihkala, P. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1487258 · Cited by 13
Kyambade, M., Sewante, L., & Namatovu, A. (2025) · Cogent Social Sciences · doi:10.1080/23311886.2025.2466790 · Cited by 10
“In contexts of poverty, armed conflict, and environmental hazards, resilience allows children to cope and recover (crandon et al., 2022).”
Rodríguez, A. D., Apprich, F., Friehs, M. A., van der Graaf, S., & Steinrücke, J. (2025) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.104925 · Cited by 18
“The threat of negative consequences to the world due to climate change is fuel for increasing the number of people affected by depression and anxiety worldwide (for reviews, see, for example, Gago et al., 2024; Crandon et al., 2022; Ojala et al., 2021).”
Metadata
- Authors
- Crandon, T. J., Scott, J. G., Charlson, F. J., & Thomas, H. J.
- Affiliations
- The University of Queensland (AU)
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Crandon, Tara J.
- Venue
- Nature Climate Change
- Published
- 2022-01-13
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 123-131
- ISSN
- 1758-678X (ISSN-L)
- 1758-6798
- OpenAlex
- W4206205163
- Cited by
- 306
- References
- 84
- Citations by year
- 2026: 64 · 2025: 66 · 2024: 87 · 2023: 69 · 2022: 18
- FWCI
- 86.34
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- figshare.com
- Locations
- Nature Climate Change (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Deakin Research Online (Deakin University) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- T.C. is supported by the Child and Youth Mental Health Research Group PhD scholarship at QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute.
- H.T. is supported by the Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research which is funded by the Queensland Department of Health.
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Climate Change Communication and Perception
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Keywords
- climate anxiety, children, adolescents, socio-ecological framework, climate change vulnerability, protective factors, family influence, peer influence, school-community relations, media influence, cultural factors, youth mental health
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