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Objective and subjective experiences of child maltreatment and their relationships with psychopathology
Open accessAbstract
Does psychopathology develop as a function of the objective or subjective experience of childhood maltreatment? To address this question, we studied a unique cohort of 1,196 children with both objective, court-documented evidence of maltreatment and subjective reports of their childhood maltreatment histories made once they reached adulthood, along with extensive psychiatric assessment. We found that, even for severe cases of childhood maltreatment identified through court records, risk of psychopathology linked to objective measures was minimal in the absence of subjective reports. In contrast, risk of psychopathology linked to subjective reports of childhood maltreatment was high, whether or not the reports were consistent with objective measures. These findings have important implications for how we study the mechanisms through which child maltreatment affects mental health and how we prevent or treat maltreatment-related psychopathology. Interventions for psychopathology associated with childhood maltreatment can benefit from deeper understanding of the subjective experience.
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“Epidemiological studies indicate that environmental factors are strongly associated with the risk of developing MDD and other stress-related disorders.18–22”
From Epigenetic regulation in major depression and other stress-related disorders: molecular mechanisms, clinical relevance and therapeutic potential (2023) · cites this paper as [20]
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“Moreover, subjective methods yielded much higher rates of psychopathology compared with sole reliance on objective records (Danese & Widom 2020).”
From Child Sexual Abuse as a Unique Risk Factor for the Development of Psychopathology: The Compounded Convergence of Mechanisms (2021) · cites this paper as Danese & Widom 2020
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Items 101–200 of 378
Cohodes, E. M., McCauley, S., Pierre, J. C., Hodges, H. R., Haberman, J. T., Santiuste, I., Rogers, M. K., Wang, J., Mandell, J. D., & Gee, D. G. (2023) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.22372 · Cited by 21
“Recent research suggests that distinct indices of adversity severity may differentially relate to the development of psychopathology following exposure (Baldwin et al., 2019; Danese & Widom, 2020, 2021).”
BackgroundAcet, P., & Oliver, B. R. (2023) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-023-02078-8 · Cited by 25
“We anticipated small-to-moderate correlations between MPIP and MPIC based on parent-child agreement commonly found in the traditional parenting literature (Cohen & Rice, 1997; Korelitz & Garber, 2016).”
BackgroundInfluentialLoheide‐Niesmann, L., Riem, M. M. E., & Cima, M. (2022) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-022-02117-0 · Cited by 25
Smith, K. E., & Pollak, S. D. (2021) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.13727 · Cited by 45
“…perceptions of potentially stressful events play a key role in shaping their long-term developmental outcomes (Allwood et al., 2017; Danese & Widom, 2020), future research examining children’s perceptions of specific event exposures could provide additional insight into how stress in…”
Machlin, L., Sheridan, M. A., Tsai, A., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2025) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.14170 · Cited by 30
Clinchard, C., Casas, B. R., & Kim‐Spoon, J. (2024) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579424001457 · Cited by 20
Coleman, O., Baldwin, J. R., Moffitt, T. E., Arseneault, L., Fisher, H. L., Rose‐Clarke, K., & Danese, A. (2024) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.107070 · Cited by 24
“Our findings fit broadly within an existing framework that categorizes factors influencing maltreatment assessment into three broad domains: motivation, memory, and measurement (Baldwin et al., 2019; Danese, 2020).”
InfluentialSelf-citationCao, X., Wang, Z., Chen, Y., & Zhu, J. (2024) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579424000725 · Cited by 19
“However, retrospectively recalled maltreatment has been found to be a more powerful predictor of psychopathology than prospectively assessed exposure (Baldwin et al., 2019; Danese & Widom, 2020).”
BackgroundColli, C. D., Chiarotti, F., Campolongo, P., Giuliani, A., & Branchi, I. (2024) · Nature Mental Health · doi:10.1038/s44220-023-00192-z · Cited by 16
Childhood abuse and neglect and profiles of adult emotion dynamics
Myroniuk, S., Reitsema, A. M., de Jonge, P., & Jeronimus, B. F. (2024) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579423001530 · Cited by 24
Kampling, H., Riedl, D., Hettich, N., Lampe, A., Nolte, T., Zara, S., Ernst, M., Brähler, E., Sachser, C., Fegert, J., et al. (2023) · Social Science & Medicine (1967) · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116526 · Cited by 17
“…of results in terms of content validity, e.g. a bias by recalling ACEs, it could be shown that psychopathology emerges as a function of subjective rather than objective experiences of ACEs, and thus, making self-report measures a valid tool to assess the impact of ACEs (Danese and Widom, 2020).”
MethodBendall, S., Eastwood, O., Spelman, T. D., McGorry, P. D., Hickie, I. B., Yung, A. R., Amminger, G. P., Wood, S. J., Pantelis, C., Purcell, R., et al. (2023) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/00048674231177223 · Cited by 17
“However, while there is poor to moderate agreement between prospective and retrospective reports of trauma (Baldwin et al., 2019; Danese and Widom, 2020; Reuben et al., 2016), associations with psychopathology have been found irrespective of assessment type (Newbury et al., 2018; Reuben et al.,…”
BackgroundPeel, A. J., Oginni, O. A., Assary, E., Krebs, G., Lockhart, C. L., McGregor, T., Palaiologou, E., Ronald, A., Danese, A., & Eley, T. C. (2022) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13725 · Cited by 19
“The finding that sensitivity biases are among the heritable factors that comprise the genetic component of life events is consistent with growing evidence that the subjective perception of the environment plays an important role in its impact on the individual (Danese & Widom, 2020).”
Self-citationGee, D. G. (2022) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/amp0001107 · Cited by 22
“As conceptual models evolve, dimensional models of adversity may benefit from increased emphasis on a child’s own perception of a given event (Danese & Widom, 2020; Pollak & Smith, 2021), and they can allow for the incorporation of additional dimensions (McLaughlin et al., 2021).”
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“Sensitivity analyses added the PSS to the MSEM model to at least partly account for the possibility that current overall perceived stress in the past month may introduce biases in retrospective self-reports of CT (Danese & Widom, 2020).”
MethodSelf-citationMigraine and functional neurological disorder (FND)—a review of comorbidity and potential overlap
Stone, J., Coebergh, J. A., Khoja, L., Butler, M., Nicholson, T. R., & Dodick, D. W. (2025) · Brain Communications · doi:10.1093/braincomms/fcaf288 · Cited by 15
“…an example, one study of children with documented maltreatment found a much lower frequency of mental and physical health conditions than expected, 70 suggesting that in some cases, measurement of adversity could be interpreted as measurement of perception of adversity., In a systematic review of…”
Resilience following childhood adversity: The need for a heuristic multilevel dynamic framework
Pasteuning, J., Gathier, A. W., Vinkers, C. H., & Sep, M. S. C. (2024) · Neuroscience Applied · doi:10.1016/j.nsa.2024.104069 · Cited by 22
“In a similar vein, subjective and objective measures (e.g., official court records) of CA also differentially associate with mental health, with subjectively reported CA being more strongly associated with psychopathology than objective measures of CA (Danese et al., 2020; Francis et al., 2023).”
Goerigk, S., Reinhard, M. A., Barton, B., Burkhardt, G., Ehring, T., Bertsch, K., Amann, B. L., Sarubin, N., Seidl, E., Falkai, P., et al. (2023) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115545 · Cited by 16
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Patterns of Adverse Childhood Experiences and Mental Health: Evidence From College Students in Korea
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“…limitation is our measures of ACEs relying on retrospective self-reports on early childhood experiences, although literature discusses that retrospective reports are commonly adopted and recall bias is not a big concern in ACEs (Danese & Widom, 2020; Newbury et al., 2018; Nivison et al., 2021).”
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“Although previous studies have provided valuable insights into the relationship between ACEs and depression, these studies often suffer from methodological limitations, such as cross-sectional designs that fail to establish causal relationships and biases in self-reported recollections 13,17,18 .”
von Stumm, S., Malanchini, M., & Fisher, H. L. (2023) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s095457942300069x · Cited by 18
“Finding cross-rater differences aligns with a growing body of evidence for the distinct roles of objective and subjective experiences in developmental psychopathology (Baldwin et al., 2019; Danese & Widom, 2020).”
Revisiting the use of adverse childhood experience screening in healthcare settings
Danese, A., Asmussen, K., MacLeod, J. G., Meehan, A. J., Sears, J., Slopen, N. B., Smith, P. A., & Sweeney, A. (2024) · Nature Reviews Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44159-024-00362-5 · Cited by 15
“…retrospective measures capture the individual appraisal and memory of exposure 60 , which is more strongly associated with psychopathology than prospectively collected measures 61–64 and might therefore be more relevant for screening and treatment delivery in the context of mental illness.”
Self-citationUsing Natural Language Processing to Identify Child Maltreatment in Health Systems
Negriff, S., Lynch, F. L., Cronkite, D. J., Pardee, R. E., & Penfold, R. (2023) · International Journal of Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106090 · Cited by 14
Bürgin, D., Clemens, V., Varghese, N., Eckert, A., Huber, M., Bruttin, E., Boonmann, C., Unternährer, E., O'Donovan, A., & Schmid, M. (2022) · Brain, Behavior, & Immunity - Health · doi:10.1016/j.bbih.2022.100524 · Cited by 14
“…and its sequelae addressing complex “stress-phenotypes” as predictors and interconnected systems as outcomes and to continue to challenge our own paradigms to improve care and prevention efforts to counteract risks of adversity exposed young people (Bürgin, 2021; Danese, 2020; Lin and Epel, 2022).”
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Betz, L. T., Rosen, M., Salokangas, R. K. R., & Kambeitz, J. P. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.07.042 · Cited by 17
“…on early adversity will only reach full clinical significance within a multimodal clinical workflow to identify individuals at the greatest risk of psychopathology and with the greatest need for intervention (Danese, 2020; Koutsouleris et al., 2020; Lewis et al., 2019; Meehan et al., 2021).”
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“Recent empirical and theoretical work has highlighted this, suggesting that one of the flaws of adversity research is that researchers tend to determine which events are stressful to youth (Danese & Widom, 2020; Smith & Pollak, 2021).”
BackgroundChildhood Experiences and Mental Health of Sexual Minority Adults: Examining Three Models
Rosario, M., Espinosa, A., Kittle, K. R., & Russell, S. T. (2022) · The Journal of Sex Research · doi:10.1080/00224499.2022.2034137 · Cited by 17
“Despite the potential limitations of our measure of childhood maltreatment, the ability of such reports to predict subsequent poor health bolsters confidence in its validity (Danese & Widom, 2020; Newbury et al., 2018; Reuben et al., 2016).”
BackgroundPeel, A. J., Armour, C., Buckman, J. E. J., Coleman, J. R. I., Curzons, S. C. B., Davies, M. R., Hübel, C., Jones, I. R., Kalsi, G., McAtarsney‐Kovacs, M., et al. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jadr.2021.100201 · Cited by 13
Self-citationClemens, V., Beschoner, P., Jarczok, M., Weimer, K., Kempf, M., Morawa, E., Geiser, F., Albus, C., Steudte-Schmiedgen, S., Gündel, H., et al. (2021) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2021.1976441 · Cited by 14
“The use of retrospectively assessed ACEs is on debate (Baldwin, Reuben, Newbury, & Danese, 2019); however, the relevance of subjective adversity for health was underlined recently (Danese & Widom, 2020).”
Ossola, P., Gerra, M. C., Gerra, M. L., Milano, G., Zatti, M., Zavan, V., Volpi, R., Marchesi, C., Donnini, C., Gerra, G., et al. (2020) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110167 · Cited by 20
“It has been shown that the subjective experience of maltreatment is more strongly linked to mental health problems than the actual objective court-documented evidence of maltreatment (Danese and Widom, 2020). ou It is to note that in the present research we considered a candidate gene approach.”
BackgroundAssociations between childhood adversity, cognitive schemas and attenuated psychotic symptoms
LoPilato, A. M., Zhang, Y., Pike, M. R., Addington, J., Bearden, C. E., Cadenhead, K. S., Cannon, T. D., Cornblatt, B. A., Mathalon, D. H., McGlashan, T. H., et al. (2020) · Early Intervention in Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/eip.13017 · Cited by 19
“…study further investigated these measurement discrepancies and their impact on psychopathology using a unique cohort that included prospective measures of adversity collected during childhood as well as retrospective reports of childhood adversity histories made as adults (Danese & Widom, 2020).”
BackgroundWang, M., Wei, J., Dou, Y., Wang, Y., Fan, H., Yan, Y., Du, Y., Zhao, L., Wang, Q., Yang, X., et al. (2024) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-024-06226-9 · Cited by 15
Early life interpersonal stress and depression: Social reward processing as a potential mediator
Palacios‐Barrios, E. E., Patel, K., & Hanson, J. L. (2023) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2023.110887 · Cited by 13
Breton, E., Kidman, R. C., Behrman, J. R., Mwera, J., & Kohler, H. (2022) · SSM - Population Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2022.101205 · Cited by 17
“Recent studies suggest that “objective” ACEs may be more predictive of physical outcomes whereas “subjective” ACEs may be more predictive of mental health outcomes (Danese & Widom, 2020; Osborn & Widom, 2020; Reuben et al., 2016).”
BackgroundNew directions in research on childhood adversity
Danese, A., & Lewis, S. J. (2021) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.2021.152 · Cited by 13
Self-citationReinhard, M. A., Zentz, K., Nenov-Matt, T., Barton, B. B., Rek, S. V., Goerigk, S. A., Brakemeier, E., Musil, R., Jobst, A., & Padberg, F. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jadr.2021.100171 · Cited by 15
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“Relatedly, individual perceptions of trauma (vs. facts) do matter in the formation of mental health issues (e.g., Danese & Widom, 2020).”
BackgroundSchlechter, P., Fritz, J., Cassels, M., Neufeld, S., & Wilkinson, P. O. (2021) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2021.1981573 · Cited by 14
“Indeed, Danese and Widom (2020) showed that the subjective experience of EA has a much stronger association with subsequent mental health problems than objectively identified EAs.”
BackgroundLongterm Consequences of Childhood Maltreatment
Widom, C. S. (2022) · Child maltreatment · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-82479-2_18 · Cited by 19
Self-citationBranchi, I. (2024) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.16331 · Cited by 13
“In this perspective, context is routinely assessed in psychology and psychiatry via questionnaires and interviews (Danese & Widom, 2020; Fakhoury et al., 2002; Kim et al., 2016).”
Dice, A. L. E., Lawn, R. B., Ratanatharathorn, A. D., Roberts, A. L., Denckla, C. A., Kim, A. H., de la Rosa, P. A., Zhu, Y., VanderWeele, T. J., & Koenen, K. C. (2024) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-024-03360-9 · Cited by 14
“It is possible that some of the associations identified in our observational OWA would not replicate in an analysis that used prospective observations of maltreatment [50].”
BackgroundResultGenetic Decomposition of the Heritable Component of Reported Childhood Maltreatment
ter Kuile, A., Hübel, C., Cheesman, R., Coleman, J. R. I., Peel, A. J., Levey, D. F., Stein, M. B., Gelernter, J. E., Rayner, C., Eley, T. C., et al. (2023) · Biological Psychiatry Global Open Science · doi:10.1016/j.bpsgos.2023.03.003 · Cited by 12
“Shared genetics may underlie transdiagnostic psychological mechanisms, such as those involved in the subjective experience of trauma, which is more robustly associated with psychiatric disorders than objective measures of trauma (30).”
BackgroundInfluentialO’Grady, S. M., & Hinshaw, S. P. (2023) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-023-04515-3 · Cited by 15
“These findings are consistent recent data finding that risk of psychopathology is high among individuals with subjective reports of childhood maltreatment regardless of whether these experiences were validated by objective measures [89].”
ResultChildhood Abuse, Intimate Partner Violence in Young Adulthood, and Welfare Receipt by Midlife
Domond, P., Orri, M., Vergunst, F., Bouchard, S., Findlay, L., Kohen, D., Hébert, M., Vitaro, F., Tremblay, R. E., Geoffroy, M., et al. (2023) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2022-057379 · Cited by 13
Determinants of mindful parenting: a cross-cultural examination of parent and child reports
Acet, P., & Oliver, B. R. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-023-04327-4 · Cited by 16
“Children’s subjective experiences of parenting are robust predictors of child outcomes (Danese & Widom, 2020; Zhou et al., 2021), and identifying determinants of child-reported mindful parenting may improve our understanding.”
Aktaş, G. A., Alpay, E., & Aydın, A. (2023) · Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma · doi:10.1080/10926771.2022.2164533 · Cited by 12
“Child maltreatment, including physical, sexual, and emotional abuse, physical and emotional neglect, is a global public health problem and encompasses a wide range of adverse outcomes, including physical and mental health problems later in life (Danese & Widom, 2020; Hailes et al., 2019).”
BackgroundBacon, A. M., & White, L. (2022) · Psychology Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2022.2159459 · Cited by 15
“Indeed, subjective retrospective reports are more predictive of psychopathology than objective court-documented evidence (Danese & Widom, 2020).”
Emery, C. R., Abdullah, A., Thapa, S., Do, M., Jordan, L., Huang, Y.-T., Men, V. Y., & Wekerle, C. (2022) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605211072164 · Cited by 12
“Attributions and maladaptive schemas about maltreatment have been linked by previous research as mediating the maltreatment–depression relationship (Celano, 1992; Danese & Widom, 2020; Lumley & Harkness, 2007; Lumley & McArthur, 2016; Wright, et al., 2009).”
BackgroundOei, A., Chu, C., Li, D.-D., Ng, N. L., Yeo, C. W. K., & Ruby, K. (2021) · International Journal of Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105072 · Cited by 12
Etzel, L. C., Hastings, W. J., Mattern, B. C., Oxford, M. L., Heim, C. C., Putnam, F. W., Noll, J. G., & Shalev, I. (2020) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.104781 · Cited by 13
“Retrospective reporting tends to be strongly related to subjective health outcomes (e.g. self-reported adult psychopathology [Danese and Widom, 2020]) with weaker and more variable associations to objective health outcomes (e.g. clinical measurements of physical health and cognitive ability)…”
Bellver‐Sanchís, A., Ribalta‐Vilella, M., Irisarri, A., Gehlot, P., Choudhary, B. S., Jana, A., Vyas, V. K., Banerjee, D. R., Pallàs, M., Guerrero, A., et al. (2025) · Medicinal Research Reviews · doi:10.1002/med.22096 · Cited by 14
Child Maltreatment Characteristics and Adult Physical Multimorbidity in Germany
Otten, D., Schalinski, I., Fegert, J. M., Jud, A., Brähler, E., Bürgin, D., & Clemens, V. (2025) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.56050 · Cited by 14
Zarchev, M. G., Kamperman, A. M., Hoepel, S. J. W., Hoogendijk, W. J. G., Mulder, C. L., & van Mil, N. H. G. (2024) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsae281 · Cited by 13
“Self-reported maltreatment in general is known to associate more strongly to psychopathology outcomes, indicating that shared informant bias might inflate reported effect sizes [75, 76].”
Fazio, L., Raio, A., Banaschewski, T., Bokde, A. L. W., Desrivières, S., Flor, H., Garavan, H., Gowland, P. A., Grigis, A., Heinz, A., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1434470 · Cited by 11
Leiting, M., Beck, K., Bürgin, D., Fegert, J. M., Jenkel, N., Boonmann, C., Schmeck, K., Grob, A., & Schmid, M. (2024) · Applied Research in Quality of Life · doi:10.1007/s11482-024-10392-z · Cited by 13
“…which can be affected by recall biases and subjectivity and, as reported by recent studies, there is a lack of agreement in the identification of maltreatment exposure when com - paring prospective and retrospective studies (Baldwin et al., 2019 ; Danese & Widom, 2020 ; Hardt & Rutter, 2004 ).”
Maltreatment in Daycare Settings: A Review of Empirical Studies in the Field
Talmon, A., Ditzer, J., Talmon, A., & Tsur, N. (2023) · Trauma, Violence, & Abuse · doi:10.1177/15248380231155528 · Cited by 11
“Moreover, the literature has established the understanding that one’s perception of childhood maltreatment is the decisive factor for later outcomes, including psychopathology (Danese & Widom, 2020; Talmon & Widom, 2021).”
BackgroundJahnke, S., Schmidt, A. F., & Hoyer, J. (2022) · Sexual Abuse · doi:10.1177/10790632221098341 · Cited by 10
“Future studies may consider assessing more “objective” information about CSAE alongside subjective measures, such as whether police reports have been filed or whether medical records have documented genital trauma (as in Danese & Widom, 2020).”
BackgroundIkram, N., Frost, A., LeMasters, K. H., Hagaman, A. K., Baranov, V., Gallis, J. A., Sikander, S., Scherer, E. M., & Maselko, J. (2022) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-052280 · Cited by 24
Shenk, C. E., Rausch, J. R., Shores, K., Allen, E. K., & Olson, A. E. (2021) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579420002242 · Cited by 15
“…within child maltreatment and comparison groups that have differential risks for specific health outcomes based on whether self-report and official case records are concordant or discordant in indicating exposure to child maltreatment (Danese & Widom, 2020; Shaffer, Huston, & Egeland, 2008).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialWidom, C. S., Miller, D., Li, X., Gordon, D., & Brzustowicz, L. M. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113271 · Cited by 15
Self-citationHow childhood adversity affects components of decision making
Smith, K. E., Xu, Y., & Pollak, S. D. (2025) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106027 · Cited by 16
“However, it is not clear that examining these modern (by human evolutionary standards) events alone is sufficient to adequately characterize an individual child ’ s adverse experiences (Danese and Widom, 2020; Smith and Pollak, 2020).”
Genetic and environment influences on childhood victimization: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Dahoun, T., Peel, A. J., Baldwin, J. R., Coleman, O., Lewis, S. J., Wertz, J., Rijsdijk, F. V., & Danese, A. (2024) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-024-02868-z · Cited by 12
Self-citationLaNoue, M. D., & Hass, R. W. (2024) · Social Science & Medicine (1967) · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2024.117664 · Cited by 10
Widom, C. S. (2024) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605241264524 · Cited by 11
“Second, the majority of the literature is based on the use of retrospective self-reports of prior victimization experiences that are subject to memory problems and recall errors, which may reflect differences in respondents’ perceptions of what constitutes maltreatment (Danese & Widom, 2020).”
Self-citationKisely, S. R., Arnautovska, U., Siskind, D. J., Warren, N., & Najman, J. M. (2024) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2024.03.040 · Cited by 10
“Self-reported CM also shows a stronger association with subsequent psychiatric symptoms (Kisely et al., 2022a; Danese and Widom, 2020).”
BackgroundResultZhao, H., Rong, B., Gao, G., Zhou, M., Huang, J., Tu, N., Bu, L., Xiao, L., & Wang, G. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1364786 · Cited by 10
Demidenko, M. I., Huntley, E. D., Du, L., Estor, C., Si, Y., Wagner, C., Clarke, P. J., & Keating, D. P. (2023) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-023-01881-9 · Cited by 10
“Recent reviews have indicated that, although retrospective, subjective accounts of childhood maltreatment may be more relevant to mental health outcomes than objective indicators obtained contemporaneously (Danese, 2020; Danese & Widom, 2020).”
Kraaijenvanger, E. J., Banaschewski, T., Eickhoff, S. B., & Holz, N. E. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-43057-2 · Cited by 12
“Given the recent discussion on different risk pathways dependent on ELA assessment 55,75 , the number of studies permitted a separate analysis on subjective and retrospectively assessed ELAs.”
BackgroundKeogh, T. M., Howard, S., Gallagher, S., & Ginty, A. T. (2022) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/abm/kaac019 · Cited by 15
George, G. C., Keding, T. J., Heyn, S. A., & Herringa, R. J. (2021) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.23229 · Cited by 11
“Pediatric posttraumatic stress disorder (pPTSD) is a debilitating and common illness, affecting an estimated 7% of youth by the age of 18 (Danese & Widom, 2020).”
BackgroundInvestigating the associations between childhood trauma and cardiovascular health in midlife
Caceres, B. A., Britton, L. E., Cortés, Y. I., Makarem, N., & Suglia, S. F. (2021) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22752 · Cited by 11
Malafanti, A., Yotsidi, V., Sideridis, G., Giannouli, E., Galanaki, E. P., & Malogiannis, I. (2024) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104181 · Cited by 9
Guo, Y. C., Wu, Y., Fan, S., & Wang, H. (2025) · MedComm · doi:10.1002/mco2.70366 · Cited by 10
“Psychosocial mechanisms involve the development of maladaptive coping strategies [6], and the building of dysfunctional cognitions about the self and the world [7].”
Samaey, C., Lambrechts, S., Lecei, A., Achterhof, R., Hagemann, N., Hermans, K. S. F. M., Hiekkaranta, A. P., Kirtley, O. J., Reininghaus, U., Boets, B., et al. (2025) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-025-06649-y · Cited by 8
“First, the potential mediation role of identification with commitment and ruminative exploration in the association between childhood adversity and psychopathology should be interpreted with caution, as the current study consisted of cross-sectional data [56].”
Coote, T., Barrett, E. L., & Grummitt, L. R. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-21621-x · Cited by 16
Samaey, C., Lecei, A., Jackers, M., Jennen, L., Schruers, K., Vervliet, B., Boets, B., & van Winkel, R. (2024) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines · doi:10.1111/jcpp.14092 · Cited by 9
Stangeland, H., Aakvaag, H. F., Baumann‐Larsen, M., Wentzel‐Larsen, T., Berg, A. O., Zwart, J., Storheim, K., Dyb, G. A., & Stensland, S. Ø. (2024) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.2024.98 · Cited by 11
Mercer, L., Cookson, A., Müller‐Myhsok, B., & Vuuren, J. V. (2023) · Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities · doi:10.1111/jar.13148 · Cited by 13
Rong, B., Gao, G., Sun, L., Zhou, M., Zhao, H., Huang, J., Wang, H., Xiao, L., & Wang, G. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1159175 · Cited by 9
“The severity of trauma was primarily determined by self-reported CTQ score, which may be influenced by recall bias; however, recent studies have demonstrated that subjective self-reported maltreatment is a reliable predictor of psychopathology (75).”
ResultMayer, S. E., Guan, J., Lin, J., Hamlat, E. J., Parker, J. E., Brownell, K., Price, C. A., Mujahid, M. S., Tomiyama, A. J., Slavich, G. M., et al. (2022) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291722003397 · Cited by 11
“Therefore, it is possible that the maternal stressor measures may measure negative biases in autobiographical memory or current affective states rather than actual stressor exposure (Danese & Widom, 2020).”
BackgroundWitte, A., de Moor, M. D., Majdandžić, M., Verhees, M., van IJzendoorn, M. H., & Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. (2022) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2022.105175 · Cited by 9
Gender Disparity and Abuse in Functional Movement Disorders: a multi-center case-control study
Kletenik, I., Holden, S., Sillau, S. H., O'Connell, N., MacGillivray, L., Mack, J., Haddock, B., Dirac, M., David, A., Nicholson, T., et al. (2022) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-021-10943-6 · Cited by 9
How Early Life Adversity Transforms the Learning Brain
Hauser, M. D. (2020) · Mind Brain and Education · doi:10.1111/mbe.12277 · Cited by 14
The challenge of ascertainment of exposure to childhood maltreatment: issues and considerations
Moog, N., Wadhwa, P., Entringer, S., Heim, C. M., Gillen, D., & Buss, C. (2020) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.105102 · Cited by 9
Barrett, E. L., Grummitt, L. R., Jones, S. C., Rowlinson, K., Vasilopoulos, F., Teesson, M., Mills, K. L., & Sunderland, M. (2025) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/00048674251381004 · Cited by 12
“Indeed, retrospective self-report of childhood PTEs typically shows stronger associations with mental health compared to prospectively assessed childhood PTEs (Danese and Widom, 2020; Reuben et al., 2016).”
Vargas, T., Rakesh, D., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2024) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.31234/osf.io/waj8m
Samaey, C., der Donck, S. V., Lecei, A., Vettori, S., Qiao, Z., van Winkel, R., & Boets, B. (2024) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-024-03610-w · Cited by 8
“Nonetheless, recent research underscored the importance of subjective rather than objective reports of CA for the development of psychopathology [62, 63].”
BackgroundBorderline personality disorder is an innate empathy anomaly: a scoping and narrative review
Hayward, D., MacIntyre, D. J., & Steele, J. D. (2024) · International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1080/13651501.2024.2420662 · Cited by 9
“It was concluded that what actually predicts mental disorder in adults is their contemporary perception of their childhood experiences (Danese & Widom, 2020).”
Child Behavior Problems and Maltreatment Exposure
Olson, A. E., Felt, J. M., Dunning, E. D., Zhang, Z. Z., Lombera, M. A., Moeckel, C. M., Mustafa, M. U., Allen, B., Frasier, L. D., & Shenk, C. E. (2024) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2023-064625 · Cited by 8
Narayan, A. J., Brown, M. P., & Lawler, J. M. (2024) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579424000798 · Cited by 8
“…longitudinal study of childhood maltreatment documented in the legal system between 1967 and 1971, in which neglect was by far the most common subtype (rates of child neglect were 45.4%, whereas rates of physical and sexual abuse, respectively, were 9.2% and 8.0% of children; Danese & Widom, 2020).”
BackgroundInfluentialXiao, W.-X., Li, S.-Q., Xu, H., Zhang, Y., Wei, R., Tao, F., & Wan, Y. (2023) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2023.103621 · Cited by 8
Ziobrowski, H., Holt-Gosselin, B., Petukhova, M., King, A., Lee, S., House, S., Beaudoin, F., An, X., Stevens, J., Zeng, D., et al. (2023) · Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences · doi:10.1017/s2045796022000798 · Cited by 8
“Subjective CA reports are known to be more predictive of psychopathology than objective measures (Danese and Widom, 2020), raising the possibility of systematic recall bias.”
BackgroundChild and Adolescent Abuse Patterns and Incident Obesity Risk in Young Adulthood
Ziobrowski, H. N., Buka, S. L., Austin, S. B., Duncan, A. E., Sullivan, A. J., Horton, N. J., & Field, A. E. (2022) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2022.06.008 · Cited by 8
Witte, A., Riem, M., van der Knaap, N., de Moor, M. D., van IJzendoorn, M. H., & Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. (2022) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2022.105731 · Cited by 8
Champagne, F. A., Courtney, K., Bellatin, A., Miller, M., & Widom, C. S. (2025) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2025.107561 · Cited by 8
“These findings suggest that the two methodological approaches identify two different groups of people (Baldwin et al., 2019; Danese and Widom, 2020).”
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Danese, A., & Widom, C. S.
- Affiliations
- King's College London (GB)
- The Graduate Center, CUNY (US)
- Corresponding author
- Danese, Andrea
- Widom, Cathy Spatz
- Venue
- Nature Human Behaviour
- Published
- 2020-05-18
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 811-818
- ISSN
- 2397-3374 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3024217604
- Cited by
- 414
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 50 · 2025: 68 · 2024: 72 · 2023: 72 · 2022: 68 · 2021: 66 · 2020: 18
- FWCI
- 22.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- kclpure.kcl.ac.uk
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature Human Behaviour (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- RCUK | Medical Research Council (P005918)
- U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health (MH49467, MH58386)
- U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (HD40774)
- U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Aging (AG058683)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Child Welfare and Adoption
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Military, Security, and Education Studies
- Keywords
- child abuse, psychopathology, subjective experience, objective measures, court records, retrospective recall, childhood trauma, mental health
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Mental Disorders, Female, Humans, Interviews as Topic, Male, Psychopathology, Case-Control Studies, Adult Survivors of Child Abuse, Young Adult
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