Measuring childhood maltreatment to predict early-adult psychopathology: comparison of prospective informant-reports and retrospective self-reports
Open accessAbstract
Both prospective informant-reports and retrospective self-reports may be used to measure childhood maltreatment, though both methods entail potential limitations such as underestimation and memory biases. The validity and utility of standard measures of childhood maltreatment requires clarification in order to inform the design of future studies investigating the mental health consequences of maltreatment. The present study assessed agreement between prospective informant-reports and retrospective self-reports of childhood maltreatment, as well as the comparative utility of both reports for predicting a range of psychiatric problems at age 18. Data were obtained from the Environmental Risk (E-Risk) Longitudinal Twin Study, a nationally-representative birth cohort of 2232 children followed to 18 years of age (with 93% retention). Childhood maltreatment was assessed in two ways: (i) prospective informant-reports from caregivers, researchers, and clinicians when children were aged 5, 7, 10 and 12; and (ii) retrospective self-reports of maltreatment experiences occurring up to age 12, obtained at age 18 using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. Participants were privately interviewed at age 18 concerning several psychiatric problems including depression, anxiety, self-injury, alcohol/cannabis dependence, and conduct disorder. There was only slight to fair agreement between prospective and retrospective reports of childhood maltreatment (all Kappa's ≤ 0.31). Both prospective and retrospective reports of maltreatment were associated with age-18 psychiatric problems, though the strongest associations were found when maltreatment was retrospectively self-reported. These findings indicate that prospective and retrospective reports of childhood maltreatment capture largely non-overlapping groups of individuals. Young adults who recall being maltreated have a particularly elevated risk for psychopathology.
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This finding supports evidence from non-quasi experimental studies and suggests that maltreatment may affect broad factors underlying multiple disorders rather than disorder-specific risk factors.
“This finding supports evidence from non-quasi experimental studies (62–66), and suggests that maltreatment may affect broad factors underlying multiple disorders (e.g., altered brain structure and function (67, 68), emotional dysregulation (69), or information-processing biases (70)) rather than disorder-specific risk factors (29).”
From Childhood Maltreatment and Mental Health Problems: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Quasi-Experimental Studies (2023) · cites this paper as [65]
The Discussion (page unavailable) reports that childhood maltreatment was associated with a range of early-adult psychiatric problems, supporting the cross-disorder part of the claim. The paper does not test whether maltreatment affects broad underlying factors rather than disorder-specific risk factors; it also notes particularly strong associations with affective problems for retrospective reports. (LLM, conf=0.79)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredEmpirical comparisons between prospective and retrospective reports show poor agreement, with the reporting methods capturing two distinct groups of individuals.
“Empirical comparisons between prospective and retrospective reports show poor agreement (Newbury et al., 2018), with the reporting methods capturing two distinct groups of individuals.”
From Prospective Longitudinal Associations Between Adverse Childhood Experiences and Adult Mental Health Outcomes: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2026) · cites this paper as Newbury et al., 2018
Studies directly comparing retrospective and prospective reports of adverse childhood experiences have found slight to fair agreement rates.
“Studies directly comparing retrospective and prospective reports of adverse childhood experiences have found slight to fair agreement rates (reviewed in Newbury et al., 2018, Reuben et al., 2016).”
From More than a feeling: A unified view of stress measurement for population science (2018) · cites this paper as Newbury et al., 2018
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Baldwin, J. R., Reuben, A., Newbury, J. B., & Danese, A. (2019) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.0097 · Cited by 1,094 · see citing works
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“For example, EMA studies have shown that anticipation of stressors leads to more negative affect (Neubauer et al., 2017) as well as greater cortisol reactivity both on the morning of anticipation and during the stressor (Wetherell et al., 2015).”
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“This may seem surprising, as prospective and retrospective measures identify largely different groups of individuals (75) and retrospective reports have been found to be more strongly associated with psychopathology than prospective measures (64, 76).”
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“…were chosen to reflect how ACEs are commonly grouped and conceptualized in the literature (Cavanaugh, 2016; Felitti et al., 1998), as well as to incorporate more contemporary under-standings of adversity such as bullying victimization (bully vs. other ACEs) (Arseneault, 2018; Vaswani, 2019).”
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- Authors
- Newbury, J. B., Arseneault, L., Moffitt, T. E., Caspi, A., Danese, A., Baldwin, J. R., & Fisher, H. L.
- Affiliations
- King's College London (GB)
- Duke University (US)
- National Health Service (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Fisher, Helen L.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Psychiatric Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018-01
- Volume
- 96
- Pages
- 57-64
- ISSN
- 0022-3956 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5725307
- OpenAlex
- W2760657291
- Cited by
- 370
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 49 · 2023: 42 · 2022: 76 · 2021: 39 · 2020: 52 · 2019: 34 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 2
- FWCI
- 37.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Psychiatric Research (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Explore Bristol Research (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- United Kingdom Medical Research Council (G1002190)
- Economic and Social Research Council (ES/M010309/1)
- National Institute of Child Health and Development (HD077482)
- Avielle Foundation
- Jacobs Foundation
- ESRC multidisciplinary studentships
- MQ Fellows Award (MQ14F40)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Safety Research › Child Welfare and Adoption
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- child abuse, retrospective self-report, measurement agreement, Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, depression, anxiety, self-harm, conduct disorder, memory bias, Environmental Risk Longitudinal Twin Study
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Mental Disorders, Child, Child Abuse, Child, Preschool, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Prognosis, Prospective Studies, Psychopathology, Retrospective Studies, Twins, Dizygotic, Twins, Monozygotic, Self Report
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