The DOI matches its Crossref record; 86 of the 86 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 2 of the 118 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
A meta-analysis of emotional regulation outcomes in psychological interventions for youth with depression and anxiety
Open accessAbstract
Difficulties in applying emotional regulation (ER) skills are associated with depression and anxiety symptoms, and are common targets of treatment. This meta-analysis examined whether improvements in ER skills were associated with psychological treatment outcomes for depression and/or anxiety in youth. A multivariate, random-effects meta-analysis was run using metafor in R. Inclusion criteria included studies that were randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of a psychological intervention for depression and/or anxiety in patients aged 14–24, were peer reviewed, were written in English, measured depression and/or anxiety symptoms as an outcome and measured ER as an outcome. Medline, Embase, APA PsycInfo, CINAHL and The Cochrane Library were searched up to 26 June 2020. Risk of bias (ROB) was assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration Risk of Bias 2.0 tool. The meta-analysis includes 385 effect sizes from 90 RCTs with total N = 11,652. Psychological treatments significantly reduced depression, anxiety, emotion dysregulation (k = 13, Hedges’ g = 0.54, P < 0.001, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.30–0.78) and disengagement ER (k = 83, g = 0.24, 95% CI = 0.15–0.32, P < 0.001); engagement ER also increased (k = 82, g = 0.26, 95% CI = 0.15–0.32, P < 0.001). Improvements in depression and anxiety were positively associated with improved engagement ER skills, reduced emotion dysregulation and reduced disengagement ER skills. Sensitivity considered study selection and publication bias. Longer treatments, group formats and cognitive-behavioural orientations produced larger positive associations between improved ER skills and reduced symptoms. ER skill improvement is linked to depression and anxiety across a broad range of interventions for youth. Limitations of the current study include reliance on self-report measures, content overlap between variables and inability to test the directionality of associations. In this meta-analysis of 90 randomized controlled trials of youth psychological treatment, Daros et al. show that a reduction in depression and anxiety symptoms is associated with improvements in emotional regulation skills.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
72 Own result · 48 Not checked yet · 45 Own method · 23 Own interpretation · 12 No basis given · 1 Supported so far · accuracy not yet measured
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“increasing the potential for mental health difficulties and suicidal behavior in adulthood if not treated.1,3–5”
§ A meta-analysis of emotional regulation outcomes in psychological interventions for youth with depression and anxiety > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R. & Walters, E. E. Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 62, 593–602 (2005). source
- Could not verifycites [3] Ezpeleta, L., Keeler, G., Erkanli, A., Costello, E. J. & Angold, A. Epidemiology of psychiatric disability in childhood and adolescence. J. Child Psychol. Psychiat. 42, 901–914 (2001). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (p. 10) links youth depression and anxiety to disability during childhood and adolescence. The Sample section (p. 3) says the analysis includes only observations from ages 9–16; the passages found on treatment and adult outcomes do not address whether untreated depression or anxiety increases later mental-health problems or suicidal behavior. (LLM, conf=0.76)
- Not checked yetcites [4] Melton, T. H., Croarkin, P. E., Strawn, J. R. & Mcclintock, S. M. Comorbid anxiety and depressive symptoms in children and adolescents: a systematic review and analysis. J. Psychiatr. Pr. 22, 84–98 (2016).
- Not checked yetcites [5] Gould, M. S. et al. Psychopathology associated with suicidal ideation and attempts among children and adolescents. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 37, 915–923 (1998). source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“supporting their earlier putative associations with psychopathology and models of their common structure.34,39”
§ A meta-analysis of emotional regulation outcomes in psychological interventions for youth with depression and anxiety > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [34] Aldao, A., Nolen-Hoeksema, S. & Schweizer, S. Emotion-regulation strategies across psychopathology: a meta-analytic review. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 30, 217–237 (2010). source
- Supportedcites [39] Moltrecht, B., Deighton, J., Patalay, P., & Edbrooke-Childs, J. Effectiveness of current psychological interventions to improve emotion regulation in youth: a meta-analysis. Eur. Child. Adolesc. Psych. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-020-01498-4 (2020). source
The Introduction (‘Emotion regulation and psychopathology’; page not provided) describes associations between emotion regulation difficulties and several forms of psychopathology. The Introduction (‘Emotion regulation in interventions’; page not provided) also presents emotion regulation as a proposed transdiagnostic feature and describes frameworks in which disorders share underlying processes. These passages support the claim’s qualified reference to putative associations and models of common structure. (LLM, conf=0.86)
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“significant reductions in anxiety and depression symptoms during treatment were positively associated with significant reductions in emotion dysregulation and disengagement ER skills, as well as significant increases in engagement ER skills.”
§ A meta-analysis of emotional regulation outcomes in psychological interventions for youth with depression and anxiety > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“results indicated medium-to-large main effects in reducing symptoms of depression (k=55, g=0.61, p<.001, 95% CI=0.46-0.75)”
§ A meta-analysis of emotional regulation outcomes in psychological interventions for youth with depression and anxiety > Results > Consideration of Publication Bias
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“psychological treatments for depression and anxiety tended to increase acceptance and problem solving, but not cognitive reappraisal”
§ A meta-analysis of emotional regulation outcomes in psychological interventions for youth with depression and anxiety > Results > Results for Individual ER Skills
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“disengagement ER skills (k=33, g=0.56, p<.001, 95% CI=0.32-0.60)”
§ A meta-analysis of emotional regulation outcomes in psychological interventions for youth with depression and anxiety > Results > Consideration of Publication Bias
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“they also produced small effect size increases in engagement ER skills (k=82, g=0.26, p<.001, 95% CI=0.15-0.32)”
§ A meta-analysis of emotional regulation outcomes in psychological interventions for youth with depression and anxiety > Results > Effects of Psychological Treatments on Symptoms and ER
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Using the trim-and-fill procedure under random effects assumptions, seven studies were estimated as missing to the right of the mean for the anxiety outcome studies, with an adjusted random-effects Hedges’ g=0.42, p<.001, 95% CI=0.32-0.51, favoring larger intervention effects than estimated.”
§ A meta-analysis of emotional regulation outcomes in psychological interventions for youth with depression and anxiety > Results > Consideration of Publication Bias
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Psychological treatments reduced anxiety, depression, disengagement ER skills, and emotion dysregulation, and improved engagement ER skills.”
§ A meta-analysis of emotional regulation outcomes in psychological interventions for youth with depression and anxiety > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“consistent at the individual skill level, with the two engagement ER skills increasing, and three disengagement skills decreasing, over the course of treatments for anxiety and/or depression symptoms.”
§ A meta-analysis of emotional regulation outcomes in psychological interventions for youth with depression and anxiety > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 46
- Probably not a substantial claim. 62
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The meta-analysis includes 385 effect sizes from 90 RCTs with total N=11,652.”
- Also stated in: § Search Results and Characteristics of Selected Studies · plain
“Data were extracted and primary analyses were conducted using 385 effect sizes from 88 included studies. Two of these studies contained secondary studies, for a total of 90 RCTs (N=11,652).”
§ A meta-analysis of emotional regulation outcomes in psychological interventions for youth with depression and anxiety > Abstract
plainn = 11,652- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Search Results and Characteristics of Selected Studies · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For depression outcome studies, 13 studies were estimated as missing to the right of the mean under random effects modeling, with an adjusted random-effects Hedges’ g=0.48, p<.001, 95% CI=0.38-0.58, again favoring larger intervention effects.”
§ A meta-analysis of emotional regulation outcomes in psychological interventions for youth with depression and anxiety > Results > Consideration of Publication Bias
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For avoidance, decreases were positively associated with reduced anxiety symptoms but negatively associated with reduced depression symptoms (the latter finding is opposite to expectations).”
§ A meta-analysis of emotional regulation outcomes in psychological interventions for youth with depression and anxiety > Results > Results for Individual ER Skills
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Half of these RCTs (50%) were from countries where English was not a primary language.”
§ A meta-analysis of emotional regulation outcomes in psychological interventions for youth with depression and anxiety > Results > Search Results and Characteristics of Selected Studies
plainn = 11,652- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Egger’s test was significant for subgroupings of studies focused on outcomes for anxiety, t(65)=4.25, p<.001, and depression, t(78)=4.79, p<.001, due to a skew towards underestimating the magnitude of positive intervention findings.”
§ A meta-analysis of emotional regulation outcomes in psychological interventions for youth with depression and anxiety > Results > Consideration of Publication Bias
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Egger’s test was significant for subgroupings of studies focused on outcomes for anxiety, t(65)=4.25, p<.001, and depression, t(78)=4.79, p<.001, due to a skew towards underestimating the magnitude of positive intervention findings.”
§ A meta-analysis of emotional regulation outcomes in psychological interventions for youth with depression and anxiety > Results > Consideration of Publication Bias
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our youth advisory board highlighted the utility of framing depression and anxiety as problems with ER to reduce the stigma regarding the disorders”
§ A meta-analysis of emotional regulation outcomes in psychological interventions for youth with depression and anxiety > Discussion
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Moreover, shorter treatments, blended/online formats, and cognitive training and Acceptance/ER-based interventions exhibited some negative correlations (opposite direction than expected) for both anxiety and depression compared to previous research.44–48”
§ A meta-analysis of emotional regulation outcomes in psychological interventions for youth with depression and anxiety > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [44] Sakiris, N. & Berle, D. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the unified protocol as a transdiagnostic emotion regulation based intervention. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 72, 101751 (2019). source
- Not checked yetcites [45] Forman, E. M. et al. Using session-by-session measurement to compare mechanisms of action for acceptance and commitment therapy and cognitive therapy. Behav. Ther. 43, 341–354 (2012). source
- Not checked yetcites [46] Renna, M. E., Quintero, J. M., Fresco, D. M. & Mennin, D. S. Emotion regulation therapy: a mechanism-targeted treatment for disorders of distress. Front Psychol. 8, 98 (2017). source
- Not checked yetcites [47] Barlow, D. H., Bullis, J. R., Comer, J. S. & Ametaj, A. A. Evidence-based psychological treatments: an update and a way forward. Annu Rev. Clin. Psychol. 9, 1–27 (2013). source
- Not checked yetcites [48] Gratz, K. L., Weiss, N. H. & Tull, M. T. Examining emotion regulation as an outcome, mechanism, or target of psychological treatments. Curr. Opin. Psychol. 3, 85–90 (2015). source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“they felt that it would be valuable to increase awareness of the relationships between ER skills and depression/anxiety symptoms to the broader youth audience.”
§ A meta-analysis of emotional regulation outcomes in psychological interventions for youth with depression and anxiety > Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, studies that produced larger positive associations tended to have interventions that were longer (>6 sessions), delivered in group format, and were CBT-based.”
§ A meta-analysis of emotional regulation outcomes in psychological interventions for youth with depression and anxiety > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, subtle differences between the two skills groupings also remained and played an important role in identifying key factors involved in the treatment of depression versus anxiety.”
§ A meta-analysis of emotional regulation outcomes in psychological interventions for youth with depression and anxiety > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This is also indicated by the small-to-medium effect size reduction in symptoms for RCTs compared to the large effect sizes seen in the relatively more uncontrolled nature of non-RCTs.”
§ A meta-analysis of emotional regulation outcomes in psychological interventions for youth with depression and anxiety > Discussion
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition to the above findings, shorter interventions and individual formats were also effective approaches at times for depression symptoms and produced positive associations with improvements in ER skills.”
§ A meta-analysis of emotional regulation outcomes in psychological interventions for youth with depression and anxiety > Discussion
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nevertheless, CBT-based interventions more consistently improved engagement (and reduced disengagement) ER skills”
§ A meta-analysis of emotional regulation outcomes in psychological interventions for youth with depression and anxiety > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“results were relatively insensitive to small differences when ρ > 0, with all estimates remaining significant”
§ A meta-analysis of emotional regulation outcomes in psychological interventions for youth with depression and anxiety > Method > Meta-Analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“We organized these ER skills into two broad classes which align closely to a two-factor structure used to evaluate their relationship with psychopathology.34,39”
§ A meta-analysis of emotional regulation outcomes in psychological interventions for youth with depression and anxiety > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [34] Aldao, A., Nolen-Hoeksema, S. & Schweizer, S. Emotion-regulation strategies across psychopathology: a meta-analytic review. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 30, 217–237 (2010). source
- Not checked yetcites [39] Moltrecht, B., Deighton, J., Patalay, P., & Edbrooke-Childs, J. Effectiveness of current psychological interventions to improve emotion regulation in youth: a meta-analysis. Eur. Child. Adolesc. Psych. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-020-01498-4 (2020). source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Depressive and anxiety disorders most often begin in adolescence and young adulthood, before the age of 24.1”
§ A meta-analysis of emotional regulation outcomes in psychological interventions for youth with depression and anxiety > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R. & Walters, E. E. Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 62, 593–602 (2005). source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Depression and anxiety are common and disabling conditions that often co-occur,2–4”
§ A meta-analysis of emotional regulation outcomes in psychological interventions for youth with depression and anxiety > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2] Wittchen, H. U., Nelson, C. B. & Lachner, G. Prevalence of mental disorders and psychosocial impairments in adolescents and young adults. Psychol. Med. 28, 109–126 (1998). source
- Not checked yetcites [3] Ezpeleta, L., Keeler, G., Erkanli, A., Costello, E. J. & Angold, A. Epidemiology of psychiatric disability in childhood and adolescence. J. Child Psychol. Psychiat. 42, 901–914 (2001). source
- Not checked yetcites [4] Melton, T. H., Croarkin, P. E., Strawn, J. R. & Mcclintock, S. M. Comorbid anxiety and depressive symptoms in children and adolescents: a systematic review and analysis. J. Psychiatr. Pr. 22, 84–98 (2016).
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Using the process model framework,7 mental disorders such as depression and anxiety are said to arise from failures to select and implement ER skills effectively.”
§ A meta-analysis of emotional regulation outcomes in psychological interventions for youth with depression and anxiety > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7] Gross, J. J. & Jazaieri, H. Emotion, emotion regulation, and psychopathology: an affective science perspective. Clin. Psychol. Sci. 2, 387–401 (2014). source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration Risk of Bias 2.0 tool.”
§ A meta-analysis of emotional regulation outcomes in psychological interventions for youth with depression and anxiety > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The larger effects of treatment found for non-RCTs compared to RCTs relates to the lack of control arm data and supports our underestimation of treatment effect above.”
§ A meta-analysis of emotional regulation outcomes in psychological interventions for youth with depression and anxiety > Results > Consideration of Publication Bias
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The current study extends other reviews37,38 by focusing on dimensional depressive and anxiety symptoms in young persons aged 14-24, incorporating ER skills to broaden previous reviews, and involving a panel of youths with lived experience to support study design and knowledge dissemination.”
§ A meta-analysis of emotional regulation outcomes in psychological interventions for youth with depression and anxiety > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [37] Bonanno, G. A. & Burton, C. L. Regulatory flexibility: an individual differences perspective on coping and emotion regulation. Perspect. Psychol. Sci. 8, 591–612 (2013). source
- Not checked yetcites [38] Aldao, A., Sheppes, G. & Gross, J. J. Emotion regulation flexibility. Cogn. Ther. Res. 39, 263–278 (2015). source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“These results suggest that distinct psychological treatments can produce meaningful changes in intrapersonal ER skills, and that these changes may represent a core process across psychological disorders likely to produce change when targeted in treatment.49”
§ A meta-analysis of emotional regulation outcomes in psychological interventions for youth with depression and anxiety > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [49] Fowler, J. C. et al. Emotion dysregulation as a cross-cutting target for inpatient psychiatric intervention. J. Affect. Disord. 206, 224–231 (2016). source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Limitations of the current study include reliance on self-report measures, content overlap between variables, and inability to test the directionality of associations.”
§ A meta-analysis of emotional regulation outcomes in psychological interventions for youth with depression and anxiety > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Notably, these research questions and methodology were informed by youth with lived experience, whose recommendations meaningfully shaped this synthesis.”
§ A meta-analysis of emotional regulation outcomes in psychological interventions for youth with depression and anxiety > Introduction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Primary findings were compared to 55 non-RCTs (N=3,224) that met criteria for inclusion but were analyzed separately.”
§ A meta-analysis of emotional regulation outcomes in psychological interventions for youth with depression and anxiety > Results > Search Results and Characteristics of Selected Studies
plainn = 3,224- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Limitations of the current study include reliance on self-report measures, content overlap between variables, and inability to test the directionality of associations.”
§ A meta-analysis of emotional regulation outcomes in psychological interventions for youth with depression and anxiety > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Several reviews have argued that a range of psychological treatments with varied theoretical orientations improve intrapersonal ER skills in youth and adults with heterogeneous clinical presentations.37,38”
§ A meta-analysis of emotional regulation outcomes in psychological interventions for youth with depression and anxiety > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [37] Bonanno, G. A. & Burton, C. L. Regulatory flexibility: an individual differences perspective on coping and emotion regulation. Perspect. Psychol. Sci. 8, 591–612 (2013). source
- Not checked yetcites [38] Aldao, A., Sheppes, G. & Gross, J. J. Emotion regulation flexibility. Cogn. Ther. Res. 39, 263–278 (2015). source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our youth advisory informed the interpretation of the results and commentary outlined below.”
§ A meta-analysis of emotional regulation outcomes in psychological interventions for youth with depression and anxiety > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In the most comprehensive review of the literature to date, 95% of studies (which largely focused on adult samples) found substantial decreases in disengagement ER skills and overall emotion dysregulation, regardless of the specific treatment protocol, the construct of ER examined, or the disorder targeted.38”
§ A meta-analysis of emotional regulation outcomes in psychological interventions for youth with depression and anxiety > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [38] Aldao, A., Sheppes, G. & Gross, J. J. Emotion regulation flexibility. Cogn. Ther. Res. 39, 263–278 (2015). source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“We define “engagement ER skills” as those that involve active engagement with an emotional experience or stimulus (e.g., acceptance, cognitive reappraisal, and problem-solving) and are negatively associated with psychopathology if used habitually.”
§ A meta-analysis of emotional regulation outcomes in psychological interventions for youth with depression and anxiety > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [34] Aldao, A., Nolen-Hoeksema, S. & Schweizer, S. Emotion-regulation strategies across psychopathology: a meta-analytic review. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 30, 217–237 (2010). source
- Not checked yetcites [39] Moltrecht, B., Deighton, J., Patalay, P., & Edbrooke-Childs, J. Effectiveness of current psychological interventions to improve emotion regulation in youth: a meta-analysis. Eur. Child. Adolesc. Psych. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-020-01498-4 (2020). source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Alternatively, “disengagement ER skills” are those involving disengagement from an emotional experience or stimulus through avoidance, inhibition of thoughts or overt expression, or the use of repetitive thinking (e.g., avoidance, suppression, and rumination) and are positively associated with psychopathology if used habitually.”
§ A meta-analysis of emotional regulation outcomes in psychological interventions for youth with depression and anxiety > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [34] Aldao, A., Nolen-Hoeksema, S. & Schweizer, S. Emotion-regulation strategies across psychopathology: a meta-analytic review. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 30, 217–237 (2010). source
- Not checked yetcites [39] Moltrecht, B., Deighton, J., Patalay, P., & Edbrooke-Childs, J. Effectiveness of current psychological interventions to improve emotion regulation in youth: a meta-analysis. Eur. Child. Adolesc. Psych. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-020-01498-4 (2020). source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Limitations of the current study include reliance on self-report measures, content overlap between variables, and inability to test the directionality of associations.”
§ A meta-analysis of emotional regulation outcomes in psychological interventions for youth with depression and anxiety > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the present study quantitatively assessed specific ER skills and focused on depression and anxiety symptoms in youth and young adults”
§ A meta-analysis of emotional regulation outcomes in psychological interventions for youth with depression and anxiety > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“which may have led to these unexpected findings.”
§ A meta-analysis of emotional regulation outcomes in psychological interventions for youth with depression and anxiety > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“One possible explanation for this finding is the central role in reducing the experiential avoidance and anxious arousal common in anxiety through exposures and cognitive restructuring across several intervention approaches.56,57”
§ A meta-analysis of emotional regulation outcomes in psychological interventions for youth with depression and anxiety > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [56] Liu, D. Y. & Thompson, R. J. Selection and implementation of emotion regulation strategies in major depressive disorder: an integrative review. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 57, 183–194 (2017). source
- Not checked yetcites [57] Daros, A. R. & Williams, G. E. A meta-analysis and systematic review of emotion-regulation strategies in borderline personality disorder. Harv. Rev. Psychiatry 27, 217–232 (2019). source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“which over the long-term are respectively associated with higher and lower levels of psychopathology,24,25,34”
§ A meta-analysis of emotional regulation outcomes in psychological interventions for youth with depression and anxiety > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [24] McLaughlin, K. A., Hatzenbuehler, M. L., Mennin, D. S. & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. Emotion dysregulation and adolescent psychopathology: a prospective study. Behav. Res. Ther. 49, 544–554 (2011). source
- Not checked yetcites [25] Berking, M., Wirtz, C. M., Svaldi, J. & Hofmann, S. G. Emotion regulation predicts symptoms of depression over five years. Behav. Res. Ther. 57, 13–20 (2014). source
- Not checked yetcites [34] Aldao, A., Nolen-Hoeksema, S. & Schweizer, S. Emotion-regulation strategies across psychopathology: a meta-analytic review. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 30, 217–237 (2010). source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, studies incorporating Acceptance/ER-based interventions appeared to be smaller in sample size and had more risk of bias concerns on average”
§ A meta-analysis of emotional regulation outcomes in psychological interventions for youth with depression and anxiety > Discussion
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As a result, interventions that focus on improving engagement ER skills, and decreasing disengagement ER skills and emotion dysregulation, may all be particularly impactful for anxiety and depression symptom reduction.”
§ A meta-analysis of emotional regulation outcomes in psychological interventions for youth with depression and anxiety > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our findings related to blended/online and Acceptance/ER-based interventions should be interpreted with caution due to the lower number of studies contributing to these analyses.”
§ A meta-analysis of emotional regulation outcomes in psychological interventions for youth with depression and anxiety > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“which could potentially explain the difference in findings.”
§ A meta-analysis of emotional regulation outcomes in psychological interventions for youth with depression and anxiety > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is possible that longer treatments are necessary for youth anxiety and depression to build engagement ER skills (perhaps related to exposure protocols)”
§ A meta-analysis of emotional regulation outcomes in psychological interventions for youth with depression and anxiety > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Collectively, our multidimensional investigation permitted a nuanced investigation of these three different ER skills constructs with treatment outcomes”
§ A meta-analysis of emotional regulation outcomes in psychological interventions for youth with depression and anxiety > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“a factor found to be increasingly important to determine effectiveness and mental health outcomes,40,41”
§ A meta-analysis of emotional regulation outcomes in psychological interventions for youth with depression and anxiety > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [40] Berking, M., Ebert, D., Cuijpers, P. & Hofmann, S. G. Emotion regulation skills training enhances the efficacy of inpatient cognitive behavioral therapy for major depressive disorder: a randomized controlled trial. Psychother. Psychosom. 82, 234–245 (2013). source
- Not checked yetcites [41] Radkovsky, A., McArdle, J. J., Bockting, C. L. & Berking, M. Successful emotion regulation skills application predicts subsequent reduction of symptom severity during treatment of major depressive disorder. J. Consult Clin. Psychol. 82, 248–262 (2014). source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“a potential reflection of the shared repetitive negative thinking construct that underlies psychopathology.59”
§ A meta-analysis of emotional regulation outcomes in psychological interventions for youth with depression and anxiety > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [59] Ehring, T. & Watkins, E. R. Repetitive negative thinking as a transdiagnostic process. Int J. Cogn. Ther. 1, 192–205 (2008). source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Previous reviews37,38 found decreases in all disengagement ER skills (rumination, avoidance, and suppression) following psychological treatment”
§ A meta-analysis of emotional regulation outcomes in psychological interventions for youth with depression and anxiety > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [37] Bonanno, G. A. & Burton, C. L. Regulatory flexibility: an individual differences perspective on coping and emotion regulation. Perspect. Psychol. Sci. 8, 591–612 (2013). source
- Not checked yetcites [38] Aldao, A., Sheppes, G. & Gross, J. J. Emotion regulation flexibility. Cogn. Ther. Res. 39, 263–278 (2015). source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nevertheless, our two-factor grouping of ER skills fails to consider the context in which those skills are used”
§ A meta-analysis of emotional regulation outcomes in psychological interventions for youth with depression and anxiety > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Two youth facilitators and three members of the council with lived experience about psychological treatments for depressive and/or anxiety symptoms advised the design and implementation of the current review, and associated knowledge dissemination activities.”
§ A meta-analysis of emotional regulation outcomes in psychological interventions for youth with depression and anxiety > Method > Involvement of Youth with Lived Experience
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Quality ratings were completed by SAH and SA and all ratings were discussed through consultation meetings with ARD for final consensus.”
§ A meta-analysis of emotional regulation outcomes in psychological interventions for youth with depression and anxiety > Method > Risk of Bias in Individual Studies
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Quality and risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration Risk of Bias (ROB) tool (version 2.0).74”
§ A meta-analysis of emotional regulation outcomes in psychological interventions for youth with depression and anxiety > Method > Risk of Bias in Individual Studies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [74] Sterne, J. A. C. et al. RoB 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. Brit. Med. J. 366, l4898 (2019). source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At each stage, the team carefully excluded studies that focused on severe medical issues (e.g., cancer, HIV, heart/liver diseases), brain or body trauma (e.g., traumatic brain/spinal cord injuries, stroke), neurodevelopmental disorders (e.g., fetal alcohol spectrum and autism spectrum disorders), intellectual disabilities or impairments, and psychiatric conditions that would supersede a diagnosis”
§ A meta-analysis of emotional regulation outcomes in psychological interventions for youth with depression and anxiety > Method > Search Strategy and Study Selection
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“We used established PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines and the AMSTAR recommendations to conduct this review.69 We also followed procedures outlined by the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews.70”
§ A meta-analysis of emotional regulation outcomes in psychological interventions for youth with depression and anxiety > Method > Protocol
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [69] Shea, B. J. et al. AMSTAR 2: a critical appraisal tool for systematic reviews that include randomised or non-randomised studies of healthcare interventions, or both. Brit. Med. J. 358, j4008 (2017). source
- Not checked yetcites [70] Higgins, J. P. T. et al. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions v.6.0 (Cochrane, 2019); www.training.cochrane.org/handbook source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Reference lists of chosen articles were also hand-searched to identify any relevant resources not captured by the systematic searches.”
§ A meta-analysis of emotional regulation outcomes in psychological interventions for youth with depression and anxiety > Method > Search Strategy and Study Selection
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“the magnitudes for effect sizes are similar to Cohen’s d”
§ A meta-analysis of emotional regulation outcomes in psychological interventions for youth with depression and anxiety > Method > Calculation of Effect Sizes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [75] Cohen, J. A power primer. Psychol. Bull. 112, 155–159 (1992). source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“for example, RCTs with Mindfulness-based interventions more often assessed engagement ER skills (e.g., acceptance) whereas trials of Acceptance/ER-based and cognitive training interventions more often assessed disengagement ER skills (e.g., rumination).”
§ A meta-analysis of emotional regulation outcomes in psychological interventions for youth with depression and anxiety > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Advisory meetings provided input on the study questions and design, results interpretation, and recommendations for knowledge dissemination materials and knowledge mobilization from a youth perspective.”
§ A meta-analysis of emotional regulation outcomes in psychological interventions for youth with depression and anxiety > Method > Involvement of Youth with Lived Experience
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and this was likely related to a difficulty in dividing the studies into distinct categories based on therapeutic orientation.”
§ A meta-analysis of emotional regulation outcomes in psychological interventions for youth with depression and anxiety > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“which suggests that youth may introduce substantial variability in subjective responses as well.”
§ A meta-analysis of emotional regulation outcomes in psychological interventions for youth with depression and anxiety > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Despite an attempt, this synthesis was not able to examine or incorporate analyses related to whether interpersonal ER skills improve in relation to depression and anxiety symptom reduction over treatment in youth.”
§ A meta-analysis of emotional regulation outcomes in psychological interventions for youth with depression and anxiety > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“a) Written in English.b) Primary cohort data in peer-reviewed source. Secondary sources, case studies, dissertations, and published abstracts were excluded.c) Young people with a mean age between 14.0 and 24.9 received an intervention.”
§ A meta-analysis of emotional regulation outcomes in psychological interventions for youth with depression and anxiety > Method > Inclusion (and Exclusion) Criteria
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“however, we attempted to mitigate concerns by conducting sensitivity analyses, and considering other non-RCTs which met the criteria for inclusion”
§ A meta-analysis of emotional regulation outcomes in psychological interventions for youth with depression and anxiety > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These issues can make it difficult to understand whether changes in depression and anxiety are caused by changes in ER skills or the opposite, or whether they simply represent overlapping constructs.”
§ A meta-analysis of emotional regulation outcomes in psychological interventions for youth with depression and anxiety > Discussion
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We excluded interventions that were psychoeducational only (e.g., provided pamphlet, online resource), pharmacological, or neurostimulation-based.”
§ A meta-analysis of emotional regulation outcomes in psychological interventions for youth with depression and anxiety > Method > Inclusion (and Exclusion) Criteria
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Additional limitations of the present meta-analysis, include limiting the selection of studies to only those written in English”
§ A meta-analysis of emotional regulation outcomes in psychological interventions for youth with depression and anxiety > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“and relying almost entirely on data from self-report measures, which can be susceptible to recall bias.61”
§ A meta-analysis of emotional regulation outcomes in psychological interventions for youth with depression and anxiety > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [61] Robinson, M. D. & Clore, G. L. Episodic and semantic knowledge in emotional self-report: evidence for two judgment processes. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 83, 198–215 (2002). source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“low risk studies had either all “Low” risk ratings across the five domains or only one “Some Concerns” rating.”
§ A meta-analysis of emotional regulation outcomes in psychological interventions for youth with depression and anxiety > Method > Risk of Bias in Individual Studies
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Here, each full-text article was similarly reviewed by two team members with conflicts resolved by team consensus (96% average agreement; κ = .82).”
§ A meta-analysis of emotional regulation outcomes in psychological interventions for youth with depression and anxiety > Method > Search Strategy and Study Selection
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Results also serve to support affective science perspectives on mental disorders and theoretical models of emotion dysregulation.7,28–30”
§ A meta-analysis of emotional regulation outcomes in psychological interventions for youth with depression and anxiety > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7] Gross, J. J. & Jazaieri, H. Emotion, emotion regulation, and psychopathology: an affective science perspective. Clin. Psychol. Sci. 2, 387–401 (2014). source
- Not checked yetcites [28] Hofmann, S. G., Sawyer, A. T., Fang, A. & Asnaani, A. Emotion dysregulation model of mood and anxiety disorders. Depress. Anxiety 29, 409–416 (2012). source
- Not checked yetcites [29] Beauchaine, T. P. Future directions in emotion dysregulation and youth psychopathology. J. Clin. Child Adolesc. Psychol. 44, 875–896 (2015). source
- Not checked yetcites [30] Linehan, M. M. DBT Skills Training Manual 2nd edn (Guilford Publications, 2014).
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we did not complete ROB ratings for these studies.”
§ A meta-analysis of emotional regulation outcomes in psychological interventions for youth with depression and anxiety > Method > Risk of Bias in Individual Studies
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: The design of non-randomized studies automatically introduces multiple concerns with respect to randomization and participant allocation.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was some indication of publication bias and significant heterogeneity between individual RCTs treating depression and anxiety symptoms”
§ A meta-analysis of emotional regulation outcomes in psychological interventions for youth with depression and anxiety > Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A youth advisory was recruited from members of the National Youth Action Council at the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health were involved in all stages of the current research.”
§ A meta-analysis of emotional regulation outcomes in psychological interventions for youth with depression and anxiety > Method > Involvement of Youth with Lived Experience
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suggesting that most youth with depression and anxiety symptoms can benefit from interventions that yield ER skill improvements and especially those under 18.”
§ A meta-analysis of emotional regulation outcomes in psychological interventions for youth with depression and anxiety > Discussion
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We excluded studies with more general measures of coping, unless the study utilized a subscale that overlapped substantially with one of the above specific ER skills.”
§ A meta-analysis of emotional regulation outcomes in psychological interventions for youth with depression and anxiety > Method > Inclusion (and Exclusion) Criteria
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At the first stage, all titles and abstracts were screened for inclusion by two independent team members and conflicts were resolved by team consensus (81% average agreement; κ = .51).”
§ A meta-analysis of emotional regulation outcomes in psychological interventions for youth with depression and anxiety > Method > Search Strategy and Study Selection
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We excluded studies with more general measures of psychopathology (e.g., internalizing symptoms) and well-being (e.g., quality of life)”
§ A meta-analysis of emotional regulation outcomes in psychological interventions for youth with depression and anxiety > Method > Inclusion (and Exclusion) Criteria
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We followed the provided algorithm to assess individual domains, with two minor modifications to improve the consistency of the overall bias rating.”
§ A meta-analysis of emotional regulation outcomes in psychological interventions for youth with depression and anxiety > Method > Risk of Bias in Individual Studies
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“any study with least one “High” risk rating or ≥4 “Some Concerns” ratings automatically received a “High” overall rating”
§ A meta-analysis of emotional regulation outcomes in psychological interventions for youth with depression and anxiety > Method > Risk of Bias in Individual Studies
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This method allowed us to conduct one large meta-analysis followed by sensitivity analyses, simplifying the output.”
§ A meta-analysis of emotional regulation outcomes in psychological interventions for youth with depression and anxiety > Method > Meta-Analysis
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“depression and anxiety symptoms are strongly correlated but not completely overlapping (i.e., between .60 and .80).79”
§ A meta-analysis of emotional regulation outcomes in psychological interventions for youth with depression and anxiety > Method > Meta-Analysis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [79] Cole, D. A. et al. A longitudinal look at the relation between depression and anxiety in children and adolescents. J. Consult Clin. Psychol. 66, 451–460 (1998). source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“previous meta-analyses found medium effect size correlations between anxiety/depression symptoms and disengagement ER strategies (e.g., ≤0.56), with smaller effect size correlations for engagement ER strategies,34”
§ A meta-analysis of emotional regulation outcomes in psychological interventions for youth with depression and anxiety > Method > Meta-Analysis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [34] Aldao, A., Nolen-Hoeksema, S. & Schweizer, S. Emotion-regulation strategies across psychopathology: a meta-analytic review. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 30, 217–237 (2010). source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“I 2 is an intuitive and simple expression of the inconsistency of studies’ results and indicates the percentage (0% indicating none; 25% low; 50% moderate; and 75% substantial heterogeneity) of variation across studies that is due to heterogeneity rather than chance.80”
§ A meta-analysis of emotional regulation outcomes in psychological interventions for youth with depression and anxiety > Method > Assessing Homogeneity and Sensitivity Analyses
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [80] Higgins, J. P., Thompson, S. G., Deeks, J. J. & Altman, D. G. Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. Brit. Med. J. 327, 557–560 (2003). source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we do not present tests to support significant differences between the correlations themselves.”
§ A meta-analysis of emotional regulation outcomes in psychological interventions for youth with depression and anxiety > Method > Meta-Analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“publication bias for the treatment of depression and anxiety symptoms was assessed by funnel plot inspection, Egger’s test for asymmetry, and Duval and Tweedie’s trim-and-fill procedure;81”
§ A meta-analysis of emotional regulation outcomes in psychological interventions for youth with depression and anxiety > Method > Publication Bias
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [81] Duval, S. & Tweedie, R. Trim and fill: a simple funnel‐plot–based method of testing and adjusting for publication bias in meta‐analysis. Biometrics 56, 455–463 (2000). source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“the latter yields an estimate of the effect size after publication bias has been considered with an imputation of missing studies.”
§ A meta-analysis of emotional regulation outcomes in psychological interventions for youth with depression and anxiety > Method > Publication Bias
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [81] Duval, S. & Tweedie, R. Trim and fill: a simple funnel‐plot–based method of testing and adjusting for publication bias in meta‐analysis. Biometrics 56, 455–463 (2000). source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As we lacked prior knowledge of the covariance structure between the dependent effect sizes”
§ A meta-analysis of emotional regulation outcomes in psychological interventions for youth with depression and anxiety > Method > Meta-Analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We prioritized intent-to-treat sample size and treatment data (71%); otherwise, completer data was used (29%).”
§ A meta-analysis of emotional regulation outcomes in psychological interventions for youth with depression and anxiety > Method > Calculation of Effect Sizes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Effect sizes were calculated only from reliable and validated self-report and observer-rated questionnaires (i.e., no single item assessments).”
§ A meta-analysis of emotional regulation outcomes in psychological interventions for youth with depression and anxiety > Method > Calculation of Effect Sizes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper relies on this without support.
A gap exists because few studies or reviews have examined multiple emotion regulation indices for specificity, and systematic reviews and meta-analyses have rarely tested whether emotion regulation skill gains relate to depression and anxiety treatment outcomes in young people.
“While ER skills training may be a key factor to consider in treatment outcomes for depressive and anxiety disorders, few of these studies or reviews have considered multiple indices of ER for enhanced specificity. Moreover, systematic reviews and meta-analyses have less often examined whether improvement in ER skills are associated with depression and anxiety treatment outcomes in young persons.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Contextual emotion regulation use is harder to measure than habitual emotion regulation use.
“However, contextual use of ER skills remains difficult to measure versus habitual ER skill use.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The included studies' measures of depression, anxiety, and ER skills validly and comparably capture the constructs they are intended to measure.
“relying almost entirely on data from self-report measures, which can be susceptible to recall bias.61”
“We included studies that incorporated a general measure of emotion dysregulation (e.g., ER skills deficits) and/or a specific measure of ER skills, based on previous expert reviews”
The paper relies on this without support.
The psychological interventions included are sufficiently similar in their ER-related mechanisms to be pooled in a meta-analysis.
“We defined a psychological intervention as any evidence-based intervention that was grounded in psychological principles to reduce symptoms of anxiety and/or depression.”
“difficulty in dividing the studies into distinct categories based on therapeutic orientation.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The observed associations between ER skill improvements and symptom reductions reflect treatment-related change rather than reverse causation or overlapping constructs.
“we were unable to examine more causal relationships”
“whether changes in depression and anxiety are caused by changes in ER skills or the opposite”
The paper relies on this without support.
Cognitive training interventions are usually delivered as brief single-session treatments.
“cognitive training interventions are usually delivered as brief treatments (i.e., single-session)”
The paper relies on this without support.
The youth advisory board's perspectives are relevant to the broader youth population.
“Our youth advisory board highlighted the utility of framing depression and anxiety as problems with ER to reduce the stigma regarding the disorders”
The paper relies on this without support.
Randomized controlled trials have a rigorous study design.
“primary analyses were conducted on data from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) due to their rigorous study design”
The paper relies on this without support.
The design of non-randomized studies automatically introduces multiple concerns with respect to randomization and participant allocation.
“Because the design of non-RCTs would automatically introduce multiple concerns with respect to randomization and participant allocation”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Included studies are from populations of studies that differ from each other systematically.
“Random-effects models were used, which assume that included studies are from populations of studies that differ from each other systematically.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The random effects follow a multivariate normal distribution.
“These computed correlations represent the estimated restricted maximum likelihood relationship between two random effects, which are assumed to follow a multivariate normal distribution.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“as interventions that target emotion regulation have proved effective for mood and anxiety disorders [93].”
From Emotion regulation in substance use disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2023) · cites this paper as [93]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Statistics that don’t add up
Each reported p-value recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“χ2(1)=10.54, p=.012”
§ A meta-analysis of emotional regulation outcomes in psychological interventions for youth with depression and anxiety > Results > Are ER Skills Associated with Youth Treatment Outcomes?
Reported p = .012 · recomputed p = .001
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“χ2(1)=13.05, p=.003”
§ A meta-analysis of emotional regulation outcomes in psychological interventions for youth with depression and anxiety > Results > Are ER Skills Associated with Youth Treatment Outcomes?
Reported p = .003 · recomputed p < .001
Statistics recomputed
Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.
- Doesn’t add upχ²(1) = 10.54reported p = .012 · recomputed p = .001
“χ2(1)=10.54, p = .012”
- Doesn’t add upχ²(1) = 13.05reported p = .003 · recomputed p < .001
“χ2(1)=13.05, p = .003”
- Consistentχ²(1) = 20.92reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“χ2(1)=20.92, p < .001”
- Consistentχ²(1) = 35.96reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“χ2(1)=35.96, p < .001”
- Consistentχ²(1) = 8.5reported p = .004 · recomputed p = .004
“χ2(1)=8.50, p = .004”
- Consistentχ²(1) = 20.29reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“χ2(1)=20.29, p < .001”
- Consistentχ²(6) = 53.96reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“χ2(6)=53.96, p < .001”
- Consistentt(65) = 4.25reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“t(65)=4.25, p < .001”
- Consistentt(78) = 4.79reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“t(78)=4.79, p < .001”
- Consistentχ²(1) = 5.48reported p = .019 · recomputed p = .019
“χ2(1)=5.48, p = .019”
- Consistentχ²(1) = 9.39reported p = .002 · recomputed p = .002
“χ2(1)=9.39, p = .002”
- Consistentχ²(1) = 31.13reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“χ2(1)=31.13, p < .001”
- Consistentχ²(1) = 22.29reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“χ2(1)=22.29, p < .001”
- Consistentχ²(1) < 0.1reported p > .99 · recomputed p = .752
“χ2(1)<0.1, p > .99”
- Consistentχ²(1) = 2.33reported p = .13 · recomputed p = .127
“χ2(1)=2.33, p = .13”
- Consistentχ²(6) = 40.6reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“χ2(6)=40.60, p < .001”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“disengagement ER skills (k=33, g=0.56, p<.001, 95% CI=0.32-0.60)”
§ A meta-analysis of emotional regulation outcomes in psychological interventions for youth with depression and anxiety > Results > Consideration of Publication Bias
Reported 0.56 · recomputed 0.46
Citations
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
American Psychiatric Association (2013) · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596 · Cited by 116,369
Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses
Higgins, J. P. T., Thompson, S. G., Deeks, J. J., & Altman, D. G. (2003) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.327.7414.557 · Cited by 63,139
RoB 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials
Sterne, J. A. C., Savović, J., Page, M. J., Elbers, R. G., Blencowe, N. S., Boutron, I., Cates, C. J., Cheng, H.-Y., Corbett, M. S., Eldridge, S. M., et al. (2019) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.l4898 · Cited by 34,787
Conducting Meta-Analyses in R with the metafor Package
Viechtbauer, W. (2010) · Journal of Statistical Software · doi:10.18637/jss.v036.i03 · Cited by 20,464
Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Merikangas, K. R., & Walters, E. E. (2005) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.593 · Cited by 20,391 · cited 6×
“001, depression and emotion dysregulation, χ2(1) = 8.”
InfluentialCochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions
(2019) · doi:10.1002/9781119536604 · Cited by 14,828
Duval, S., & Tweedie, R. (2000) · Biometrics · doi:10.1111/j.0006-341x.2000.00455.x · Cited by 14,099
Gross, J. J., & John, O. P. (2003) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.348 · Cited by 11,929
Assessing coping strategies: A theoretically based approach.
Carver, C. S., Scheier, M. F., & Weintraub, J. K. (1989) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.56.2.267 · Cited by 11,507
Shea, B. J., Reeves, B. C., Wells, G., Thuku, M., Hamel, C., Moran, J., Moher, D., Tugwell, P., Welch, V., Kristjansson, E., et al. (2017) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.j4008 · Cited by 10,636
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Zelazo, P. D. & Cunningham, W. A. in Handbook of Emotion Regulation (ed. Gross, J. J.) 135–158 (Guilford Press, 2007).
- Thompson, R. A. & Waters, S. F. in The Oxford Handbook of Emotion Dysregulation (eds Beauchaine, T. P. & Crowell, S. E.) 99–114 (Oxford Univ. Press, 2020).
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Emotion regulation in substance use disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Stellern, J., Xiao, K. B., Grennell, E., Sanches, M., Gowin, J. L., & Sloan, M. E. (2023) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.16001 · Cited by 366
Llamas‐Díaz, D., Cabello, R., Megías‐Robles, A., & Fernández‐Berrocal, P. (2022) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1002/jad.12075 · Cited by 174
Making cities mental health friendly for adolescents and young adults
Collins, P. Y., Sinha, M., Concepcion, T. L., Patton, G. C., Way, T., McCay, L., Mensa‐Kwao, A., Herrman, H., de Leeuw, E., Anand, N. P., et al. (2024) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-023-07005-4 · Cited by 115
“Examples include affective awareness skills that enable young people to differentiate and describe emotions 36 and emotion regulation skills to increase and maintain positive emotions 37 .”
BackgroundInterventions targeting emotion regulation: A systematic umbrella review
Saccaro, L. F., Giff, A. E., Rossi, M. M. D., & Piguet, C. (2024) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2024.04.025 · Cited by 87
González‐Roz, A., Castaño, Y., Krotter, A., Salazar-Cedillo, A., & Gervilla, E. (2024) · International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.ijchp.2024.100502 · Cited by 81
“…intertwined with two conditions that are prevalent in both gamblers and gamers, anxiety, and depression (Bridges-Curry and Newton, 2022; Daros et al., 2021), which also lead to risk of increased gambling/gaming by affecting how negative emotions are managed (Gerdner and Håkansson,…”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Daros, A. R., Haefner, S. A., Asadi, S., Kazi, S., Rodak, T., & Quilty, L. C.
- Affiliations
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Daros, Alexander R.
- Venue
- Nature Human Behaviour
- Published
- 2021-09-20
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 1443-1457
- ISSN
- 2397-3374 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7611874
- OpenAlex
- W3198995769
- Semantic Scholar
- 7fc46b769c7f3b4ca4233709447a9556f5777618
- Cited by
- 136
- References
- 86
- Citations by year
- 2026: 34 · 2025: 41 · 2024: 32 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 2
- FWCI
- 2.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature Human Behaviour (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (acceptedVersion)
- OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (Active Ingredients 2020)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Keywords
- emotion regulation, adolescent depression, youth anxiety, psychological intervention, emotional dysregulation, disengagement, engagement, treatment outcomes, cognitive behavioral therapy, group therapy, treatment duration
- MeSH terms
- Emotional Regulation, Adaptation, Psychological, Adolescent, Anxiety, Depression, Humans, Psychological Techniques, Treatment Outcome
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-04, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-04 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
