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Large Pockels effect in micro- and nanostructured barium titanate integrated on silicon
Abstract
The electro-optical Pockels effect is an essential nonlinear effect used in many applications. The ultrafast modulation of the refractive index is, for example, crucial to optical modulators in photonic circuits. Silicon has emerged as a platform for integrating such compact circuits, but a strong Pockels effect is not available on silicon platforms. Here, we demonstrate a large electro-optical response in silicon photonic devices using barium titanate. We verify the Pockels effect to be the physical origin of the response, with r 42 = 923 pm V-1, by confirming key signatures of the Pockels effect in ferroelectrics: the electro-optic response exhibits a crystalline anisotropy, remains strong at high frequencies, and shows hysteresis on changing the electric field. We prove that the Pockels effect remains strong even in nanoscale devices, and show as a practical example data modulation up to 50 Gbit s-1. We foresee that our work will enable novel device concepts with an application area largely extending beyond communication technologies.
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“In BTO thin films integrated on Si, the strongest EO coupling occurs when the electric field is applied 45° relative to the BTO crystalline axes 18,23 .”
From Enhancement of Electro-Optic Response in BaTiO3 Films Integrated on Si via Heating and Cooling Rate Control (2025) · cites this paper as [18]
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Self-citation
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Metadata
- Authors
- Abel, S., Eltes, F., Ortmann, J. E., Messner, A., Castera, P., Wagner, T., Urbonas, D., Rosa, A., Gutierrez, A. M., Tulli, D., Ma, P., Baeuerle, B., Josten, A., Heni, W., Caimi, D., Czornomaz, L., Demkov, A. A., Leuthold, J., Sanchis, P., & Fompeyrine, J.
- Affiliations
- IBM Research - Zurich (CH)
- The University of Texas at Austin (US)
- ETH Zurich (CH)
- Universitat Politècnica de València (ES)
- Corresponding author
- Abel, Stefan
- Ma, Ping
- Sanchis, Pablo
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature Materials
- Published
- 2018-11-12
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 42-47
- ISSN
- 1476-1122 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4660
- OpenAlex
- W2900206957
- Cited by
- 554
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 61 · 2025: 95 · 2024: 88 · 2023: 77 · 2022: 63 · 2021: 71 · 2020: 62 · 2019: 33 · 2018: 4
- FWCI
- 19.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Nature Materials (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Photorefractive and Nonlinear Optics
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Ferroelectric and Piezoelectric Materials
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Photonic and Optical Devices
- Keywords
- Pockels effect, barium titanate, electro-optic modulator, silicon photonics, epitaxial thin films, ferroelectric materials, refractive index modulation, magnetocrystalline anisotropy, hysteresis, nanodevices, integrated photonics
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