Barium Titanate and Lithium Niobate Permittivity and Pockels Coefficients from Megahertz to Sub-Terahertz Frequencies
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The Pockels effect is essential for controlling optical signals at the highest speeds, particularly for electro-optic modulators in photonic integrated circuits. Lithium niobate (LN) and barium titanate (BTO) are two excellent Pockels materials to this end. Here we measure the Pockels coefficients and permittivity in LN and BTO over a continuous frequency range from 100 MHz to 330 GHz. These properties are constant across this frequency range in LN, but have a strong frequency dependence in BTO. Still, our measurements show that BTO has remarkable electro-optic properties compared with LN. Furthermore, we show how BTO devices can be designed with a flat electro-optic frequency response despite the Pockels coefficient dispersion. Finally, we expound our method for broadband characterization of these vital electro-optic properties, utilizing specialized integrated electro-optic phase shifters. Altogether, this work empowers the design of high-speed BTO devices and the development of new electro-optic materials.
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Stoichiometric complex oxide thin films promise ultrafast light control and massive optical parallelism, which classical electronic systems cannot achieve.
“Current trends in the field of photonics regarding the transition from bulk crystalbased devices to photonic integrated circuits (PICs), and, more specifically, to nonlinear integrated photonics, propel the utilisation of thin films based on stoichiometric complex oxides (such as lithium niobate, lithium tantalate, and barium titanate) since they simultaneously promise both ultrafast light control”
From Metal Oxide Thin Films for Advanced Photonic Applications (2026) · cites this paper as [164]
The Device for EO characterization section describes lithium-niobate and barium-titanate thin-film phase shifters that provide useful modulation at very short lengths, with bandwidth limits pushed into the hundreds of gigahertz. This supports the high-speed light-control part of the claim, but the cited paper does not establish massive optical parallelism, an inability of classical electronic systems to achieve it, or the same promise for lithium tantalate. No page numbers are provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.85)
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Metal Oxide Thin Films for Advanced Photonic Applications
Stîngescu, M.-L., Șopronyi, M.-A., Antohe, Ș., & Scărișoreanu, N.-D. (2026) · Crystals · doi:10.3390/cryst16030164 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
- Authors
- Chelladurai, D., Kohli, M., Winiger, J., Moor, D., Messner, A., Fedoryshyn, Y., Eleraky, M., Liu, Y., Wang, H., & Leuthold, J.
- Affiliations
- ETH Zurich (CH)
- Corresponding author
- Chelladurai, Daniel
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature Materials
- Published
- 2025-03-17
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 868-875
- ISSN
- 1476-1122 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4660
- PMC
- PMC12133585
- OpenAlex
- W4408502001
- Cited by
- 73
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 49 · 2025: 24
- FWCI
- 26.52
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Nature Materials (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Repository for Publications and Research Data (ETH Zurich) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, public-domain)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- ETH Zürich Research Collection (cc-by)
- Funders
- EC | Horizon 2020 Framework Programme (871658, 871391)
- Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (208094)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Photorefractive and Nonlinear Optics
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Ferroelectric and Piezoelectric Materials
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Optical and Acousto-Optic Technologies
- Keywords
- barium titanate, lithium niobate, Pockels effect, electro-optic modulator, dielectric constant, broadband characterization, electro-optic phase shifters, sub-terahertz frequencies, photonic integrated circuits
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