The DOI matches its Crossref record; 52 of the 52 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Multiscale-structured miniaturized 3D force sensors
Abstract
Flexible tactile sensors are pivotal for advancing neuroprosthetics, human–machine interactions and intelligent robotics. However, achieving highly sensitive tactile sensing to differentiate normal and tangential forces, particularly in mimicking the high-resolution multidimensional haptics of human fingers, remains a challenge. Here we propose a triaxial force microsensor array made from graphene–liquid-metal composites. Using anisotropic particle networks in microporous composites with pyramid geometries, we achieve normal–tangential force decoupling through multiscale structuring. Our approach offers exceptional sensitivity of 110 kPa −1 over a 500 kPa linear range ( R 2 > 0.998), with <2° force direction measurement deviation. The sensor array demonstrates force decoupling and slip detection via self-adjusted grasping of unknown objects. Our microsensor improves on the state of the art by an order of magnitude in size and detection limit, enabling 3D force sensing in micromanipulators and microrobots and unlocking advanced robotic dexterity.
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Cites
Pursuing prosthetic electronic skin
Chortos, A., Liu, J., & Bao, Z. (2016) · Nature Materials · doi:10.1038/nmat4671 · Cited by 2,396
Choong, C., Shim, M., Lee, B., Jeon, S., Ko, D., Kang, T., Bae, J., Lee, S. H., Byun, K., Im, J., et al. (2014) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.201305182 · Cited by 1,252
GelSight: High-Resolution Robot Tactile Sensors for Estimating Geometry and Force
Yuan, W., Dong, S., & Adelson, E. (2017) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s17122762 · Cited by 1,166
The roles and functions of cutaneous mechanoreceptors
Johnson, K. (2001) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/s0959-4388(00)00234-8 · Cited by 1,141
Boutry, C. M., Negre, M., Jorda, M., Vardoulis, O., Chortos, A., Khatib, O., & Bao, Z. (2018) · Science Robotics · doi:10.1126/scirobotics.aau6914 · Cited by 921
A skin-inspired organic digital mechanoreceptor
Tee, B. C.-K., Chortos, A., Berndt, A., Nguyen, A. K., Tom, A., McGuire, A., Lin, Z. C., Tien, K., Bae, W.-G., Wang, H., et al. (2015) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aaa9306 · Cited by 882
Sensitive electromechanical sensors using viscoelastic graphene-polymer nanocomposites
Boland, C. S., Khan, U., Ryan, G., Barwich, S., Charifou, R., Harvey, A., Backes, C., Li, Z., Ferreira, M. S., Möbius, M. E., et al. (2016) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aag2879 · Cited by 823
Pyo, S., Lee, J., Bae, K., Sim, S., & Kim, J. (2021) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.202005902 · Cited by 631
Yang, J. C., Kim, J.-O., Oh, J., Kwon, S. Y., Sim, J. Y., Kim, D. W., Choi, H. B., & Park, S. (2019) · ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces · doi:10.1021/acsami.9b03261 · Cited by 595
Soft magnetic skin for super-resolution tactile sensing with force self-decoupling
Yan, Y., Hu, Z., Yang, Z., Yuan, W., Song, C., Pan, J., & Shen, Y. (2021) · Science Robotics · doi:10.1126/scirobotics.abc8801 · Cited by 556
Metadata
- Authors
- Yun, G., Chen, Z., Chen, Z., Chen, J., Zhou, B., Xiao, M., Stevens, M., Chhowalla, M., & Hasan, T.
- Venue
- Nature Materials
- Published
- 2026-02-18
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1011-1019
- ISSN
- 1476-1122
- 1476-4660
- Cited by
- 15
- References
- 52
- Language
- en
- Licence
- creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 (tdm)
- creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 (vor)
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- Yun, G., Chen, Z., Chen, Z., Chen, J., Zhou, B., Xiao, M., Stevens, M., Chhowalla, M., & Hasan, T. (2026). Multiscale-structured miniaturized 3D force sensors. Nature Materials. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41563-026-02508-7
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Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
