The DOI matches its Crossref record; 340 of the 341 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Cannabis use and cannabis use disorder
Open accessAbstract
Cannabis use disorder (CUD) is an underappreciated risk of using cannabis that affects ~10% of the 193 million cannabis users worldwide. The individual and public health burdens are less than those of other forms of drug use, but CUD accounts for a substantial proportion of persons seeking treatment for drug use disorders owing to the high global prevalence of cannabis use. Cognitive behavioural therapy, motivational enhancement therapy and contingency management can substantially reduce cannabis use and cannabis-related problems, but enduring abstinence is not a common outcome. No pharmacotherapies have been approved for cannabis use or CUD, although a number of drug classes (such as cannabinoid agonists) have shown promise and require more rigorous evaluation. Treatment of cannabis use and CUD is often complicated by comorbid mental health and other substance use disorders. The legalization of non-medical cannabis use in some high-income countries may increase the prevalence of CUD by making more potent cannabis products more readily available at a lower price. States that legalize medical and non-medical cannabis use should inform users about the risks of CUD and provide information on how to obtain assistance if they develop cannabis-related mental and/or physical health problems.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Concerns are especially pronounced for individuals with both PTSD and substance use disorders (PTSD+SUD) due to greater functional impairment (Kessler et al., 2005; Simpson et al., 2019) and cannabis use (Connor et al., 2021) associated with PTSD+SUD.”
From Cannabis use and trauma-focused treatment for co-occurring posttraumatic stress disorder and substance use disorders: A meta-analysis of individual patient data (2024) · cites this paper as Connor et al., 2021
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“These respondents may be at heightened risk for using other substances and/or developing psychiatric comorbidity (Connor et al., 2021, Hasin, 2018, Hasin and Walsh, 2020, National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, 2017, Rabiee et al., 2020).”
From Prevalence of and trends in current cannabis use among US youth and adults, 2013–2022 (2024) · cites this paper as Connor et al., 2021
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
American Psychiatric Association (2013) · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596 · Cited by 116,369
The neural basis of drug craving: An incentive-sensitization theory of addiction
Robinson, T. (1993) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/0165-0173(93)90013-p · Cited by 7,346
Isolation and Structure of a Brain Constituent That Binds to the Cannabinoid Receptor
Devane, W. A., Hanuš, L., Breuer, A., Pertwee, R. G., Stevenson, L. A., Griffin, G., Gibson, D., Mandelbaum, A., Etinger, A., & Mechoulam, R. (1992) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1470919 · Cited by 5,633
Koob, G. F., & Volkow, N. D. (2010) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2009.110 · Cited by 5,340
Molecular characterization of a peripheral receptor for cannabinoids
Munro, S., Thomas, K. L., & Abu-Shaar, M. (1993) · Nature · doi:10.1038/365061a0 · Cited by 5,092
Kessler, R. C., & Üstün, T. B. (2004) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.168 · Cited by 4,771
What is the role of dopamine in reward: hedonic impact, reward learning, or incentive salience?
Berridge, K. C., & Robinson, T. E. (1998) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0165-0173(98)00019-8 · Cited by 4,127
Sobell, L. C., & Sobell, M. B. (1992) · Measuring Alcohol Consumption · doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-0357-5_3 · Cited by 4,110
ADOLESCENT RESILIENCE: A Framework for Understanding Healthy Development in the Face of Risk
Fergus, S., & Zimmerman, M. A. (2004) · Annual Review of Public Health · doi:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.26.021304.144357 · Cited by 3,243
Mechoulam, R., Ben-Shabat, S., Hanus, L., Ligumsky, M., Kaminski, N. E., Schatz, A. R., Gopher, A., Almog, S., Martin, B. R., Compton, D. R., et al. (1995) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/0006-2952(95)00109-d · Cited by 2,913
Research works printed but not linked: 13
- Hall, W., Renström, M. & Poznyak, V. The Health and Social Effects of Nonmedical Cannabis Use (World Health Organization, 2016). This is a seminal review of the short-term and long-term effects of cannabis use and CUD on health.
- National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Health and Medicine Division, Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice, & Committee on the Health Effects of Marijuana: An Evidence Review and Research Agenda. The Health Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids: The Current State of Evidence and Recommendations for Research (National Academies Press, 2017).
- Compton, W. M. & Han, B. in The Complex Connection between Cannabis and Schizophrenia (eds Compton, M. & Manseau, M.) (Academic Press, 2017).
- Connor, J. P., Feeney, G. F. X., Kelly, A. B. & Saunders, J. B. in The SAGE Handbook of Drug & Alcohol Studies. Volume 2, 283–305 (SAGE Publications, 2016).
- Howlett, A. C. in Cannabinoids. Handbook of Experimental Psychology, vol 168 (ed. Pertwee, R. G.) 53–79. (Springer, 2005).
- Trick, L. et al. in PET and SPECT in Psychiatry 2nd edn (eds Dierckx, R. A. J. O., Otte, A., de Vries, E. F. J., van Waarde, A. & Sommer, I. E.) 653–712 (Springer, 2020).
- McMurran, M. The Psychology of Addiction (Routledge, 1994).
- American Psychiatric Association. Substance-related and addictive disorders. in Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). · DOI · Paper page
- Connor, J. P., Saunders, J. B. & Feeney, G. F. X. in Quality of Life in Mental Disorders (eds Katschnig, H., Freeman, H. L. & Sartorius, N.) 199–208 (John Wiley & Sons, 2006).
- Longabaugh, R., Magill, M., Morgenstern, J. & Huebner, R. in Addictions: A Comprehensive Guidebook (eds McCrady, B. S. & Epstein, E. E.) 572–596 (Oxford University Press, 2013).
- Marlatt, G. A., & Donovan, D. M. (eds) Relapse Prevention: Maintenance Strategies in the Treatment of Addictive Behaviors (Guilford Press, 1985).
- Saunders, J. B. et al. (eds) Addiction Medicine (Oxford University Press, 2016).
- Ries, N. M. Prescribe with caution: the response of canada’s medical regulatory authorities to the therapeutic use of cannabis. McGill J. Law Health 9, 215–254 (2016).
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Solmi, M., Toffol, M. D., Kim, J. Y., Choi, M., Stubbs, B., Thompson, T., Firth, J., Miola, A., Croatto, G., Baggio, F., et al. (2023) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj-2022-072348 · Cited by 322
Immune Influencers in Action: Metabolites and Enzymes of the Tryptophan-Kynurenine Metabolic Pathway
Tanaka, M., Tóth, F., Polyák, H., Szabó, Á., Mándi, Y., & Vécsei, L. (2021) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines9070734 · Cited by 259
Manthey, J., Freeman, T. P., Kilian, C., López‐Pelayo, H., & Rehm, J. T. (2021) · The Lancet Regional Health - Europe · doi:10.1016/j.lanepe.2021.100227 · Cited by 184
Mennis, J. L., McKeon, T. P., & Stahler, G. J. (2022) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2022.107552 · Cited by 131
Therapeutic effect of psilocybin in addiction: A systematic review
van der Meer, P. B., Fuentes, J. J., Kaptein, A. A., Schoones, J. W., de Waal, M. M., Goudriaan, A. E., Kramers, K., Schellekens, A., Somers, M., Bossong, M. G., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1134454 · Cited by 127
Metadata
- Authors
- Connor, J. P., Stjepanović, D., Le Foll, B., Hoch, E., Budney, A. J., & Hall, W. D.
- Affiliations
- The University of Queensland (AU)
- LMU Klinikum (DE)
- Dartmouth College (US)
- Corresponding author
- Connor, Jason P.
- Venue
- Nature Reviews Disease Primers
- Published
- 2021-02-25
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 16-16
- ISSN
- 2056-676X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8655458
- OpenAlex
- W3131397527
- Cited by
- 552
- References
- 341
- Citations by year
- 2026: 106 · 2025: 135 · 2024: 119 · 2023: 122 · 2022: 49 · 2021: 21
- FWCI
- 9.85
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature Reviews Disease Primers (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA050032, T32DA037202, P30DA029926)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Keywords
- cannabis use disorder, cannabis use, cognitive behavioral therapy, motivational enhancement therapy, contingency management, abstinence, cannabinoid receptor agonists, pharmacotherapy, psychiatric comorbidity, substance use disorders, cannabis legalization, medical cannabis, non-medical cannabis, public health burden
- MeSH terms
- Analgesics, Cannabis, Marijuana Abuse, Humans, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Prevalence
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
