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Environmental influences on the pace of brain development
Open accessAbstract
Childhood socio-economic status (SES), a measure of the availability of material and social resources, is one of the strongest predictors of lifelong well-being. Here we review evidence that experiences associated with childhood SES affect not only the outcome but also the pace of brain development. We argue that higher childhood SES is associated with protracted structural brain development and a prolonged trajectory of functional network segregation, ultimately leading to more efficient cortical networks in adulthood. We hypothesize that greater exposure to chronic stress accelerates brain maturation, whereas greater access to novel positive experiences decelerates maturation. We discuss the impact of variation in the pace of brain development on plasticity and learning. We provide a generative theoretical framework to catalyse future basic science and translational research on environmental influences on brain development.
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“This means that, although differences in the brain are commonly considered the product of biological sex, gender-based influences may also play a strong, if not equal, role (66).”
From Where Sex Meets Gender: How Sex and Gender Come Together to Cause Sex Differences in Mental Illness (2022) · cites this paper as [66]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Tooley, U. A., Bassett, D. S., & Mackey, A. P.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Santa Fe Institute (US)
- Corresponding author
- Mackey, Allyson P.
- Venue
- Nature reviews. Neuroscience
- Published
- 2021-04-28
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 372-384
- ISSN
- 1471-003X (ISSN-L)
- 1471-0048
- PMC
- PMC8081006
- OpenAlex
- W3157378538
- Cited by
- 488
- References
- 238
- Citations by year
- 2026: 62 · 2025: 112 · 2024: 136 · 2023: 94 · 2022: 58 · 2021: 25
- FWCI
- 11.56
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature reviews. Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation
- Institute for Scientific Interchange
- Jacobs Foundation
- National Institutes of Health (1r34da050297-01)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R34 DA050297)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Developmental Neuroscience › Neurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanisms
- Keywords
- brain development, developmental timing, chronic stress, positive experiences, functional network segregation, brain maturation, neuroplasticity, learning, environmental influences on brain development
- MeSH terms
- Adult Survivors of Child Adverse Events, Adverse Childhood Experiences, Adolescent, Animals, Brain, Cerebral Cortex, Child, Child, Preschool, Cross-Sectional Studies, Environment, Female, Humans, Infant, Learning, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Minority Groups, Nerve Net, Neuronal Plasticity, Neurosciences, Organ Size, Pregnancy, Social Class, Stress, Physiological, Bibliometrics
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