Cited by 488Functional Brain Connectivity StudiesCognitive Abilities and TestingNeurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanisms

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 235 of the 238 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Environmental influences on the pace of brain development

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Tooley, Ursula A., Bassett, Danielle S., Mackey, Allyson P.·2021·Nature reviews. Neuroscience

Abstract

Childhood socio-economic status (SES), a measure of the availability of material and social resources, is one of the strongest predictors of lifelong well-being. Here we review evidence that experiences associated with childhood SES affect not only the outcome but also the pace of brain development. We argue that higher childhood SES is associated with protracted structural brain development and a prolonged trajectory of functional network segregation, ultimately leading to more efficient cortical networks in adulthood. We hypothesize that greater exposure to chronic stress accelerates brain maturation, whereas greater access to novel positive experiences decelerates maturation. We discuss the impact of variation in the pace of brain development on plasticity and learning. We provide a generative theoretical framework to catalyse future basic science and translational research on environmental influences on brain development.

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Metadata

Authors
Tooley, U. A., Bassett, D. S., & Mackey, A. P.
Affiliations
  • University of Pennsylvania (US)
  • Santa Fe Institute (US)
Corresponding author
Mackey, Allyson P.
Venue
Nature reviews. Neuroscience
Published
2021-04-28
Volume
22
Issue
6
Pages
372-384
ISSN
  • 1471-003X (ISSN-L)
  • 1471-0048
OpenAlex
W3157378538
Cited by
488
References
238
Citations by year
2026: 62 · 2025: 112 · 2024: 136 · 2023: 94 · 2022: 58 · 2021: 25
FWCI
11.56
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Nature reviews. Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • National Science Foundation
  • John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation
  • Institute for Scientific Interchange
  • Jacobs Foundation
  • National Institutes of Health (1r34da050297-01)
  • National Institute on Drug Abuse (R34 DA050297)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Developmental Neuroscience › Neurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanisms
Keywords
brain development, developmental timing, chronic stress, positive experiences, functional network segregation, brain maturation, neuroplasticity, learning, environmental influences on brain development
MeSH terms
Adult Survivors of Child Adverse Events, Adverse Childhood Experiences, Adolescent, Animals, Brain, Cerebral Cortex, Child, Child, Preschool, Cross-Sectional Studies, Environment, Female, Humans, Infant, Learning, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Minority Groups, Nerve Net, Neuronal Plasticity, Neurosciences, Organ Size, Pregnancy, Social Class, Stress, Physiological, Bibliometrics

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